Chii Chinonzi Federalism?: Chikamu Chenheyo Chenhando

Urongwa hwehurumende hunoumba mitaro miviri kana kuti yakawanda yehurumende iyo ine chiremera chakazvimirira. Iyi gadziriro inobvumira zvose zviri zviviri kubatana nemhatsa: hurumende yenyika inobata nhau dzeitiro hanya imwe chete, nepo hurumende dzeruwa dzichitaura nezvezvinodikanwa zvomunzvimbomo. Kunzwisisa hurumende kunokosha mukunzwisisa kuti ibasa renyika gurusa renyika yose uye rine vanhu vakawanda sei.

Mavambo Enhau Nenheyo Dzapakuvamba Dzine Ungwaru

Vatungamiriri Vapakuvamba

Pfungwa yokuparadzanisa chiremera chezvamatongerwe enyika ndeyekare. Maguta echiGiriki neruwa akaumbwa seAkaean League, umo maguta ari mitezo akachengeta udzori hwomunzvimbomo neaishanda pamwe chete pamitemo yokudzivirira neyokumwe. Gare gare, Suss Confederacy (kuvamba muzana ramakore rechi 13) yakatanga mubatanidzwa wakasununguka wamagabaniti ayo akagoverana masimba akati nepo airamba akazvimirira zvikuru. Zvisinei, kuedza kwapakuvamba kwakanga kuri kwakabatana zvikuru kupfuura hurumende, sezvo mutumbi mukuru wakanga waganhurirwa chiremera chakananga pavanhu vamwe navamwe.

Kujekeswa uye Bumbiro Remitemo reU.S.

Chibvumirano chazvino uno chehurumende chakava nomugariro mukati meKujekeswa, sezvo vafungi vakafanana naMontesquieu vakataura kuti simba rinoparadzanisa rakabetsera kuchengeta rusununguko. Nhamba hurusa inokosha yakaitika muna 1787 nokunyorwa kweUnited States Constitution. Vagadziri vakatarisana nedenho yechienzi: kuumba hurumende yenyika yakasimba zvakakwana kuchengeta nyika itsva iri pamwe chete apo yaichengeta kuzvitonga kwenyika. Chigadzikiso chavo chaiva tsika yehurumende, yakadzama muBumbiro reMitemo, iyo inodudza masimba ehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yogaro ndokuisa mativi ose ose (se zvinotsigirwa gare gare gare neTendimendement).

Mapepa Anowirirana

Kunyengetedza nyika dzinopanikira kuti dzitendere kudzosa Bumbiro reMitemo, Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, naJohn Jay vakanyora nhevedzano yenhau dzinozivikanwa seFederalist Mapers. Maphepha N. 10 naA. 51 anoraidza zvikuru: Madison akataura kuti republic huru ine masekete akawanda yaizodzivisa boka ripi neripi kuva nesimba pakati pehurumende nehurumende zvakagovera dziviriro yokuwedzera. Idzi nharo dzinoramba dziri dzinokosha kurondedzero yehurumende nhasi. Unogona kurava rugwaro rwakazara rweFederalist Papers pa [[FLT:]] .

Manyoro Manokosha Akaumba Kushanda Kwoupfu

  • Magna Carta (1215): Nepo isati iri chinyorwa chehurumende, yakasimbisa nheyo yokuti simba romutongi rinoganhurirwa nomutemo(a pfungwa inoparira systituni yemitemo.
  • Arttics of Confederation (1781): Iyi bumbiro remitemo rokutanga reU.S. rakaumba hurumende yapakati isina kusimba nehurumende dzakagadzwa, richiratidzira utera hwegadziriro yetsika yakabatana uye richisunda chinjo kuunani.
  • United States Constitution (1787): Purogiramu yenheyo yehurumende yazvino uno, ichiumba uchangamire huviri pakati pehurumende yenyika nehurumende dzehurumende.
  • Mapepa echiFederal Papers (1787-1788): Akagovera dziviriro yerondedzero netsananguro inoshanda yegadziriro yesangano yehurumende inokarakadzwa.

Mativi Emiitiro Yemapuraneti

Ganhuriro haisati iri muenzaniso mumwe worudzi rwose, asi gadziriro dzose dzehurumende dzechokwadi dzinogoverana mavara akati ourongwa.

  • Consitugational Division of Powers: Bumbiro remitemo rakanyorwa rinogovera zvakajeka masimba kuuremu humwe nohumwe hwehurumende. Hurumende yenyika inobata nhau dzokunze, dziviriro, uye kutengeserana kwedzimwe nyika, nepo hurumende dzichidzora dzidzo, kuchengetwa kwomutemo kwomunzvimbomo, uye kushandiswa kwenyika. Iyi nharaunda inomanikidzirwa nedare gurusa kana kuti dare remitemo.
  • Nhamba yemaUnitmendi: Mwero mumwe nomumwe wehurumende une chiremera chakazvimirira munzvimbo yayo imene. Nyika kana kuti maruwa anogona kupfuudza mitemo yawo amene, mitero yelevy, uye kutanga zvigaro zvavo vamene pasina dzongonyedzo inobva kuhurumende yapakati() yadzinoita kuti dzisapunza bumbiro remitemo renyika.
  • Kuratidzirwa kweMaUnits paNational Desity: Mugadziriro dzehurumende zhinjisa, mapoka anomiririrwa mudare remitemo rebhimeyaral. Somuenzaniso, Dare reU.S. rinopa nyika imwe neimwe mufananidzo wakaenzana pasinei zvapo nechiverengero chavagari vemo, nepo Imba yavamiriri inoratidzira chiverengero chavagari vemo.
  • Gadziriro dzeProvince Relations: Inoda miitiro yebatira pamwe nerwisano. Ikoku kunobatanidza miitiro yakarongwa nokuda kwepurogiramu dzinogoveranwa, mari, uye hwirudzuro yedare yekakavadzano pamusoro porudzo.
  • Masimba anobva mumitemo: Kazhinji kazhinji, masimba asingapiwi hurumende yepakati anochengeterwa nyika. Iyi nheyo yakajeka muSumith Amendment: "Masimba haana kupiwa kuUnited States neBumbiro reMitemo, kana kuti kurambidzwa naro kuUnited States, anochengeterwa kuUnited States, kana kuti kuvanhu.

Marudzi EchiFederalism: Kubva paKake Yomunhu Kusvika kuMarble Cake

Marudzi aya haasi magirazi akaoma kunzwisisa asi anobatsira kunzwisisa nguva dzakasiyana - siyana uye urongwa.

Dual Federalism (Layer Cake)

Muhurumende mbiri dzehurumende, hurumende dzenyika nehurumende dzine masimba akaparadzana zvakajeka nemitoro, zvakafanana zvikuru nezvikamu zvakasiana zvekeke. Hurumende yenyika inobata bedzi nhau idzodzo dzakarongwa zvakajeka muBumbiro remitemo, nepo nyika dzichitarisira zvimwe zvinhu zvose. Uyu mufananidzo wakadzora muUnited States kubva pakuvambwa kusvikira kuNguva Itsva. Chisarudzo cheDare Rapamusoro mu MClulloch v. Maryland[ [1819]) yakavamba kuvhara mitsetse, asi mamiriro ezvinhu ezvikamu zvapasi zvakasiana akapfuurira zvakanaka kupinda muzana ramakore rechi 20.

Kubatana Mubatanidzwa (Cake Isingachinji)

Mukati meGreat Depression neNew Deal, unani hwehurumende hwakava muenzaniso unobatira pamwe zvikuru. Hurumende dzenyika nehurumende dzakavamba kushanda pamwe chete pazvinetso zvinozivikanwa, kugoverana mitoro yokutsigira nokutarisira. Dimikira rekemikari yemabhururu rinotora kutevedzana kwemabasa: mari inopa mubato, mapurogiramu akabatana, uye mipimo yehurumende yepurogiramu dzehurumende yakava tsika. Social Security Act, Medicare, uye Ceaving Act zvose zvinoshanda mugadziriro iyi.

Kukwikwidzana Mubatanidzwa

Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinorondedzera unani hwehurumende hwazvino uno semakwikwi. Nyika dzinokwikwidza nokushingaira nokuda kwamabhizimisi, mabasa, uye vagari kupfurikidza nokuderedza mitero, kuderedza mirau, kana kuti kupa zvikarakadzo. Iri makwikwi anogona kunyandura kuvandudzwa mukudzora (somuenzaniso, maindasitiri echatatiki kana kuti maindasitiri anodzorwa anobatira serabhoritari nokuda kwemiitiro. Vatsoropodzi vanonongedzera ku "kushandira pasi" mumipimo yebasa kana kuti yemhoteredzo.

Kushanda Munzvimbo Yakatarisana Nevanhu

Hurumende yehurumende inonzvera gadziriro dzemari pakati pemwero yehurumende. Hurumende dzeFederal kana kuti dzenyika kazhinji kazhinji dzinounza mari yakawanda kupfuura yadzinoda nokuda kwamadonzo adzo dzimene, uye dzinotamisira mari kunyika nenzvimbo kupfurikidza nezvipo. Iyi mipiro inogona kuva ine chero (hurumende dzinowirirana kusvitsa mipimo yakati) kana kuti zvibiyero (kupa nyika kuchinjika). Dzikano yokudzora inhau yenguva dzose yekurukurirano yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Betsero Dzechiwindi

Unani hunopa betsero dzinoverengeka dzinozivikanwa zvikuru idzo dzinotsanangura chikonzero nei nyika dzakawanda huru, dzakasiyana dzichidzigamuchira.

  • Munharaunda yeIndare nemirariro: Hurumende dzenharaunda dzinogona kugadziridza miitiro kuzvimwe zvinodikanwa chaizvo nezvinokosha zvenzanga dzadzo. Somuenzaniso, masangano ane nzvimbo huru dzokurima angaisa panzvimbo dzekodzero dzemvura, nepo nyika dzomumaguta dzichinangidzira ngwariro pakufamba nedzimba. Vagari vemo kazhinji kazhinji vanonzwa vakabatana zvikuru nehurumende yomunzvimbomo uye vanogona kutora rutivi zvakananga zvikuru.
  • Michero neMatanho paCentral Power: kupfurikidza nokukamuranisa uchangamire, unani hunoparira kumwe kuganhurirwa kwemichero nedzikamo. Kana hurumende yorudzi kana kuti hurumende hadzigoni kudzora munhu mumwe. Ichi chivako chinoshanda sedziviriro mukurwisana noudzvinyiriri, sezvo pasina sangano rimwe ringakwanisa kuwana chiremera chose chinodzora.
  • Vatongi veDemocracy: Mutongi Louis Brandeis akanyora zvakakurumbira kuti "hurumende ingabatira, kana vagari vayo vakasarudza, serabhoritari; uye edza kuedza kwazvino uno kwenzanga nezvemari pasina ngozi kunyika yose.] Hurumende dzinogona kuedza miitiro yakadai sechinonyoresa pamutemo, mitoo yezvoutano hwese, kana kuti mitoo mitsva yokuvhotera isati yarangarirwa seyorudzi.
  • Rumwe rudzi rwehurumende runoitawo chimwe chinhu: Mwero yakawanda yehurumende inoreva mikana yakawanda nokuda kwokuvimbisana kwehurumende. Mabhodhi ezvikoro zveko, masangano ehurumende, uye masangano enyika anopa nzvimbo dzinosvikwa dzinova dzinoda kudzora muitiro.
  • Kuchinja kweMisiyano: Munyika dzine dzinza, mitauro, kana kuti nharaunda dzetsika chaidzoidzo" yakadai seCanada (Quebec) kana kuti India (kuzvidzora kunobvumira mapoka maduku mwero wakati wokuzvidzora, kuderedza dzvinyiriro dzechikafu uye kusimudzira dzikamo.

Zvinetso Nokutsoropodza

Kushanda pamwe chete hakuna zvinetso zvinooneka uye zvinetso zvinogona kuomesa utongi.

  • Confects of Chiremera ne Display remitemo: Kudzosa kudzorwa kusingadzivisiki kunoparira rwisano. Mibvunzo pamusoro pomweroi wehurumende ine simba rokudzora tarisiro youtano, mipimo yemhoteredzo, kana kuti kombiyuta inowanzoguma mudare. Mutengo nokusazivana kwemiitiro inogona kudzivisa kuita miganhu inobudirira.
  • Kuenzana pakati peMaUnit conttuents: Nyika dzine upfumi hwemari dzinogona kugovera zvikoro zviri nani, zvinhu, uye tarisiro youtano kupfuura nyika dzine urombo. Ikoku kunogona kutungamirira kukusiyana kwemigumisiro youpenyu nokuda kwevagari vomunyika inotsamira pakwavanogara bedzi. Zvirongwa zveNational kazhinji kazhinji zvinoedza kuderedza paradzano idzi, asi mukaha unopfuurira.
  • Vagari vemo vangakuwana kwakaoma kufamba nemwero yakawanda yehurumende. Munhu anotsvaka betsero dzokusashanda angafanira kuwirirana nehurumende, nyika, uye masangano enyika, rimwe nerimwe rine mitemo nezvimiro zvakasiyana. Uku kuoma kunogona kuderedza kuzvidavirira.
  • Kudzoseranisa Kukundikana mukati meCrisnes: Gadziriro dzinogona kurwisa kuita nokukurumidza kumigariro inokurumidzisa. Murakatira weCHOVID-19 unofumura zvinetso zvebatira pamwe pakati pehurumende dzorudzi nehurumende muUnited States, sezvo nyika dzakakwikwidzana nokuda kwemigove yezvokurapa uye dzakapa mirairo dzinorwisana dzokugara pamusha.
  • Simba reProgrammentation: rinoparadzirwa kwazvo zvokuti kuchinja kukuru kunogona kuva kunononoka kana kuti kusingabviri. Somuenzaniso, gadziriro dzegadziriro dzenyika dzingada mvumo kuhurumende dzakawanda nehurumende dzomunzvimbomo, zvichitungamirira kumakumi amakore okunonoka.

Kushandira Pamwe Mutsika Munyika Yose

Kushanda kwemagariro avanhu igadziriro youpenyu inoshandiswa munyika dzakawanda, imwe neimwe ichichinjira nheyo huru kunhau dzayo dzakasiana neimwe nemigariro.

United States

Gadziriro yehurumende yekaresa inopfuurira, U.S. yakabva muurongwa hwehurumende huviri kuenda kubatira pamwe. Nhamo pamusoro pedzikamo yesimba inopfuurira, nenhau dzeDare Gurusa dzemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi dzichitaura kuchiremera chehurumende pamusoro pezvoutano (Affordble Care Act), kutama, uye murairo wemhoteredzo.

Canada

Gadziriro yehurumende yeCanada, yakagadzwa neBritish North America Act ya 1867, inokamura masimba pakati pehurumende yehurumende neruwa gumi. Ubati ushe hweCanada hunotsaura nokuda kwamasimba ahwo akasimba eruwa pamusoro pezviwanikwa zvomusikirwo nedzidzo, uye nokuda kwenzvimbo chaiyo yeQuebec, iyo ine tsika dzemitemo yavagari vemo dzakasiana uye inosimudzira mutauro weFrance netsika.

Germany

Germany’s Basic Law (1949) yakatanga republic yehurumende ine mibatanidzwa 16 yeruwa (Länder). Unani hweGermany hunokosha nokuda kwenheyo ye "cooperative unistism" neBundestrat (imba inomirira zvakananga hurumende dzenyika. Länder ine mitoro mikuru yehurumende, kubatanidza kushandisa mitemo mizhinjisa yehurumende.

Australia

Commonwealth Constitution yeAustralia (1901) yakatanga gadziriro yehurumende ine nyika nhanhatu nendima mbiri. Dare Rapamusoro rakaita basa guru mukurondedzera dzikamo yamasimba. Australia inoshandisawo chikwata chehurumende zvikuru, nehurumende inounganidza mari yakawanda zvikuru nokuiparadzira kunyika kupfurikidza nezvipo.

Switzerland

Switzerland ndeimwe yegadziriro dzehurumende dzakaisvonaka zvikurusa munyika, dzine macanton 26 ayo anochengeta masimba makuru, kubatanidza mitero inopfuura, dzidzo, uye kutarisirwa kwoutano.

India

Gadziriro yemubatanidzwa weIndia, yakagadzwa muna 1950, inowanzorondedzerwa se "quasi-feral" nemhaka yehurumende yakasimba. Bumbiro reMitemo rinoronga kubatana, hurumende, uye vanhu vakabatana panguva imwe cheteyo, asi hurumende yebatanidzwa ine simba rokuita nyika itsva uye inogona kuisa ushe hwaPurezidhendial munyika. Pasinei zvapo naikoku, nyika dzine udzori hunokosha munharaunda dzakadai semapurisa, kurima, uye udzori hwemo.

Unitary neConfederal Systems

Kunzwisisa ubati ushe huri nyore zvikuru kana kukaenzaniswa nezvitsinhano zvahwo.

  • Simba rose rinokosha rinogara muhurumende iri pakati. Hurumende dzomunharaunda dzinovapo bedzi pachisarudzo chapakati. Mienzaniso: France, Japan, United Kingdom (kunyange ine masimba akareruka eScotland, Wales, uye Northern Ireland).
  • Conferal System: Hurumende yapakati inobudisa chiremera chayo kunyika dziri mitezo, idzo dzinochengeta uchangamire hwokupedzisira. Kubatanidza kunowanzova kusina simba uye kupfupi; Nheyo dzeConfederation (1781-178) muenzaniso wakatanhamara. Mienzaniso yazvino uno inobatanidza European Union, kunyange zvazvo ine mativi ehurumende.
  • Tsigilamu yeFederal: Inzvimbo yapakati umo dzose dziri mbiri hurumende dzapakati nedzemaruwa dzine chiremera chakananga pavagari vemo, uye hadzigoni kubvisa dzimwe pasina kuzivikanwa. Bumbiro remitemo rinovimbisa kukamukana kwesimba.

Basa Rebumbiro remitemo Nematare

Bumbiro remitemo rakasimba ijiyo retsika ipi neipi yehurumende. Inofanira kugovera zvakajeka kugadziridzwa, uye kutanga mutoo wokupedza nawo makakatanwa (kazhinji kazhinji dare guru kana kuti dare rebumbiro remitemo). MuUnited States, simba reDare Gurusa rehwirudzuro (rakagadzwa mu Marbury v. Madison[FLT] [1803], 1803) rave richitsoropodza mukududzira miganhu yehurumende nehurumende. Nhau dzakadai se [[FLT:]

Magakava Anovapo Nguva Dzose Mumagariro

Kukakavadzana kukuru kunosanganisira:

  • Federal vs. State Power Over Healthharery: Kukura kweAffordible Care Act yeMedicaid kwakarangarirwa kuva kwechisarudzo nokuda kwehurumende neDare Rapamusorosoro, kuchitungamirira kubasa rakaganhurirwa.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kudzorwa kwemitemo: United States kufanana neCalifornia yakamanikidzira mipimo yebudiso yakakomba kupfuura hurumende yehurumende, ichiparira hondo dzapamutemo pamusoro pokusunungurwa.
  • Kuisa mubatanidzwa: Dzimwe nyika dzinoedza kumanikidza mitemo yokutama (Arizona’s S 1070), nepo dzimwe dzichizvizivisa dzimene kuti "mitemo yejeresari", kuchitungamirira kurwisano nechiremera chemubatanidzwa.
  • Kudzidzisa nokubudisa Kodzero:[[FLT: 1] Mipimo yeFederal yakadai seMudzidzi Ari Wose Hunests Act uye Voting Rights Act inoisa zvinodikanwa munyika, asi mwero wadzo unowanzodenhwa.
  • ChiFederali uye Chiziviso Politiki: Munyika dzakadai seIndia neCanada, hurumende inogovera gadziriro yokutarisira mhatsa yedzinza nemitauro, asi inogonawo kusimbisa mapoka.

mhedziso

Ganhuriro yehurumende inopfuura gadziriro younyanzvi yehurumende. Inopa betsero dzakajeka muchimiro nemhatsa, simba rorudzi neudzori hwomunzvimbomo. Kuvambira pamavambo ayo okuvhenekerwa kusvikira kukuvapo kwayo kwazvino uno munzvimbo dzakasiana---chinja seGermany, India, uye Switzerland, unani hwakabvumikisa kuva gadziriro inogara nguva refu uye inochinjika yokutonga vanhu vazhinji navakasiana---------------------------moneimo . Inopa betsero dzakajekajeka muidzo muidzo, uye dziviriro mukurwisana nesimba rapakati, asi inopawo denho dzinopfuurira dzemifungo, kusaenzana, uye . Nokuda kwavadzidzi, vadzidzi, navagari vemo, nzwisiso huru yemitengo inodikanwa zvikuru nokuda kwenyika.[FF], uye upfumi hunopa upfumi hwechitongedzero.[3]