Electoral College Chii?

Electoral College muitiro wakatangwa neChikamu II cheBumbiro reMitemo reU.S. uye gare gare wakanatswa nePendement yechi12 yokusarudza purezidhendi nemutevedzeri wapurezidhendi. Ine 538 vavhoti, nehurumende imwe neimwe ichigamuchira nhamba yavavhoti vakaenzana nechitsama chavavhoti (nguva dzose vaviri) uye vamiririri veU.S. (zvinosiyana nevagari vemo sezvinosarudzwa neruverengero rwemadeccule). Ruwa rweColumbia runogoverwa savasarutsi vatatu pasi pePremende ya23. Kuwana purofiti yake, mutengi anofanira kuchengetedzwa paanenge 270 vavhotanuro.

Masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika ehurumende imwe neimwe anowanzotora zvikwereti zvamavhota avavhoti pamberi poMusi weSangano. Apo vagari vanokanda mavhota nokuda kwomutengi wedangwe, ivo zvomenemene vavhotera vasarudzi vomutengi vomutengi. Mumaruwa 48 ne District yeColumbia, muvhoti wakakurumbira zvikurusa muruwa irworwo anowana mavhoti ose akasarudzwa nehurumende ( “mubato wewin'ill system system). Mane naNebraska vanoshandisa mutooti woruwa woruwa, vachitusa vhoti imwe inovhoti yemugamuchiri woruwa rworuwa rumwe uye mavhoti mbiri dzemuwirirari mukuru mukuru wenyika.

Kushandiswa Kwakaitwa Maopera Anoitwa Pakoreji Electoral

Muitiro unopedzerwa kwamavhiki anoverengeka. PaMusi Wechipiri wokutanga pashure poMuvhuro wokutanga muna November), vavhoti vanosarudza vavhoti. Vavhoti vanosangana mudzimbahwe ravo rehurumende paMuvhuro wokutanga pashure peChitatu chechipiri muna December kuti vaise zvivhoti zvavo. Mavhoti aya anotumirwa ipapo kuCongress uye anoverengwa zviri pamutemo murusando rwesonganiro pana January 6. Kana pasina mutendi anosvika mavhoti 270, House of Escrectes inosarudza purezidhendi (hurumende imwe neimwe inovhota), chinoitika changoitika kaviri bedzi (1800 ne1824).

Vatsoropodzi vanocherekedza kuti mutemo unokunda unowanzokurira vhoti yakakurumbira yorudzi: mukwikwidzani anogona kuunganidza micheto mikuru munyika dzakakotsekana asi anorasikirwa namakwikwi apedyo munyika ndokungowina vhoti yevhoti isina ruzhinji rwakakurumbira. Uku kubuda kwakaitika misi ichangobva kupfuura iyi zvikurusa muna 2016 na 2000, uye munhau muna 1824, 1876, uye 1888.

Mutambo Wakakurumbira: Mutoo Wakapfava Asi Une Simba

Vhoti yakakurumbira itsama yamavhoti ose anoitwa navanhu vamwe navamwe vanofanirwa munyika. Inogovera mwero wakananga wezvinodiwa navavhoti nokuda kwomuvhoti mumwe nomumwe. Mugadziriro yakakurumbira yerudzi, vhoti iri yose ingava noukoshi hwakaenzana pasinei zvapo nehurumende yomuvhoti, kuchiita kusvika kwakananga zvikurusa. Zvisinei, Constitution yeU.S. haisati ichigovera vhoti yakakurumbira yenyika nokuda kwapurezidhendi; koreji inovhotera ndiyo nzira yakagadzwa pamutemo. Vhoti yakakurumbira, nepo inounganidzwa nehurumende imwe neimwe, haisungiri pamutemo paElectoral College.

Pasinei zvapo naikoku, vhoti yakakurumbira inopfuurira kubatira sechisakiso chinokosha chezvamatongerwe enyika. Vatsigiri vanowanzowina vhoti yakakurumbira kuti vataure “zuva,” kunyange kana vakakundikana muElectoral College. Somuenzaniso, muna 2012 Barack Obama vakahwina zvose zviri zviviri vhoti dzakakurumbira nedzakasarudzwa, asi muna 2016 Hillary Clinton akawina vhoti yakakurumbira kupfurikidza neanoda kusvika mamiriyoni 2,9 evoti asi vakarasikirwa nereji yakasarudzwa.

Misiyano Mikuru Pakati peElectoral College neNhare Yakakurumbira

Musiyano mukuru ndewokurema kwenzvimbo. Maruwa maduku zvikuru eElectoral College (nokuti nyika imwe neimwe inowana “bhonos” vavhotera vaviri vayo pasinei zvapo navagari vayo) uye vaonde vari pasi pevhu nenzvimbo dzomumaguta. Muvhoti muWyoming, somuenzaniso, ane mavhoti anenge 3,3 avhota vanhu vane mamirioni, nepo muvhoti muCalifornia ane inenge 1,2. Uku kushatisa kunoparira betsero nokuda kwavadari vanopfuura zvikuru muvagari, kazhinji kazhinji maruwa okumaruwa.

Mumwe musiyano ndewokushandisa nhimbe. MuElectoral College, manhijanti anoisa pfungwa pa “nyika dzinokwikwidza” - makwikwi nyika umo kuvhota kuduku kungadzosa mavhoti ose. Muna 2020, kunenge kushanya kwose uye kupedza mari kwaidiwa nyika nhanhatu kana nomwe chete (zvichib. Pennsylvania, Michigan, Wisconsian, Florida, Arizona, North Carolina). Munyika dzinosarudzwa nevota, mavhoti akakurumbira, makwikwikwi aizova nechido chokuwana kukwidza kunzvimbo iri yose, kubatanidza nyika dzakakotsekana kubatanidzwa, kuwanda kubatanidzwa kubatanidzwa kwevhota.

Kunetsa Vagari Vemo uye Maitiro Ezvisingashandisi Muviri

Pesvedzero Inoshatisa

Vagari vomumaruwa asina vanhu vakawanda zvikuru vane simba rokuvhota zvikuru muElectoral College kupfuura ayo ari munyika huru. Iyi gadziriro yakaitirwa kudzivisa nyika huru kubva kunyika duku dzinokurira. Zvisinei, zvinorevawo kuti pesvedzero yomuvhoti inotsamira zvikuru pamakwikwi enyika yavo. Democrat muTexas yakadzika kana kuti muRepublican mufin blue California anganzwa kuti vhoti yavo “yakaitwa” nemhaka yokuti muuyo wenyika wakafanosarudzwa. Ikoku kunogona kudzokera kudzokera zvikuru munyika dzisiri dzinorira, umo mapurisa anonzwisisa kutora rutivi rwadzo somuuyo worudzi.

Zvikamu Zvechitatu Nezvirongwa Zvakarongeka

Mukundi anodzivisa kuvhota kwechitatu nemhaka yokuti vhoti yomubato muduku inowanzoonekwa se “muvhoti” uyo angagona kubetsera mudaviriri mukuru webato sezvavanoda. Uku kusimba kunosimbisa gadziriro yamakamu maviri. Pasi pegadziriro yakakurumbira yokuvhota nezvinodikanwa zvizhinji, vavhoti vanganzwa vakasununguka zvikuru kutsigira mativi echitatu pasina kutya ku “rasa” .

Kusakendenga Kwemazakwatira

Apo vagari vemo vanodavira kuti vhoti yavo haina basa nemhaka yokuzvidzwa nehurumende yavo, vangarasika chose chose. Muna 2020, kuvhozhokera kwenyika kwakasvika 66% – yakakwirira zvikurusa muzana ramakore – asi kudzokera munyika dzakakotsekana kwakanga kuchiri mapfundo anoverengeka akaderera kupfuura munyika dzinotenderera. Somuenzaniso, California yakava ne 70% apo Pennsylvania yakanga ine 72% neMichigan 73%, pasinei zvapo nokuva nyika huru zvikuru. Musiyano, kunyange zvazvo uri muduku, unokarakadza kuti kunyange mumakore akakwirira, Electoral College ingadzivisa kutora rutivi mudzimwe nyika dzeGenectorive.

Makakatanwa Okuchengeta Electoral College

Vatsigiri vanoti Electoral College inodzivirira zvirongwa zvenyika duku nenzanga dzomumaruwa, ichidzivisa vanoda kusava nehanya nenharaunda dzose. Vanoti inokurudzira kuvaka kwakabatana munzvimbo dzakasiyana - siyana, ichimanikidza vanoda kukurukura nyaya dzinoenderana nemativi akasiyana - siyana enyika. Gadziriro yacho inopawo kodzero apo mutevedzeri anowana chiverengero chakafara chenyika, ichipesana nokuwanda kwenhamba hurusa mumaguta ane vanhu vakawanda.

Uyezve, Electoral College inogona kupa mugumisiro wakajeka, unonyanya kuoneka apo vhoti yakakurumbira inoswedera pedyo zvikuru. Muna 2000, kusarudzwa kwakasarudzwa nemazana mashomanene evavhoti muFlorida – asi mucheto wevhota (271 v. 266) wakapa mukundi akasimba. Pasina Electoral College, kurondedzerwa kwenyika yose kungava kwakanyongana uye kwakarebesa. Pakupedzisira, tsika yacho inova yakavakirwa zvikuru mutsika dzemitemo; kuchinja kupi nokupi nokupi nokupi kunoda kugadziriswa kwebumbiro remitemo, uko kunoda kuti kugadziriswa kwemitemo mikuru muCongress uye kunoitwa namatatu eGrenaday, kuchiita gadziridzodzo.

Kupokana Kwounyanzvi Hwakakurumbira

Vatsigiri vevhoti yakakurumbira yenyika vanosimbisa kuva nouwandu hwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu: vhoti yomugari ari wose inofanira kuva nouremu hwakaenzana. Vanoonesa kuti Electoral College inoputsa “munhu mumwe, vhoti imwe” nheyo nemhaka yokunyanyoratidzirwa kwenyika duku. Vanotaurawo kuti gadziriro yazvino inoita kuti vadaviri vangwarire bedzi pamusoro pezvinhu zvinokosha zvenyika dzinofamba, vachifuratira zvinodikanwa zvenyika yose. Somuenzaniso, nhau dzakafanana nesimba rinomutsidzirwa (zvikuru munyika dzomugwenga) kana kuti kugadziridzwa kwemhenderekedzo dzegungwa dzingagamuchira ngwariro shoma nemhaka yokuti hadzisati dzichiri funga nezvezvinetso zvokutanga.

Uyezve, vhoti yakakurumbira ingawedzera muvhoti, sezvo vhoti iri yose ingava chinhu chakaenzana pasinei zvapo nenzvimbo. Muvhoti angafanira kutsigira munyika dzose 50, kwete munzvimbo shomanene chete dzehondo. Ikoku kungaderedza pesvedzero yechiverengero chiduku chavavhoti vane mwero munyika dzinotenderera uye panzvimbo pezvo kuratidzira kuda kwechokwadi kwenyika. Vhoti yakakurumbira ingabvisawo bviro yokurasikirwa nevhoti yakakurumbira asi ichiwana purezidhendi, iyo vazhinji vanorangarira sechinetso chetsika.

Kuchinja Kwakakarakadzwa uye Chibvumirano Chakakurumbira cheNational Vote Interstate

Nemhaka yokuti kutsigira Bumbiro reMitemo kwakaoma kwazvo, sangano rokuvandudza rakabatanidza National Popular Vote Interstate Community (NPVIC). Muiyi bvumirano, hurumende dzingapa mibayiro mivhoti yavo yose kuvavhoti vakasarudzwa kukuhwina vvuti hwakakurumbira hwerudzi, asi hurumende dzakangoringanira bedzi kusvika mavhoti 270. Kusvikira muna 2025, 17 nyika pamwe chete neRuwa rweColumbia dzakasaina, dzichiva mavhota avavhoti 209. Bota rinovhota vavhota vavhoti. Vatsoropoteri vachangova bedzi basa apo vanowana mavhota 270. Vatsoropotesi vanopanikira kuti pamutemo yaronge yaigona kudenhwa mudare kana kuti yachinjwa namazita avo kuti igotsirwe nendangariro avo.

Zvimwe zvikarakadzo zvokuchinja zvinobatanidza kubvisa Electoral College chose chose kupfurikidza nokugadziridza (uko kungada kokorodzano yebumbiro remitemo kana kuti matatu matatu edzimba dzose dziri mbiri pamwe chete namatatu ane mativi mana enyika – bhii rakakwirira), kuchinjira kumitoo yeruwa yedare, kana kuti kutanga mugove unogoverwa wakarongwa wevhoti dzevhoti dzevhoti dzehurumende dzakakurumbira (kupa mutevedzeri mumwe nomumwe mugove wakavakirwa pachiverengero chadzo chakakurumbira). Chikarakadzo chimwe nechimwe chinova nebvumirano chekuchinja pakati petsika, ruramisiro, uye kusasarura kwezvamatongerwe enyika.

Mienzaniso Yomunguva Yakapfuura Yakaitika

  • 1824: Andrew Jackson akawina vhoti yakakurumbira asi akarasikirwa nounganga muImba yaVamiriri kuna John Quincy Adams pashure pokunge pasina mutsigiri akawana vhoti dzakawanda.
  • 1876:[ Samuel Tilden akawina vhoti yakakurumbira asi akarasikirwa noungangari kuna Rutherford B. Hayes pashure pekosi yakasarudzwa yaipokanidzwa yakapa mavhoti ose akakakavadzana kuHayes.
  • 188: Grover Cleveland akawana vhoti yakakurumbira asi akarasikirwa nevhoti yakasarudzwa kuna Benjamin Harrison.
  • : Al Gore akawana vhoti yakakurumbira kupfurikidza namavhoti 540 000 asi akarasa Electoral College kuna George W. Bush pamuganhu we 271-266 pashure pechisarudzo cheDare Rapamusorosaresa Florida.
  • 2016:[[FLT] Hillary Clinton akawana vhoti yakakurumbira neinodokusvika mamiriyoni 2,9 chiverengero chamavhoti (mapfundo,1 muzana) asi akarasikirwa neElectoral College kuna Donald Trump (304-227).

Vavhoti vakawanda vanotaura kuvhiringidzika kwokuti vhoti dzavo dzinogona kubviswa nevagadziri vemapurani epasi pano vanoona nezvenzvimbo dzinogara dziripo.

Tapuro Patsika Dzezvikepe Nehondo

Electoral College inoumba kwete bedzi uyo anova purezidhendi asiwo kuti vanofunda vanokurukura sei nevhota. Mishandirapamwe inotungamirira kuvhota uye microbic shoosa inodokuva inotanhanhanhamariswa munyika dzinorangarirwa kuva dzinovhota. Ikoku kunoreva kuva vhoti munyika dzisiri dzesar progang inowana ngwariro shoma zvikuru, kushambadza kushomanene, uye shanyo dzezvikarakadzo. Somuenzaniso, mujambwa 2020, 96% yemari yenhimbe yakagoverwa mumaruwa 12, Pennsylvania bedzi achigamuchira mamirioni $731 mumashoko okushambadza. Dzasara dzenyika dzakafuratiswa zvikuru nenhiswa nenhiko pashure pezviziviso zvose.

Uku simba kunogona kutungamirira kukumonyaniswa kwetsika. Mapurezidhendi anowanzotusa nyika nemari yehurumende, yamuro yengwavaira, uye zviito zvevakuru vakuru. Nzvero yakaitwa navezvemari John N.Friedman naRichard Honden yakawana kuti masangano okuchinja nyika anogamuchira mari inopfuura 7% yemari inotambirwa nehurumende kupfuura nyika dzakakotsekana. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti iyi chimiro che “nyama yenguruve yejeri” inoderedza kuenzana.

Nokuda kwavagari vemo, tapuro inoshanda ndeyokuti mano avo okupesvedzera sarudzo yapurezidhendi anotsamira zvikuru pamakwikwi ehurumende yavo. Muvhoti ari mumugariro wakakotsekana angava nesundo duku yokudzidza pamusoro penzvimbo dzavada kufunda kana kuti kuvhota, nokudaro achideredza kuvimbisana kwehurumende. Nenzira inopesana, vavhoti munyika dzinochinja vanova “vanopfuura dare” mukuti zvavanoda zvinoitwa namapoka ose ari maviri. Ikoku kunogonawo kusimudzira pfungwa yokusimbiswa pakati pavavhoti, asi kunoparira kusaenzanana pakati pevavhotera.

Basa Rezvikamu Zvechitatu

Vanoda kutora chikamu chechitatu havana mukana chaiwo wokuhwina vhoti dzinovhota muhurumende dzakawanda dzakahwina. Kunyange kana muvhoti wechitatu akawana chikamu chikuru chevhoti yakakurumbira munyika yose (g., Ross Perot’s 18.9% muna 1992), vangagamuchira mavhoti mana. Ikoku kusimbisa kuvhota kwakakurumbira. Muhurumende yakakurumbira, vavhoti vatatu vaigona kuwina rutivi rwevhoti yakakurumbira iyo, nepo isina kukwana, ingagona kupesvedzerazve kana kuti kupfuudza. Vamwe vatsinhira kuti rondedzero inowirirana muElctor Collegeal (kana kuti kubvisa) ingazarura nzvimbo yezvamatongerwe enyika kuti ive.

mhedziso

Dambudziko riri pakati peElectoral College nevhoti yakakurumbira rinosvika pamwoyo penheyo dzehurumende yeAmerica: kumiririra, kuenzana, uye hurumende. Vagari vemo, vanonzwisisa tsika iri nhanho yokutanga yokuita kurukurirano dzokuchinja. Nepo Electoral College inoramba yadzika midzi mumutemo, nharo dzinopfuurira uye mavhiyi auswa seNPVIC zvinoratidza kuti kuchinja kunobvira, kunyange kana kukaoma. Vagari vemo vanofanira kuzvidzidzisa kuti nyika yavo inopa sei vhota vhota dzevhota dzogarororororo dzofunga kutsigira kuchinja zvinhu zvinowirirana nezvinokosha zvavo. Pakupedzisira, kana tsika yacho ikaramba iripo kana kuti inoramba iripo, mavambo anozivikanwa uye anosarudzwa anoshanda anoramba ari mavambo ehurumende iri purofesa reutano.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, ona [[FLT: 0] Nhevedzo yeMashoko paElectoral College, Fairvote yenzvero yeNational Popular Vote, uye Center yeBRENAN [[FL:5]]