Kunzwisisa Kuhwirudzura Kutonga

Kuhwirudzura dare isimba rokunzvera zviito zvamapazu emitemo navakuru vakuru ehurumende uye kusarudza kana zviito izvozvo zviri zvinowirirana nebumbiro remitemo. Apo mutemo kana kuti chiito choukuru chinowanwa kuputsa gadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo, dare rinogona kuderedza. Ichi chiremera iko kuisa panzvimbo yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yazvino uno, kuvimbisa kuti hapana bazi rehurumende rinoshanda kupfuura ganhuriro dzakaiswa nechinyorwa chokuvamba. Pasina hwirudzuro yedare, mutemende wemitemo ungagona kuisa mitemo inoputsa maruramiro makuru pakodzero dzavanhu pasina kunzvera kwokuzvimirira.

Muganhu wedare rinoongorora unosiyana - siyana. Mune dzimwe nyika, matare anogona kuhwirudzura mutemo bedzi, nepo mune dzimwe anogona kunzverawo zviito zvokutonga nemirairo yehurumende. Muitiro wacho unowanzotangwa nenhau kana kuti gakava rinounzwa nedare riine mutsindo. Dare rinodzokororwa ipapo rinotsanangura bumbiro remitemo mukuwirirana nechiito chakadenhwa. Uyu muitiro unoda kuti vatongi vadzikane nemitemo yemitemo nemitemo inotsinhirana, kazhinji kazhinji kutungamirira kukusimbisa nharo dzapamutemo.

Zvinhu Zvokuongorora Kutonga

Kuti ishande nenzira inobudirira, hwirudzuro yokutonga inotsamira pazvinhu zvikuru zvinoverengeka:

  • [[FFT:0] Chonsigali Supremacy: Bumbiro remitemo ndiro murairo wakakwirira zvikurusa wenyika. Mutemo upi noupi kana kuti chiito chinorwisana nawo hachina maturo.
  • Dare rinotsamira pamunhu: rinofanira kuva risina dzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika kana kuti vhiringidziko yokupa mitemo isingasaruri.
  • Kururama: Haisi mibvunzo yose yebumbiro remitemo inohwirudzurwa. Matare anoda chaizvoizvo gakava chairoiro, kumira, uye kuibva.
  • Intertrative Erapology:[ Vatongi vanoshandisa mitoo yakasiana - siana(matanho okutanga, manyoro, mashandiro ebumbiro remitemo) kududzira gadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo.

Uku kuumbwa kwesimba kunotsamira pakuvimba navanhu mukutonga uye kuzvipira pamwe chete kutonga mutemo.

Mavambo Enhau Ehwirudzuro Yorutongeso

Pfungwa yokuti matare anogona kubvisa zviito zvemitemo haina kuvamba muUnited States, asi yakanga iripo apo yakagamuchira kupesvedzera kwayo kwakakurumbira zvikurusa. Mutemo wavose weEngland wakanga waziva kwenguva refu mufungo womutemo mukuru, uye matare ehurumende inodzorwa navagari vemo pane dzimwe nguva aihwirudzura mabasa emisika inodzorwa nehurumende. Zvisinei, yakanga iri Dare reU. Supreme Asap ̱ chisarudzo mu Marbury v. Madison [183]

Mutongi mukuru John Marshall, achinyora nokuda kwedare rinobvumirana, akarangarira kuti ̴ ibasa rakakomba rebato rokutonga kutaura icho mutemo uri. ̵ mhaka yacho yakabva mugakava rezvamatongerwe enyika pakati paPurezidhendi John Adams naPurezidhendi anouya Thomas Jefferson. William Marbury, mutengi wousiku, mutengi weHurumende James Madison nokuda kwebasa rake. Kunyange zvazvo Dare rakawana kuti Marbury akapiwa kodzero nebasa, rakazivisa kuti gadziriro yeChibvumirano cheJadicary Act ye179 icho chakapa Dare kubudisa nhau yewrits of Mandamusmus yakanga isina kugationa. Kurova rutivi rwedare rehurumende, Marshalls Court, yakatanga chibvumirano chedare &817; chirongwa chinoitwazve.

Kubudirira Mune Dzimwe Nyika

Kutevera muenzaniso weAmerica, nyika dzakawanda dzakabatanidza hwirudzuro yedare mumabumbiro emitemo. Mu India, Dare rapamusoro rinoita hwirudzuro muNhevedzo 13, 32, uye 226 yeBumbiro reMitemo. judicary yeIndia yaparadza mitemo inoputsa maruramiro makuru, akadai se Kavanabaravvvvvvv. State of Kerah [12773], iyo yakavamba dzidziso huru inodzivisa Paramendement kuti irege mativi anokosha emitemo. [FLT], inoita dare muChikamu cheRedegiounity neRhumo (FT.19984]) rinokwanisa kudzosa pamutemo kupfurikidza nekodzero zvine mufungo (magatisimuro yeSarume).

Mu chiGerman, Federal Constitution Court (Bundesfassungsericht) idare chairo rakatsaurirwa chose chose kuhwirudzuro yebumbiro remitemo. Ine dare rakafara, kubatanidza kuhwirudzurwa kwemitemo pamusoro pechikumbiro chehurumende kana kuti hurumende, kuhwirudzurwa kwakajeka kunobva kumatare akaderera, uye kunyunyuta kwomutemende mumwe nomumwe. Muenzanisiro weGermany wakapesvedzera marudzi akawanda eEurope neDare reEurope reRuramisi.

Hadzisi hurumende dzose dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzinogamuchira hwirudzuro yakasimba yedare. United Kingdom, isina bumbiro remitemo rakabatana, inotsamira pauchangamire hweparamende. Zvisinei, Chibvumirano chekodzero dzavanhu 1998 chinobvumira matare kupa mhedziso dzokusawirirana, kuzivisa kuParamende kuti mutemo unorwisana neEuropean Convention on Human Rights. Nenzira yakafanana, nyika dzakadai seNetherlands neFinland dzine hwirudzuro yapamutemo yakaganhurirwa mutsika.

Zvinorehwa Nokuongorora Kutonga

Kuongorora matare kunoshanda mabasa akawanda anokosha munzanga inosarudzwa nevanhu.

Kudzivirirwa Kwekodzero Dzemunhu Mumwe Nomumwe

Revo yapakarepo yehwirudzuro yedare ibasa rayo mukudzivirira maruramiro avanhu mukurwisana nehurumende inonyengerwa. Apo mutevedzeri wedare anoisa mutemo unoganhurira kutaura kwakasununguka, unotanga rudzidziso, kana kuti kuramba dziviriro yakaenzana, vanhu vanogona kudenha mutemo iwoyo mudare. Ruravidzo yedare inogovera purofium nokuda kwokureverera idzi kodzero, kazhinji kazhinji nokuda kwamapoka anochengetedzwa ane simba rezvamatongerwe enyika. Somuenzaniso, Dare repamusoro reU. mu [FLT: 0].[6] County v. Raker [[FLT:] [20] [20] [20]) Ribhender-go pasina kuhwirutsira pamutemo, ringagona kubvisa simba guru reVotting Rights Act, asi zvisarudzo zvapakuvamba zvakafanana [FLD] Carolina. Southern Conficlaine. [FFF] [5] (196]

Makeja Nedzikamo

Kuhwirudzura jaji kunosimbisa kuparadzana kwamasimba kupfurikidza nokushanda secherekedzo pamapazu emitemo neanotungamirira. Vagadziri veBumbiro reMitemo reU. vakaronga gadziriro umo bazu rimwe nerimwe richava nemitoo yokudzivisa kudzorwa namamwe. judiary, zvariri bazi rakaneta zvikurusa (risina chikwama kana kuti munondo), raida chishandiswa kuti ritsigire chiremera charo. Vatongi vanopa matare mano okutaura kuti kwete apo mamwe mapazu ainopfuura miganhu yawo yemitemo. Iri basa rokunzvera rinokosha mukudzivisa udzvinyiriri hwevoruzhinji kana kuti mukuru mukuru.

Kutsigirwa Kwokuzvidavirira Nokuona Zvinhu Nako

Apo zviito zvehurumende zvinodzorwa nokunzvera kwokutonga, vakuru vakuru sezvingabvira zvikuru vanoita mukati memiganhu yomutemo. Bvirowo zvayo yedenho yebumbiro remitemo inogona kudzivisa masangano omutemo kukurumidza kupfuura, kupinza mitemo yekodzero. Uyezve, mirangariro yedare inoda ruramiso yakarangarirwa, iyo inomanikidzira hurumende kujekesa pachena. Uku kujeka kunogonesa vagari vemo kunzwisisa hwaro hwapamutemo hwezvisarudzo zvemitemo uye kuita kuti vamiririri vavo vazvidavirire.

Kutsigira Kutonga kwoMutemo

Mutemo unoda kuti vanhu vose namasangano, kubatanidza hurumende imene, vazviise pasi pomutemo. Kuhwirudzura kunovimbisa kuti bumbiro remitemo harisi gwaro rezvamatongerwe enyika asi mutemo mukuru unodzorwa pamutemo. Inogovera mutoo wokupedza nawo rwisano pakati pemitemowo zvayo nemirairo yebumbiro remitemo, inodzivisa udzori husingagumi. Munzanga dzine kutonga kuduku, hwirudzuro yedare inogona kuva chishandiso chine simba chokuita kuti kutemerwa kwapamutemo neruramisiro.

Kuhwirudzura Kunotongwa Kuchiitwa

Kuhwirudzura rutongeso hakusati kuchingovawo zvako murangariro wefungidziro; kune tapuro chaidzoidzo, kazhinji kazhinji dzinochinja panzanga.

Zviratidzo Zvepasi Netapuro Yazvo

Zvisarudzo zvinoverengeka zvinokosha zvinoratidza simba uye kusvika kwokuongorora kwokutonga:

  • Brown v. Board of Education (1954): Dare guru reU.S. rakazivisa mitemo yehurumende inogadza zvikoro zvavose zvavanhu vose nokuda kwavadzidzi vatema navachena vasina kubatana, kuputsa “ kupesana asi kwakaenzana ne̵ dzidziso ye PNET v. Ferguson [186]). Iyi inotonga yakabvisa kodzero dzavagari vemo uye yakaratidzira kuti hwirudzuro yedare yaigona kubvisa urudzi hwedzinza hwenyika.
  • Roe v. (1973): Dare rakaziva mukadzi ̱ rinopa maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo kuva voga, rinobatanidza chisarudzo chake chokugumisa pamuviri. Iyi nhau inoramba iri imwe yerovedzo yenharo hurusa yehwirudzuro, kutanga gakava rinopfuurira pamusoro pokudzora kwedare nebasa rakafanira rematare.
  • Obergefell v. Hodges (2015): Dare rairangarira kuti varoorani vane maruramiro makuru mamwe chetewo okuroora muChiitiko nePuremimetic Programme nePrivice Clauss. Iyi mirau inonyoreswa pamutemo muroorano imwe cheteyo yevatano munyika yose, ichiratidza kuti hwirudzuro yedare inogona sei kufambisira mberi maruramiro avagari vemo nokuda kweLGBTQ+ vanhu vamwe navamwe.
  • COIZENS United v. FEC[FLT: 1] (2010): Dare rakakurira ganhuriro pakushandiswa kwamasangano namasangano ezvamatongerwe enyika, richitonga kuti ndyiko yakadaro ikutaura kwezvamatongerwe enyika kwakadzivirirwa. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura ichi chisarudzo mari yakawedzerwa mune zvamatongerwe enyika, vachiratidzira kuti hwirudzuro yokutonga inogona kuva nemiuyo yenharo.
  • National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius (2012): Dare rakatsigira zhinjisa dzeAfford Care Act asi rakaganhurirwa Congress ’ simba pasi peCHEM Claus, rinoratidzira kuti hwirudzuro yedare inogona sei kuumba muitiro woutano.

Mune dzimwe zviremera, nhau dzakafanana dzakawanda. India ’ Dare rapamusoro, mu Navtej Singh Johar v.Union yeIndia (2017), decriminential confinsidentinentism zvakafanana, (1988), kubvisa kubvisa mimba kwehurumende sokuputsa muganhu we 377 wePenal Code. Canada &817; Dare rapamusoro, mu R. v. Morgintenger[FLT: 3)] (1988), kuderera kweganhuriro dzapamutemo dzokubvisa mimba dzinodzorwa nomutemo sedzinoputsa kuchengeteka kwomunhu. &817; Rusaro rwechikamikaro, muDare remitemo muChikaro chaparo chavanhu, muna #2022; Chigaro chaparo chaparo chamauto (#8) chakabvumira kudzosera pamutemo choupenyu.

Michina Yedenho Dzebumbiro remitemo

Kuhwirudzura dare kunotanga nenzira mbiri huru: hwirudzuro yakajeka nerevo. Mukuhwirudzura kusingachinjiki, mubato kudare rinobvuma kuti mutemo unoshanda kunhau yavo hauwirirani nemitemo. Iyi ndiyo nzira inozivikanwa zvikurusa muUnited States, umo Dare Gurusa rinonzwa bedzi nhau chaidzoidzo negakava. Mukuhwirudzura kusinganzwisisiki, vakuru vakuru vakuru vehurumende vanobvumirwa (zvakadai sapurezidhendi wechipongeriti, chishoma chemitemo, kana kuti hurumende) vanogona kukumbira dare kuhwirudzura pamutemo womutemo usati washandiswa. Uyu muitiro unozivikanwa zvikuru mugadziriro yemitemo yevagari vemo, seFrance, Germany, uye South Korea. Nyika dzakawanda dzinobatanidza zvose zviri zviviri.

Dare rinosiyanawo mumaitiro aro okurapa. MuU.S., kuwanwa kwousati huri uzivi kunoshandura mutemo kuva usina chinhu ab initio (kuvambira pakutanga). MuCanada, matare anogona kumisa ziviso dzokusashanda kuti apaidze matare nguva yokuita kuti dare ritsive. Mimwe miganhu inobvumira dare kurava kana kuti kubvisa gadziriro dzinokanganisa apo inochengeta wasara womutemo.

Mazano Okuhwirudzura

Pasinei zvapo nokugamuchirwa kwakapararira, kuongorora kwokutonga kwakakwezva kutsoropodza kukuru.vashori vanomutsa itiro hanya pamusoro pokuva pamutemo kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, kutonga, uye bviro yokuti matare atsoropodze.

Chinetso Chokurwisana NaMajorita

Chisarudzo chinopfuurira zvikurusa ibhuku rinonzi nerinonzi nerinonzi ne#8220; couter-majoritarian chitambudzo, ̵ shoko rakatangwa nenyanzvi yepamutemo Alexander Bickel. Muhurumende yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, zvisarudzo zvinowanzoitwa navamiriri vakasarudzwa vanozvidavirira kuvanhu. Kuongorora kwemitemo inobvumira vatongi vasina kusarudzwa kushatisa mitemo inopfuudzwa nemitemo yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Ikoku kunogona kuonekwa sokuderedza kuzvidzora. Vatsoropotedza vanoti apo matare anoputsa mutemo wakakurumbira, anotsiva zvido zvavo zvomutemo nokuda kwaavo vakasarudzwa ne̱ vamiririri. Chinetso chinonyanya kuoma muzvinoitika pamusoro pomutemo wenzanga nezve, apo mitemo yemitemo ingasagovera nhungamiro yakajeka.

Vatsigiri vehwirudzuro yedare vanopindura kuti bumbiro remitemo rimene iratidzirwo yavanhu ’ mafandero, uye kuti matare anopomerwa kusimbisa mashoko awo mukurwisana nevakuru vakuru vanopfuura. Vanopikisa kuti maruramiro makuru haafaniri kuiswa pasi pevhoti duku. Uyezve, rondedzero yedare inogona kusimudzira maruramiro ehurumende kupfurikidza nokudzivirira maruramiro evoruzhinji kupfurikidza nokuvimbisa miitiro yezvamatongerwe enyika yakaisvonaka.

Kutonga Kunopesana.

Yakabatana nechinetso chinorwisana nechinorwisana nedare ikurukurirano pamusoro pechiito chokutonga. Vatsoropodzi vanopomera mamwe matare okudarika maruramiro awo kupfurikidza nokurava kodzero itsva mubumbiro remitemo, kudzikamisa nenzira inobudirira kubva mubhenji. Mienzaniso inobatanidza Dare Gurusa reU.’ zvisarudzo mu Roe v. Vatsigiri vedare rokutonga vanofanira kurangarira mapazu okuvhotera kunze kwokunge vadzorwa nomutemo. [FLT:] O.Sbergefell v. Hodges, izvo zvinopesana hazvina kusimurirwa murugwaro rwemitemo kana kuti revo.

Bva mutsetse pakati pedudziro nomutemo hauna kujeka nguva dzose. Vatongi vanofanira kududzira mashoko asina kujeka ebumbiro remitemo akaita se ̵ muitiro wekuisa pa̵ kana kuti & #8220; dziviriro yakaenzana. ̵ Kudzivirira kwakaganhurirwa kunotsamira pavavariro yapakuvamba kungakundikana kukurukura kusaruramisira kwapanguva ino. Denho ndeyokuita hwirudzura dare munzira iyo iri yose iri yomutemo neyamutevedzero kumipimo yesocineta, pasina kuva mukurumbira mukuru wezvipo.

Kuremekedzwa Kwematare

Imwe rondedzero inokosha ndeyokuti dare redare rinogona kusimbisa kugadzwa kwedare. Apo matare anoita zvisarudzo zvakakwirira pakubvisa pamuviri, roorano, mari yenhimbe, kana kuti simba rokutungamirira, kupiwa zita uye kusimbiswa kwevatongi kunova hondo dzinoparadza zvikuru. MuUnited States, izvi zvakatungamirira kukugadzwa kwepfungwa uye kurasikirwa nechivimbo chavose muDare Rapamusoro somusaiti wezvamatongerwe enyika. Mune dzimwe nyika, dzakadai sePoland neHungary, hurumende dzakadenha kuzvitonga kupfurikidza nokuvhara madare kana kuti kuisazve mutemo wemitemo, kupfurikidza nepembedzo yokudzivisa kutsigira dare rinorwira Hurumende.

Vadziviriri vanotaura kuti kudzivirira kunoitwa nevezvokuronga hakudzivisiki. Dziviriro dzakasimba dzoupenyu, dzakadai senzvimbo dzakatsiga (kana kuti mashoko akatsiga kwenguva refu), mibhadharo yakachengeteka, uye miitiro yokugadza ine mavara, zvinogona kudzivirira vatongi padzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kudzikamisa Chiremera Chokutonga Noutongi Hwehurumende

Kuti aruramise izvi zvibvumirano, gadziriro dzakawanda dzemitemo dzakatanga nzira dzokuita nadzo kuti kuongorora kwokutonga kuenzane nokuzvidavirira kwehurumende.

Mitemo Inoshatisa uye yeBumbiro Romutemo

Dzimwe nyika dzinobvumira masangano okutonga kudarika dzimwe chisarudzo. Canada ’s “nongeiwo paramende inoita kuti paramende kana kuti paramende reruwa rizivise kuti mutemo uchashanda pasinei zvapo nekodzero dzeChibvumirano nokuda kwenhambo yegore shanu. Iyi gadziriro inopa bazi rakasarudzwa shoko rokupedzisira mudzimwe zviitiko ichiri kuchengeta kuhwirudzurwa somutsetse wokutanga wedziviriro. Zvisinei, kushandiswa kwawo kunodhura uye hakuwanzokumbirwa.

Imwe inzvero igadziriro yebumbiro remitemo. MuUnited States, chisarudzo cheDare Rapamusorosa chinodudzira Bumbiro reMitemo chinogona kubviswa bedzi kupfurikidza negadziridzo yebumbiro-mitemo, inoda kuti zviito zvikurusa muCongress uye zvigadziriswe nemativi mana matatu enyika. Iyi bhawa rakakwirira rinovimbisa kuti hwirudzuro yedare haisati iri nyore kuchinjwa asi inobvumirawo vanhu kururamisa dudziro dzisina kururama. Idzo dzechi11, 14th, 16th, uye Gadziro rechi 26, dzose dzinopindura kukutonga kweDare gurusa.

Kuganhurirwa Kwokutonga Nedzidziso Dzokuzvidza

Dare guru reU.S. kazhinji kazhinji rinoshandisa dzidziso yokusawirirana, ̵ kuturikira mirau kudzivisa mibvunzo yebumbiro remitemo apo kunobvira. Inogonawo kurangarira mibvunzo yezvamatongerwe enyika yakapiwa kumapazu ezvamatongerwe enyika neBumbiro remitemo (*kachidzorwa nezviwanwa zvemitemo munharaunda dzakadai semitemo. Nenzira yakafanana, matare mazhinji anoshandisa kuedza kuwirirana apo anonzvera ganhuriro, kupawo nzvimbo yemitemo yokusarudza pakati pemitoo ine mufungo kuti isvike nharidzano dzapamutemo.

Nguva Yemberi Yokuhwirudzura

Kuchinja - chinja kwemitemo kunoramba kuchiitwa nokuda kwezvinetso zvitsva zvepamutemo, zvenzanga, uye zveruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu.

Kodzero Dzemadhigirii Nekuva Woga

Ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu runomutsa mibvunzo inomutsa pamutemo. Matare ari kurwisana nekodzero dzakavanzika muzera remitengo, kubatanidza kunzvera kwehurumende, kuunganidzwa kwemashoko nemakambani ehurumende, uye kutungamirira kwouchenjeri hwokugadzira. Mu Karpaent v. United States (2017), Dare repamusoro reU.S.S. rakati hurumende inoda mvumo yokuwana mashoko enzvimbo yenhau, ichiziva kuti mashoko enhau echiteji yeJene Gemetermentstings. matare eEurope akashandisawo zvakafanana bvumirano yeEurope pakodzero dzevanhu kuti irwise zvirongwa zvokuongorora. Sangano dzezvokuongorora, kuongorora kuchashandiswa mukuvaradziro, kutaura kwapachena, uye muitiro webumbiro reCMbeccom.

Kururamisira Kwezvakatipoteredza Nemamiriro Okunze

Chinjo yemamiriro okunze inzvimbo inokura nokukurumidza. Vaiti vehurumende nehurumende vari kuunza nhau dzinodenha kugadziriswa kwemitemo yemamiriro okunze, vachitaura kuti chiito chisina kukwana chinoputsa kodzero dzebumbiro remitemo (zvakadai sekodzero kuupenyu, utano, kana kuti mhoteredzo yakanaka). Muna 2019, Dare Gurusa reNetherlands, mu Urgeda Foundation v. Hurumende yeNetherlands , inotsigira murairo wakaderera wedare unoda kuti Hurumende ideredze kubudisa mhepo inopisa nedzinenge 25% kubva pauremunyuro wa2020. Nhau dzakafanana dzakaiswa muUnited States, Canada, Germany, uye Brazil. Kuongorora kungazova chinhu chinokosha nokuda kwokuchinja mamiriro okunze enzvimbo, kunyange zvazvo kusingafaniri kuva kudzorwa kwomutemo wokusangwarira pamusoro pematare.

Kudyidzana Kwenyika Yose Nokukurukurirana Kwokutonga Kwamarudzi Ose

Matare anowedzera kududza zvisarudzo zvakabva kune dzimwe nyika pakududzira mitemo yavo vamene. Uku kukwirira kwapakarepo, pane dzimwe nguva kunonzi kurukurirano yedare renyika yose, kunopfuudzira mutemo webumbiro remitemo asi kunomutsawo mibvunzo pamusoro pouchangamire. Somuenzaniso, Dare Rapamusorosoro reCanada rakatarira kuU.S., Europe, uye mutemo wamarudzi ose munhau dzavo vamene. Dare rapamusoro reU.S., mukupesana, rave riri mutsinhiranotevedzero, namatongi akati kuti manyuko okumwe haana basa nerondedzero yemitemo yeAmerica. Nguva yemberi yokutonga ichaona zvose zviri zviviri kukwereta nokuramba kukuru zvikuru kwaro.

Kubudisa Mashoko Netyisidziro Kurusununguko Rwokutonga

Kuhwirudzura dare kunotarisana nedenho dzakananga dzinobva kumasangano ezvokutonga anotsvaka kupa ngwariro kusimba nokuneteswa kwemitemo. Munyika dzakadai sePoland, Hungary, uye Turkey, hurumende dzakabvisa vatongi, dzakaisa mitemo inoganhurira udzori hwematare ebumbiro remitemo, uye vatsigiri vakagadzwa. Izvi zviito zvinosekesa kushanda kwenzvero yedare uye kutyisidzira kutonga. Kudzivirira kuzvitonga kuchada kungwarira munzanga dzapamutemo, masangano amarudzi ose, uye nzanga dzavagari vemo. Kugadziridzwa kwedare mukutarisana nedenho dzakadaro kuchaedza kubatira kwayo kwenguva refu sedziviriro yehurumende yehurumende.

Mirangariro Yokuenzanisa Pahwirudzuro Yorutongeso

Kunzwisisa hwirudzuro yedare kunoda kunzwisisa kuti gadziriro dzapamutemo dzakasiana dzinoishandisa sei.

Muenzaniso weAmerica: Kuhwirudzura Kwakaderera

MuUnited States, hwirudzuro yedare rinotonga inoitwa nematare ose ehurumende nehurumende, kwete dare chairo rinogarwa pamutemo. Dare ripi neripi rinogona kuzivisa mutemo usingawirirani, kunyange zvazvo Dare Gurusa rine chiremera chokupedzisira. Uyu muenzaniso unodzorwa unowedzera chiverengero chemikana yemikana yebumbiro remitemo asi unogonawo kutungamirira kumitongo inorwisana pakati pematare echiduku kusvikira dare rakakwirira rapedza nhau yacho. Tsika ye [FLT: 0] stare decis[ (pamberinotangira) inogovera kutsigadziko, asi gadziriro yacho inopa muganhu mukurusa uye mhaka.

Muenzaniso weEurope: Matare Akaiswa Panzvimbo Yemitemo Yakatevedzerwa

Nyika zhinji dzeEurope, dzapesvedzerwa nerondedzero dzaHans Kelsen, dzakatanga matare ebumbiro remitemo akaparadzana nedare remitemowo zvaro. Matare aya ane chiremera chakakwana pamibvunzo yebumbiro remitemo, kazhinji kupfurikidza nehwirudzurowo zvawo. Mienzaniso inobatanidza Federal Constitutional Council yeGermany, French Constitution, uye Dare reMitemo reItaria. Iyi inonangidzira ngwariro kuunyanzvi hwebumbiro-mitemo uye inoderedza ngozi yemitemo inochinja. Zvisinei, inogonawo kuparira musiyano pakati pebumbiro remitemo nemutemowo zvawo, inoda miitiro inoshandiswa kuti izivike.

Fashoni Dzehwakacha

Dzimwe nyika dzinobatanidza masangano ose ari maviri. South Africa ̱ Dare reMitemo rine masimba makuru okuhwirudzura asi rutivi rwedare rakabatana redare. Japan ̱ Dare Gurusa rinotevera muenzaniso weAmerica asi risingawanzoshandisi hwirudzuro yedare, zvikurukuru nemhaka yetsika dzezvamatongerwe enyika neganhuriro dzesangano. India inobatanidza Dare guru rine simba nehwirudzuro yedare rapamusoro, uye vatongi varo vanomanikidzira nokushingaira kodzero dzinokosha nedzidziso huru yegadziriro.

mhedziso

Kuhwirudzura dare kunoramba kuri chinhu chinokosha chehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Kudzivirira kodzero dzevanhu, kuchengeta kuongorora nokudzikamisa, kusimudzira kuzvidavirira, uye kutsigira mutemo. Zvisinei, hakuna zvikanganiso. Chinetso chinopesana nedare, ngozi dzekutonga, uye tyisidziro dzokuzvitonga dzinoda ngwariro inopfuurira. Nguva yemberi yokuongorora kuchatsamira pakuti matare achashandisa sei kuchinja kworuzivo rwezvinhu, zvinetso zvemamiriro okunze, kudyidzana kwenyika yepasi pose, uye dzvinyiriro dzechipo.

Pakupedzisira, hwirudzuro yedare isangano guru rinofanira kudzikamisa kutendeka kurugwaro rwebumbiro remitemo nokugamuchira mipimo yenzanga. Kuva kwaro kwapamutemo kuri pazvose zviri zviviri mitemo neyakaderera, kushandisa simba nokuzvidzora uye kurangarira rutongeso. Sezvo nzanga dzinopfuurira kuva dzakaoma zvikuru, revo yehwirudzuro yedare ichangokura bedzi, kuchiiita nhau youkoshi hunogara huripo nokuda kwenyanzvi, vanachiremba, uye vagari vemo zvakafanana.

nokuda kwokuravazve, ona [[FLT: 1] Marbury v. Madison[[FT:2] [[FLT]] Constitute Project[ nokuda kwemabumbiro emitemo enyika, uye Enclopaedia Britannica pahwirudzuro yedare[[FT:6]].[[FLT]]