Kunzwisisa Mhaka Dzavagari Vemo: Nhungamiro Isina Kunaka

Nyaya dzevagari vemo ndiwo musimboti wechisarudzo chenhau dzemunhu oga mugadziriro yemitemo. Vanofukidza chinhu chiri chose kubva pabvumirano nekakavadzano dzezvinhu kusvikira kuzvinhu zvinozvikuvadza zvomunhu oga nenhau dzemhuri. Kusafanana nemhosva dzoutsotsi, idzo dzinobatanidza hurumende kutongwa kwomunhu nokuda kwemhosva, mhaka dzevagari vemo imhaka pakati pemapati emunhu oga nemhika, mabhizimisi, kana kuti masangano (hwupo boka rimwe) rinotsvaka muripo, kuita chimwe chinhu, kana kuti murairo wedare kubva kune mumwe (mukwidzirirwi). Kunzwisisa nhano 06bypretedt metoo yenhau yavagari vemo inopa mibato simba kuita zvisarudzo zvokuziva, kutarisira, uye basa nenzira inobudirira navamiririri vavo.

Nyaya ino inoratidza kuparara kukuru kwezvinoitika mumhosva yehurumende, kubva pakuronga zvose nokuita kuti mutongo utengwe.

Mabhuku Anokosha: Mutemo Usati Wanyorwa

Pamberi pokunyora nhau, mupeyi anobvira anowanzopinda mumibato yapamberi pezvi. Ikoku kungabatanidza kutumira tsamba inokumbirwa, kuedza kutaurirana kugadzikisa, kana kuti kusimbisa kuti gakava racho harigoni kupedzwa kupfurikidza nechisarudzo chegadziro yegadziro yenharo yakadai seredhisitorendi kana kuti kudzorwa. matare mazhinji anoda kuti vakuru vakuru vakuru vaedze ADR vasati vabvumira kukwidza. Kunzwisisa prebrasit tejiti kungachengetedza nguva, mari, uye simba rendangariro.

Kunokoshawo kuziva kana mutemo weganhuriro wapera. Hurumende imwe neimwe inogadza musi unotarwa nokuda kwokunyoresa mashoko ehurumende — zvikurukuru pakati pegore rimwe neretanhatu, kuchitsamira parudzi rwemhaka. Kurega iyi nguva inotarwa kunoisa maruramiro enguva.

Nokuda kwenzvero yakakwana yerangariro dzapamberi pezvi, ona Cornell Law Information Institute (LII) inotungamirira pamuitiro wavagari vemo.

Nhano 1: Kubvisa Kunyunyuta

Kunyunyuta kwacho igwaro rehwaro rinoonesa pomero dzomupoteri, kutevedzana kwapamutemo, uye nyaradzo zvinotsvakwa. Inofanira kunyorwa nokungwarira nemhaka yokuti kunorondedzera ukuru hwenhau yacho yose.

Zvikamu Zvechinyunyuto

Kunyunyuta kwakasanosanoitwa kunobatanidza:

  • Chiratidzo: Chinotara dare, nhamba yenhau (kana yakagoverwa), uye mapoka (mapepa v. mukwirirwi).
  • Juridiction and Venue: Masangano ane chikonzero nei dare rine chiremera chokunzwa mhaka yacho (mutoo., mhatsa yougari hwemo, mubvunzo womubatanidzwa, kana kuti chitsama chemari mugakava) uye chikonzero nei nhau yacho ichichengetwa munzvimbo iyoyo chaiyo.
  • Nheyo dzakajeka: Nhoroondo yakajeka, yokuverenga nguva yezviitiko zvakatungamirira kugakava. Idzi pomero dzinofanira kuva dzakananga zvakakwana kuzivisa mukwirirwi.
  • ZVITAURO zvechinyakare: Chisakiso chimwe nechimwe chechiito (mutoo, kuregeredza, kuputsa chibvumirano, kuzvidza) zvinorongwa zvakasiyana, uye zvinhu zvepamutemo zvichikumbirwa.
  • [ Munyengetero nokuda kweyamuro: Unoratidzira icho mupurisa anoda((monetary) kuvadziko, nyaradzo inopa nyaradzo, rutongeso rwekubvisa, kana kuti chiito chakananga.

Vamwe vatengi vanobatanidzawo zviratidziro kana kuti magwaro anotsigira. Chinyunyuto chinofanira kuiswa kuna mabharani wedare nomubhadharo wemari inobhadharwa. Mudare rehurumende, madai anobudiswa panguva imwe cheteyo.

Basa Rokugadzirira

Pashure pokunyora, mukwiridzi anofanira kuva nechokwadi chokuti mukwiridziri anoziviswa nenzira yapamutemo nezvedare. Ikoku kunonzi tsigiro yebasa. Basa rinofanira kuitwa mukuwirirana nemirairo yorumano: zvikurukuru kupfurikidza nokuendesa kopi yemazita nokunyunyuta kumukwiriri mumunhu, kana kuti netsamba inobvumidzwa. Basa rakafanira rinodikanwa kuti dare riwane chiremera chomunhu oga pamusoro pomukwidziridziridziridziri. Kana basa rakashata, mukwirirwi angatumira kope kumukwidziridzwa kuti aende kubasa.

U.S. website yedare [ inogovera tsananguro ine udzame yezvinodikanwa zvebasa munhau dzehurumende.

Nhano 2: Mudziviriri Akapindura

Kana angopiwa, mukwirirwi ane hwindo rakaganhurirwa (anowanzova namazuva 21 kusvikira ku 30 mudare rehurumende, uye nhambo dzakafanana mudare rehurumende(*) kupindura. Mukwirirwi angasarudza pakati pezvisarudzo zvinoverengeka.

Kupindura Kwakasiyana - siyana

  • [ Mhinduro: Mupomeri anobvuma kana kuti anoramba mhaka imwe neimwe munyunyuto. Kana akaramba, mupomeri anofanira kubvumikisa mhaka iyoyo pakutonga. Mhinduro ingamutsawo dziviriro (mutoo weganhuriro, kufuratira kwokupa).
  • [[FT:0] Kudzinga:[[FT: 1] Kudenha mamiriro ezvinhu epamutemo okunyunyuta. Zvisakiso zvinowanzobatanidza kushaikwa kwevhozhowa, kukundikana kutaura chirevo, kana kuti nzvimbo isina kufanira. Kana zvikabvumirwa, mhaka ingadzingwa kana kuti pasina rusaruro (i., nepo kana kuti pasina maruramiro okudzosa).
  • [[FLT: 0] qualimerslaim: Mukwirirwi anotaura zvirevo zvake amene mukwiri anobva mubvumirano imwe cheteyo kana kuti chiitiko. Manditarian divoltaims (avo vanomuka kubva muchimiro chimwe chetecho chezvokwadi) anofanira kumutswa kana kuti kuparadzwa.
  • [[FLT: 0] Crossclaim: Kana kune vakwirirwi vakawanda, mumwe mukwirirwi angapomera mumwe nokuda kwomupiro kana kuti kusatendeseka.
  • Third-Party Curlent (Ingleader): Mukwirirwi anounza muboka rechitatu ringava rakafanirwa nokuda kwavose kana kuti rutivi rwekutaura kwomupoteri.

Chikamu chemhinduro chingabatanidzawo kuita zvinhu zvokufungidzira, zvakadai sokufamba kwokutaura kwakasimba kana kuti chiito chokurovanya zvinhu zvisina basa kana kuti zvinonyadzisa.

4. Nhano 3: Kuwanwa Kwakaipa

Kuwana nguva kazhinji kazhinji rutivi runonyanyowanda uye runodhura rwenhau yehurumende. Ndiko muitiro uyo vose vari vaviri vanokurukura nawo mashoko noufakazi pamberi pokutongwa. Nharidzano ndeyokubvisa zvinoshamisa, kupfupikisa nhau, uye kubvumira rutivi rumwe norumwe kuyera ukoshi noutera hwenhau yavo.

Zvishandiso Zvokuwana

Mitemo yeChivil Procedect nemitemo yenyika yakawanda zvikurusa zvinobvumira mhatsa huru yezvishandiso zvokuwana:

  • [[FOLT:0] Tsingtion: Sworn, av à à ́vhourt chipupuriro chechapupu kana kuti patunhu, chinotorwa nokunzvera nomuromo. Madomasi anonyorwa uye anogona kushandiswa pakutongwa nokuda kwokusapiwa kana kuti soufakazi kana uchapupu husingawaniki.
  • [[FORT:0] Mibvunzo yakanyorwa inofanira kupindurwa pasi pemhiko. Miganhu yomuenzaniso inobvumira 25 kubvunzurudza pabato rimwe nerimwe (kubatanidza zvikamu zviduku). Mhinduro dzinogona kushandiswa kuzivisa zvapupu kana kuti magwaro.
  • Kukumbira nokuda kweChibereko: Kuda magwaro, mashoko akachengetwa pakombiyuta (ESI), kana kuti zvinhu zvinooneka. Iyi ndiyo nzira huru yokuwana nayo zvibvumirano, maemail, marekodhi ezvokurapa, uye humwe ufakazi.
  • Kukumbira mashoko eAdjussing: Mashoko ayo mumwe munhu anokumbira mumwe kuti atende kana kuti arambe. Nhau dzinobvumwa dzinorangarirwa kuva dzakasimbiswa chose chose nokuda kwokutongwa, kuchengeta nguva nendyiko.
  • [[[FLT: 0] Kunzvera kwendangariro kana kuti kwendangariro: kwakarayirwa nedare nokuda kwechisakiso chakanaka apo mugariro womuviri kana kuti wendangariro womubato unenge uri mugakava (g., mukuvadziko yomunhu oga).

Kuwana kunoitwa mitemo yorumano nenzvimbo.Matare kazhinji kazhinji anoganhurira kuwana mashoko akakodzera kukutaura kana kuti kuzvidzivirira uye anowirirana nezvinodikanwa zvenhau yacho. Kukakavadzana kwokuwana zvinhu kunopedzwa nomutongi, pane dzimwe nguva kupfurikidza nokufamba kwetsika kuti amanikidzire kana kuti nokuda kwenhevedzano inodzivirira.

Nokuda kwokurapa kune chiremera, ona [[FLT: 0] Federal Judicial Center pa kuwanwa [[FLT: 1].

Epiascopey

Kubatanidza kwazvino uno kazhinji kazhinji kunobatanidza mirwi mikuru yamashoko akachengetwa pakombiyuta (ESI), yakadai samaemail, mashoko orugwaro, masefaundi, uye nzvimbo dzemasangano enzanga. Mapati anofanira kuchengeta ESI kubva panguva inokarirwa nenzira ine mufungo. Kukundikana kuchengeta ESI kunogona kuguma nezvirango zvakakomba. Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (Zvikuru Kutonga 26(f) kunoda kusangana kwokukurumidza nemisangano yezve ESI uye zvirongwa zvokubudisa.

5. Kufamba Kwapamberi Pezviito uye Chisarudzo Chomuchidimbu

Pamberi pokutongwa, mapati anowanzoronga maitiro okugadzirisa nyaya dzepamutemo kana kuti kunyange kurasa nyaya yose.

Kufamba Kwokusarudza Muchidimbu

Dare ringatanga kutora chisarudzo chepfupi kana kuti chimwe chezvinotaurwa zvacho richitaura kuti hapana gakava rechokwadi reidi rezvinhu uye kuti boka rinotama rinofanira kutonga senhau yomutemo. dare rinoongorora ufakazi muchiedza hunofadza zvikuru kuboka risingachinji. Kana dare rikawana kuti hapana dare ringasarudza kutsigira boka risingachinjiki, rutongeso rwechidimbu runobvumirwa uye kutongwa kunodziviswa panhau iyoyo. Rutongeso rwakapfava runoshandiswa zvikuru mubvumirano nenhau dzebasa.

Kufamba Murimine

Somuenzaniso, mumwe munhu angakumbira dare kuti risaone mifananidzo inofungira vamwe zvakaipa, mashoko anotaurwa, kana kuti uchapupu hwezviito zvakaipa zvinenge zvaitwa.

Dzimwe Nhanho Dzapamberi Pezviito

  • Kuda Kuziva: Zvikumbiro zvinoparadzanisa kutongwa kwenhau dzakasiyana - siyana (muchib., kuvadziko nekuvadziko).
  • Nhungamiro Yokushambiswa: Tsvaka zvirango nokuda kwokuwana kushatiswa kana kuti kumwe kusazvibata.
  • Kuenda Kukambani: Kumbira dare kuraira vaparidzi kuti vabudise mhinduro dzokuwana.

6. Kugadzikisa uye Kupesana Kusingagari Kwakavapo (ADR)

Nemhaka zhinji dzevagari vemo hadzitongoedzwi kutongwa.Panzvimbo pezvo, nhambo yokuwana inowanzogovera mashoko anodikanwa nokuda kwamativi ose ari maviri kuyera chaizvoizvo nzvimbo dzavo. Kugara kunogona kuitika panguva ipi neipi (kunyange zvazvo dare rinobetsera rinobetsera risingabvumirwi.)

Kushanda

Kugadzirisa haisi nzira inosungisa apo munhu wechitatu (murevereri) anobatsira vanhu kutaura chisarudzo. Murevereri haatongi nyaya yacho asi anoita kuti pave nokukurukurirana uye anokurudzira migumisiro inobvira. matare akawanda anoda kutaurirwa asati atongwa.

Kubvisa Muropa

Kuvhara kunogona kuva kusungisa kana kuti kusava kwokubatanidza. Mukubatanidza, chisarudzo chomumiriri chinenge chiri chokupedzisira uye chikumbiro chinodzivirira (kunze mumigariro yakaganhurirwa zvikuru). Zvibvumirano zvizhinji zvinoda kunyoreswa senzira yakaganhurirwa yechisarudzo chega chega chega chega.

Kana nzvimbo yokugara ikasvikwa, mapoka anosaina chibvumirano chokugarisa, uye mutengi anobvuma chaizvoizvo kudzinga dare.

7. Nhano 4: Kuedza

Kana nhau yacho isingagari ndokupukunyuka nhambo dzapamberi pedare, inopfuurira kutongwa. Miedzo inogona kuva kutonga kwebhenji (pamberi bedzi) kana kuti kutonga kwedare rinobetsera vatongi. Kodzero kukutonga mumhaka dzavagari vemo inovimbiswa neSecondial Amendment yeConstitution yeU.S. yenhau dzehurumende dzinobatanidza mari dzinopfuura $20, asi mitemo mizhinji yehurumende inogovera maruramiro akafanana nokuda kwokutaura kwavagari vemo kwakawanda.

Kusarudza Chiratidzo cheJury (Voir Dire)

Kutonga kunovamba nokusarudza vatongi. Vanganzi vatongi namagweta vanobvunzurudzwa kuti vabudise rusaruro kana kuti kusakwanisa kuva vakarurama. rutivi rumwe norumwe runogona kushandisa denho dzokuparadza (kubvisa mutongi pasina kutaura chikonzero) uye denho nokuda kwechisakiso (chokufungira chakananga).

Kutaura Kwokuzarura

Mashoko okuzarura haasi ouchapupu, asi anoratidza kuti munhu wacho anenge achangobva kubuda.

Kuratidzwa Ufakazi

Mupurisa wacho anotanga kupa nhau yavo, kudana zvapupu nokusuma zviratidziro. chapupu chimwe nechimwe chinoedzwa zvakananga nomupurisa, kuyambuka mukwirirwi . anonzvera mukwiridziridziri, uye anodzoserazve kunobvira. Pashure pokunge mupomerwi agara, mukwirirwi angaenda nokuda kwechisarudzo chakarairwa (rutongeso senhau yomutemo) kana mupultiff akakundikana kubvumikisa mhaka yeprimi facie.

Kana kukurumidza kurambwa, mupomerwi anopa ufakazi hwavo.

Kutaura Kunopfiga

Pashure pokunge ufakazi hwose hwapiwa, rutivi rumwe norumwe runoita chibvumikiso chokugumisa chichipeta ufakazi uye ruchitaura chikonzero nei vatongi vachifanira kuwana vachivafarira.

Mirayiridzo Yechikoro

Mutongi anorava mirayiridzo yedare rinobetsera vatongi nedare rinobetsera kupedza zviitiko.Mirayiridzo inorondedzera zvinhu zvekutaura nokuzvidzivirira kumwe nokumwe, mutoro woufakazi (sezvinei hazvo “kurangarira ufakazi”), uye nzira yokuyera nayo kuvimbika.

Kusarudza Nokupa Mhosva

Vatongi vanorega basa noune pachivande. Vanofanira kusvika chisarudzo chakabatana mukutongwa kwehurumende kwehurumende (kana pasina kuti vaparidzi vabvumirana neimwe nzira). Mitemo yehurumende inosiyana - siyana; mimwe inobvumira mitongo yakawanda. Kana vatongi vasingagoni kubvumirana, nyaya yacho inoziviswa, uye nyaya yacho inganzi yatotongwazve. Kana mutongo wangoitwa, unoraviwa mudare repachena.

8. Nhano 5: Kufamba Kwokukurumidza Nokufadza

Pashure porutongeso, mutezo wacho unorasikirwa une hwindo pfupi yokudenha muuyo rutongeso rusati rwava rwokupedzisira.

Kufamba Kunozivikanwa Navose Pashure Penguva

  • Kutangazve Kufamba Kworutongeso seNhau yoMutemo (JMOL):[[[FL:1] kunokumbira dare kuti ritenderedze chisarudzo chedare rinobetsera vatongi nemhaka yokuti hakuna ufakazi hwakakwana hwapamutemo hunoritsigira.
  • [[[FRAT:0] Kukwirira nokuda kwekutonga Kutsva: Kukumbira kutonga kutsva kwakavakirwa pazvikanganiso zvokutonga, kusazvibata kwedare, ufakazi huchangobva kuwanwa, kana kuti kuvadziko dzakanyanyisa/dzakakwana.
  • [[[Nto:0] Kutonga kwakadzorwa: Kutsvaka kururamisa kukanganisa kwakajeka kwomutemo kana kuti chokwadi.

Kana uku kutora kurambwa kana kuti kana vavhoti vanorasikirwa vachirambwa kuti vakunde, mubato ungaisa chiziviso chekukwirira kudare rapamusoro zvikuru (muchib., dare redunhu rezvikumbiro zvenhau dzehurumende). Zvikumbiro hazvisati zviri matarezve; dare rinohwirudzura chinyorwa chokutonga nokuda kwezvikanganiso zvapamutemo. Vapari vanofanira kuratidza kuti mhosho yacho yakanga inokuvadza (hakusiri isina mhaka) uye kuti sezvingabvira yakatapura muuyo. Zvikumbiro zvinogona kutora mwedzi mizhinji uye nomutoo wakananga mumurangariro uyo unotsigira, kudzokera, kana kuti kudzosa mhaka nokuda kwokutonga kutsva.

9. Kumanikidzwa Kworutongeso

Kana mukwiri akasabhadhara nokuzvidira, mupurisa anofanira kuita nhano dzokuita kuti rutongeso ruvepo.

  • [ Chirevo Chokuparadza:[[FLT: 1] Chinotungamirira mutongi kuti abate ndokutengesa zvinhu zvisingakanganwirwi zvomukwiri.
  • [[FLT: 0] Akhawunti yeBhanki Revy: Inosunungura kaundi yomukwiridziri kuti igutse rutongeso.
  • [[FOL:0] Garnishi: inoda mushandirwi womukwiridziridzi kuti anyime chikamu chemiripo ndokubhadhara mubhadhari.
  • LIIN paPROM: Rugwaro rwerutongeso runopomerwa nzvimbo inoitirwa vakwirirwi, avo vanofanira kubhadharwa apo nzvimbo inotengeswa.
  • Kushatiswa kwechikwereti chorutongeso: Idare rinofanira kutongwa uko mukwirirwi anofanira kupindura mibvunzo pamusoro pemari yavo.

Kumanikidza kunogona kuva kwakaoma, zvikurukuru kana mukwirirwi ane zvinhu zvishomanene kana kuti anozivisa kubhuroka.

mhedziso.

Mhaka yapamutemo yakarongwa igadziriro inofambira mberi munhano dzakarondedzerwa: kunzvera kwapamberi pezvi, kupedza nyunyuto, mhinduro yomukwiridziri, kuwanwa, nhano dzapamberi pekutongwa, kutongwa, kukwirira kwapashure pomutongo, zvikumbiro, uye kuchengetwa. Chiteshi chimwe nechimwe chine mitemo yacho chimene, miganhu, uye mikana yakarongwa. Nepo muitiro wacho unogona kuva murefu uye unodhura, kunzwisisa nhano imwe neimwe inobetsera kuita zvisarudzo zvaunoziva, kutarisira, uye kuita chisarudzo chakarurama. Kana mhaka yacho ichiguma, chisarudzo chedare, kana kuti kuhwina, vavariro yokupedzisira ndeyokupedza nharo nenzira yakarurama uye inoshanda.

Nokuda kwezviwanikwa zvokuwedzera pamuitiro wehurumende, shanyira [[FLT: 0] Mitemo yeChiviko Chinoshandiranwa PII) kana kuti kunzvera Nhungamiro yeAmerican Bar Association kunzira inoshanda nayo matare[.