Mavambo Nemhindumupindu Yekodzero Dzinokosha

Murangariro wekodzero dzinokosha muUnited States unobva mugamuchidzanwa rakapfuma romutemo wechisiko, mutemo weChirungu, uye mirangariro yeNjereso yakaparira chizvarwa Chinoumba. Apo Bumbiro reMitemo rakanyoreswa muna 1787, vagadziri vakananga kuparira hurumende yakaganhurirwa ine masimba, asi nhume dzakawanda dzakadavira kuti rusarudzo rwekodzero dzakanga dzisati dziri madikanwa nemhaka yokuti hurumende yehurumende yakanga isina kupiwa chiremera parusununguko rwomunhu. Kunyange zvakadaro kusavapo kwedziviriro dzakananga dzakatanga kurukurirano huru, kuchitungamirira kukusimbiswa kwemabumbiro egumi okutanga (Crill of Rights Rights). Iyi mibatanidzwa yakashandiswa pakuvamba bedzi kuhurumende yehurumende, muganhu wakaiswa neDare gurusaresa re [FLD:] bro.[5][5]

Kusimbiswa kweKinneth Amendment muna 1868 kwakashandura nzvimbo yekodzero dzinokosha. Kupfurikidza neChitako cheChiitiso chaClaus, Dare Rapamusorosoro pashoma napashoma rakashanda, kana kuti “kubatanidza,” gadziriro zhinjisa dzeBill of Rights kunyika, kuvamba ne chiChicago, Burlington & Lamp; Quincy Railroad Co. v. Chicago [1897] panzvimbo yakatanhamara uye kupfuudzira napakati pezana ramakore rechi20. Dzidziso yakasarudzwa yavose yeDare inovimbisa kuti kodzero dzinorangarirwa kuti “dziri mumurangariro werusununguko wakarongwa" unodzorwa muhurumende nehurumende. Nhasi, ruzhinji rweRevolutions $56, kubatanidza rudzidziso rwakasununguka, uye kudzivirira kusanzwisisa nokusanzwisisa nokuwedzera kwedzidziso yedzidziso yedzidziso yedzidziso yedzidziso yedzidziso yeChinjo. Chino chino chinoratidzira kupfurikidza nokupfupikisa, uye zviito chamagamuro, zvinodzo chamagariranwa.

Kodzero Dzinokosha Dzinozivikanwa Mubumbiro Remitemo

Rusununguko Rwokutaura Nokutaura

First Amendment inorambidza kuti pave nerusununguko rwokutaura. Iyi dziviriro inobvumira vanhu kutaura pfungwa, kutsoropodza hurumende, uye kubatanidzwa mukutaura kwounyanzvi nokwezvamatongerwe enyika pasina kudzorwa. Zvisinei, kodzero yakaitwa nenzira yakakwana. Dare rapamusoro ragadzira mapoka ekutaura kusina kudzivirirwa, kubatanidza kunyandura chiito chokusada kusateerera mutemo ([[FL:0]]] Brandenburg v. Ohio, 1969]), kuzvidza, kushatisa, uye kurwa mashoko. Nguva yazvino uno inomutsa mibvunzo mitsva: kana madatepfekero yenzanga yamashoko ari matsva, kuti madzokere kudzosa maza mazasi okutaura [FLD:] .[FLT] .[FFFFFT]

Rusununguko Rworudzidziso

First Amendment ine zvikamu zviviri zvezvitendero. Chibvumirano chaClaus chinorambidza hurumende kubva pakutendera kana kuti kutanga rudzidziso rwapamutemo, nepo Free Express Claus inodzivirira maruramiro okushandisa (kana kuti kusashandisa) kutenda kupi nokupi. Zviitiko zvakadai se . . . [1911] [1993] [[FLT]] na[FLT]] Employdition v. Smith[[FLT][FFFF:3] [1990]) Akaumba muedzo wekushandiswa kwechitendero apo kugona kuremedzwa nemitemo isingatsiginyinyinyi. Mumakumi amakore achangobva kuonekwa, Free Reformation Activection Acttion (1993) uye zviitiko zvakafanana [FF4]. Hobmes Controset]

Kodzero Yokuva Woga uye Yokuzvitsvakira Uchenjeri

Kunyange zvazvo shoko rokuti “Gristold v. Connecticut” risingabudi muBumbiro reMitemo, Dare Rapamusoro rakaziva maruramiro makuru kuvandika kwakabva muChishanu, cheshanu, uye 144th Amendments. Griswold v. Connecticut[[[FL:]] [1965]] [195]) rakaputsa mutemo unorambidza kudzivirira kubereka varoorani, kutora “pavhura” rechivande. [[FLT] [FLT] [FF] [12] v.[3] , anodzosera kurudyi [12] kuidzosera kumunhu kuti atore chibereko, kunyange zvazvo [FLT] , uye dziviriro kukuru kwezve.[FFF]

Maitirwo Emutemo

Gadziriro yeFindreFramendi inovimbisa kuti hakuna munhu achanyimwa upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu pasina muitiro wakafanira womutemo, uye Amendment yechi 144th Endment inotambanudza iyi dziviriro muhurumende. Muitiro wakafanira une mativi maviri: gadziriro yakafanira (kucherekedza nokunzwa kwakarurama) uye muitiro wakafanira (kudzivirirwa pachiito chehurumende chinopesana nechiito chehwaro chikuru). Kudzivirira kwakafanira kunoda kuti hurumende ibvise fariro yakafanana nebetsero dzegarikano, kana kuti rezeidhiraibhurari, inofanira kugovera ziviso yakakwana nebanza rokunzwa. Mutengidzo wakafanira unoshandiswa kuziva roorano, kuva mubereki, uye muviri. Vatsoropotengi vanoramba kuti mutoo wokutonga ure, apo inoudzosera kuidzwa kunenge kuri madikanwa. [34]

Kudzivirirwa Kwakaenzana Kwemitemo

Kudzivirira Kukaenzana kwe 144th Amendment kunoraira kuti hakuna hurumende icharamba kumunhu upi noupi ari mukati moudzori hwake dziviriro yakaenzana yemitemo. Icho chishandiso chikuru chebumbiro remitemo nokuda kworusaruro runodenha. Dare Gurusa rinoshandisa mwero yakasiana---pharatiki pakutsamira pakurongwa: kunzvera kwakananga nokuda kwedzinza, rudzi, uye kusiiwa kwaro; kunzvera kwapakati nokuda kwechirume nechiremera; uye hwaro hwemifungo hwezvimwe zvikamu zvose. Chisarudzo chinobatanidza [[FLT: 0] brown. Board yeD yeDyology[[FLD] [[FFFF] [5] [5], iyo yakaderedza dzinza muzvikoro; [5], iyo inorevesaidzo mudaro yemitemo yeroorano, R.[FLT] [5], rinoenderera mberi , R.[5]

Kururama Kwako Kwokutakura Zvombo

Second Amendment inodzivirira “maruramiro avanhu okuchengeta nokutakura Zvombo.” Kwamakumi amakore, gadziridzo yakanzwisiswa kudzivirira maruramiro eboka akabatanidzwa nebasa ramauto, asi mu Diveration of Columbia v. Heller [2008], Dare Rapamusoro rakarevesa kuti rudyi ndichinhu chakarurama chisina kubatanidzwa nebasa rehondo. Mc Donald v. City of Chicago[[FLT] [25:] [20] [20])) yakabatanidza iri rudyi mumitezo. Dare rakabva chifore pachito chokutakura zvombo mu [[FLD] , chinopfuurira zvikuru, namasimba masimba anodzivisa kudenha masimba masimba anoparadza mauto. [[FLD] Rouay York York Relif ≤ Found Association Association Association Association]

Kodzero Yokugamuchira Nokutora Rutivi Muzvisarudzo

Kunyange zvazvo Bumbiro reMitemo rakasiya zvikwaniriso zvokuvhota pakuvamba kuhurumende, nhevedzano yegadziridzo yakawedzera: nhambo ye15th (race), 199th (ex), makumi maviri-Fourth (mutero wokusakara), uye makumi maviri (gore). Ruoko rwokuvhota ikodzero huru panzvimbo dzinotevedzerwa,. Chibvumirano chokuvhota ikodzero huru pasi peSult Etsect Claus, sechakagadzwa mu [[FL:] Reynolds v. [FFFOL] [FF] [3]], inoda kuti maruwa emitemo yokuvhoveration ave akaenzana muvagari vemo. Gaslation Activences anoramba chishandiso chehurumende [5], kunyange zvazvo chisarudzo cheDare gurusa reHurumende inotonga Hurumende yehurumende renyika-pasi rese]

Dzimwe Kodzero Dzinokosha Dzisina Kushandiswa

Dare rakazivawo maruramiro ekuvata voga veroorano, kubereka, uye kufamba kwenyika. Hapana anodudzwa zvakajeka asi kubva muchimiro nenhau yeBumbiro reMitemo. Somuenzaniso, Shapiro v. Thompson[ [6969] [ku]) (kugara kwenguva refu kwakaipa nokuda kwegarikano, kududza maruramiro okufamba. Sezvinoramba kurangarira kodzero itsva huru, sekodzero yedzidzo, mhoteredzo yakachena, kana kuti iInternet. Kusvika kwakadaro kwokungwarira kwakadaro nokungwarira, kurangarira kuti kuwedzera maruramiro okupinda murusandero.

Basa reDare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa: Kududzira uye Dzidziso

Mativi Escrutiny

Apo matare anoremedza maruramiro makuru, mativi akakomba anonzvera zvikuru. Hurumende inofanira kubvumikisa kuti mutemo unobatira fariro yehurumende inogombedzera uye unosanogadzirirwa kuwana fariro iyoyo. Mitemo inosarura yakavakirwa padzinza inodzorwawo nokusanonzvera. Mitemo inoremedza kodzero dzisina kurongeka kana kuti mirau yakafanana nezera kana kuti urema inowana hwaro hwakarurama bedzi, pasi pahwo mutemo unorangarirwa kuva une chokuita nenzira ine mufungo nefariro yepamutemo yehurumende. Iyi zvimiro zvakasiana: mitemo mizhinjisanodenhwa munzvero inokundikana, nepo iyo zvikurusa pasi pehwaro yakanaka inopukunyuka.

Dzidziso Yokutsinhirana Ne Amendement Yechigumi Negumi Negumi

Sezvacherechedzwa, Nhevedzo yeChibvumirano yaNineth Amendment yave iri motokari yokushandisa Bill of Rightsssss. Justice Cardozo mu Palko v.Connecticut (137]) yakarondedzera muedzo wacho sekuti kodzero ndeye “kusarudza rusununguko rwakarongwa.” Kusarudza kwakapfuurira mhaka nemhosva; pakasvika 1960, Dare reWarren Court rakanga rabatanidza zvinenge dziviriro zvose zvoutsotsi. Zvirongwa zvikuru bedzi zvisati zvabatanidzwa iThird Remplief (Genearchi), chinodikanwa chikuru chedare reFind Reconstmermentation, uye dare redare rehurumende renyika yose renyika yose raidzoro. Gamenderite jisting rakaita mumiteko yedare renyika yose renyika yose.

Kurarama Mutemo Kunopesana Nedzidziso Yokutanga

Kududzirwa kwekodzero dzinokosha kunopesvedzerwa zvikuru nouzivi hwokutonga. Vatsigiri ve “Bumbiro reMitemo mhenyu” vanotaura kuti mutauro wakafara unofanira kushanduka - chinja nenzanga, uchibvumira matare kuziva kodzero itsva dzakadai seroorano imwe cheteyo kana kuti kuvandika. Vazivi vezvokuvamba, zvakadai soMutongi wokupedzisira Antonin Scalia naMutongi Clarence Thomas, vanoomerera kuti kodzero dzinofanira kuvakirwa murevo yapakuvamba yapachena yorugwaro rwemitemo. [FLT: 0] MaDobbs chisarudzo chakaratidzira kubva paranganomhiko mhenyu yeMitemo yokubvisa mimba, kusimbisa nhau negamuchidzanwa. Iyi hondo youzivi inotamba mukusimbisa kunzwa, nyanzvi yedzidzo yapachena, uye hurukuro, ichiita Dare Gurusaresaro repamusoro repamusoro rekusarudza kodzero dzinokosha dzekodzero dzinokosha.

Matambudziko Nenharo Dzava Kuzotevera

Ruzivo Nekodzero Dzemadhigirii

Zera remitengo rinopa mibvunzo mitsva pamusoro pemiganhu yemitemo iripo, yakasununguka, uye mutoo wakafanira. Chiunganidzwa chehurumende chemitemo (]ACLU v. Capper[, 2015), kushandiswa kwokuziva chiso nemirairo yomutemo, uye kunyora mashoko enhema kwose kunoedza masangano emitemo aripo. Chisarudzo cheDare repamusoro che Carbatent v. United States[FLT:] (20:8) (20) yairangarira kuti hurumende inowanzoda maruramiro okuwana masero enhau dzenhau dzenhau, ichiziva kuti mapepa anonyorwa ane revo zvakavanzika. Pazvinoitika zvinobatanidza kodzero dzokutanga dzemagariro dzemagariro evashandisimupurepurechi.

Kodzero Dzokubereka Pashure [[[MVURA] MaDob [

Kunyanyoshandiswa kwe Roe v. muna 2022] yakadzorera murairo wokubvisa pamuviri kunyika, kuchiguma nebasa rakaganhurirwa remitemo. Dzimwe nyika dzakaita ganhuriro dzinenge idi resero pagore pakubvisa mimba, nepo dzimwe dzakaidzivirira. Kutonga kwakamutsa panikiro pamusoro penguva yemberi yeimwe mitoo inotarwa, kubatanidza kusvika kwokudzivisa kubereka ([[FLT]] [FLT]]Griswold[) uye kubatana kwoushamwari hwechipameso ([[FLT:]] dzimwe nguva dzose]. Dare rezvamatongerwe enyika rinovarira pamutemo rinofanira kuva pamutemo.

Kuzivisa Kodzero Neperero Zvinosarudzwa

Makore achangobva kupfuura aya akaona mirau yehurumende inoisa zvinodikanwa zvevhota, inoganhura mirau yeposi mukuvhota, uye inokwevazve mepu dzoruwa. Dare Gurusa rakaganhurira kusvika kweChibvumirano cheRevoting Rights Act uye rakabvumira kudenha kwechivhozhokero kusava kwakarurama ([] Rucho v. Chisakiso Chavose[[FLD] 1, 2019]). Hondo inopfuurira pamusoro pokusvika kuboka reBoota inosimbisa kuoma kwesimba rehurumende nekodzero huru yokuvhotera. Mapokapoka anoramba achidenha ganhuriro pasi pechikwa Claus Edzi, Chitengidzo, uye Chikamu 2 cheRevoc. Chisarutso cheResss Requence. Chisarudzo chedare mu [FFond:]

Kutaura Kwakasununguka Munzvimbo Yavose Yazvino Uno

Zvikamu zvemapepanhau zvenzanga zvazova nzvimbo itsva, asi mugariro wazvo semasangano akavanzika anoomesa nhevedzano yeFirst Amendment. Dare rakaramba richidavira kuti makambani akavanzika haasati ari vatambi vehurumende vanodzorwa neFirst Amendment. Zvisinei, mitemo yemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi muTexas neFlorida inoedza kudzora kuva nomwero wezvisakiso. Zvisarudzo zveDare mu Majenite] v. NALC, LLC[FLD:1] [2024] uye NY] NATCCECE, LLC.[FFFFF:] [20]) zvakataura nezvechisoimo chapameso chemitemo yemitemo yemitemo, magadzirirwe ezvikamu zvemashoko.

mhedziso

Kodzero huru muBumbiro reMitemo reU.S. dzinogovera gadziriro inokosha nokuda kworusununguko rwomunhu mumwe nomumwe nehurumende yakaganhurirwa. Kuvambira paBill of Rights yapakuvamba kusvikira kududziro hurusa yeKineth Amendment, idzi dziviriro dzakaitwa kupfurikidza nerwisano yenhau, kurangarira kwedare, uye kuvimbisana kwehurumende. Dzisiri kuparadza kwadzo dzimene; dzinoda zvose zviri zviviri kungwarira kusingaperi, kurukurirano yakasimba, uye kudisa kuchinjira kumigariro mitsva. Kunzwisisa midzi youzivi, mhindumupinduro yedzidziso, uye denho dzazvino uno uno uno uno uno unova nakodzerwa kunokosha zvinokosha zvinokosha kunokosha nokuda kwomugari wemo ari wose. Rudzirwo runopfuurira kurwisana nemibvunzo yekuva rakaenzana, kuva akavanzika, uye rusununguko rwekutaura, Dare remitemo rinoramba riri chinyorwa chinotungamirira uye chinyorwa chine chinyorwa chamakwikwikwidzo chinofanira kuitwa nguva dzose.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, bvunza [[FLT: 1] Chibvumirano [ chakabva mu Library of Congress, Cornell Law Information Institute yeLegion Institute, kana kuti [[FLT:]OYEZ[ nokuda kwenhau dzakadzama nezvibvumikiso zvokutaura.]