Kodzero dzeBumbiro remitemo nenzanga yavagari vemo hadzisi mirangariro yakaparadzana — idzo masimba anotsamirana zvikuru anoumba upenyu hwedemokrasi. Apo dziviriro dzebumbiro remitemo dzakasimba, nzanga yavagari vemo inobudirira; apo nzanga yavagari vemo inofara, inofemera upenyu mukodzero dzisina kufungwa. Nokuda kwavadzidzisi, vadzidzi, uye vagari vemo vanovimbisa zvakafanana, kunzwisisa ukama ihwohwu hunokosha pakukunda (/kuvandudza) mamiriro ezvinhu ezvamatongerwe enyika neenzanga atinorarama mazviri. Nyaya ino inonzvera kubatanidzwa pakati pekodzero dzemitemo yemitemo nenzanga, kunzvera kuti mumwe nomumwe unotsigira sei, apo zvinetso zvinomuka, uye chinogona kuitwa kusimbisa vose vari vaviri mukutarisana nezvinetso zvazvino uno.

Kunzwisisa Kodzero Dzebumbiro reMitemo

Kodzero dzeBumbiro reMitemo iropafadzo nedziviriro zvinopiwa zvakajeka — kana kuti zvinorehwa nechinyorwa chepamutemo chenyika chakagadzwa. Idzi kodzero dzinoitirwa kudzivirira vanhu pavhozhokeri dzehurumende, kuvimbisa kubatwa zvakanaka pasi pomutemo, uye kugonesa kutora rutivi muupenyu hwavose. Ndidzo nzvimbo dzinoshandiswa nehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yazvino uno uye gadziriro dzapamutemo umo nzanga yevagari vemo inoshanda.

Mavambo Nemhindumupindu

Murangariro wekodzero dzebumbiro remitemo wakabuda mumazana amakore erwisano yezvamatongerwe enyika. Vatangiri vapakuvamba vanobatanidza Magna Carta (1215) neChirungu Bill of Rights (1689), asi kuumbwa kwazvino uno kwakakurumbira zvikurusa muBumbiro reMitemo reUnited States nemirayiro yaro yekodzero dzekodzero dzomunhu (1791) uye Kuzivisa kweFrench kwekodzero dzomunhu nedzechiPotizen (1789), munguva yakapfuura, kodzero dzebumbiro remitemo dzakakura kubatanidza kwete bedzi rusununguko rwakaipa (rusununguko rwokupindira) asiwo misengwaro yakanaka (zvakadai sekodzero yedzidzo kana kuti youtano, zvinovapo mumitemo mitsva mitsva).

Mhindumupindu inopfuurira nhasi kupfurikidza nedudziro yedare, kugadziridza kwebumbiro remitemo, uye zvibvumirano zvamarudzi ose zvamaruramiro avanhu. Somuenzaniso, U.S. Constitution Annoted inogovera chinyorwa chipenyu chenzira iyo matare akadudzira nayo maruramiro akavanzika kana kuti kutaura kwakasununguka mumhinduro kuchinjo yeruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu nenzanga.

Zviratidzo Zvinokosha Zvokodzero Dzebumbiro Remitemo

Nepo bumbiro remitemo richisiyana, mazhinjisa anobatanidza mubatanidzwa wemapoka anotevera:

  • sunungura rusununguko[ - Rusununguko rwokutaura, kubudisa, rudzidziso, gungano, uye chikumbiro. Idzi maruramiro dzinobvumira vanhu kutaura kusabvumirana ndokuronga pamwe chete.
  • Kodzero dzetsika - Kururama kukutonga kwakarurama, muitiro wakafanira, dziviriro pakuzvitutumadza, uye habeas corpus. Izvi zvinova nechokwadi chokuti tsika yemitemo inobata vanhu nenzira yakarurama.
  • kodzero dzechiPolitical - Kurura kuvhota, kumhanyira nzvimbo, uye kutora rutivi mukudzora. Izvi zvinogonesa vagari vemo kuumba hurumende yavo zvakananga.
  • Kodzero dzekuenzana - dziviriro yakaenzana pasi pomutemo, isati iri tsvina, uye, mune mamwe mabumbiro emitemo, ingori mabasa okutaura pamusoro penhau dzakare.
  • Kodzero dzemari nekodzero [ - Kodzero kudzimba, tarisiro youtano, dzidzo, uye mhoteredzo yakanaka, zvikurukuru mumabumbiro amanyoro akafanana neiyo yeSouth Africa (1996) kana kuti India (1950).

Michina Inomanikidzirwa

Kodzero dzine revo kana dzichigona kushandisirwa. Miitiro mizhinjisa yebumbiro remitemo inogovera miitiro yakadai sehwirudzuro yokutonga (matare anoputsa mitemo inoputsa maruramiro), matare ebumbiro remitemo kana kuti matare, mahofisi ekodzero dzavanhu, uye masangano enzanga avagari vemo anowanzoita basa rinokosha mukunyandura iyi miitiro kupfurikidza nokuburitsa fariro yavose kana kuti kutsigira chinjo dzemitemo.

Basa Renzanga Yehurumende

Chaunga chavagari vemo chinonongedzera kunzvimbo yamagariro akarongwa oupenyu pakati pomunhu nehurumende. Inobatanidza masangano (NGOS), mapoka enzanga, masangano ezvokutengeserana, masangano enyanzvi, masangano akavakirwa pakutenda, masangano endangariro, uye masangano enzanga. Kusafanana nomusika (chikamu chemunhu oga) kana kuti hurumende, nzanga inosundwa nemipimo inowirirana, chinzwano, uye zvakanaka zvavose.

Kurondedzera Nzanga Yavagari Vemo

Shoko rokuti "nzanga yechimurenga" rine mavambo ekare, rinoronda kudzokera ku koinōikē nzanga yezvamatongerwe enyika. Musayenzi yezvamatongerwe enyika yazvino uno, rinorondedzera nhandare umo vagari vemo vanosonganirana nokuzvidira kuronda fariro dzavose. Chaunga chavagari vemo chine utano chinowanzorangarirwa kuva chiratidzo chedemocracy inobudirira nemhaka yokuti chinogovera mikoto yokutora rutivi yakazvimirira kudzorwa kwehurumende.

Sezvo zvinyorwa zveCIVICUS Monitor, mamiriro ezvinhu enzanga yavagari vemo anosiana zvikuru kupota nyika(kubva kuugwinyi nokudzivirirwa zvikuru). Munyika umo nzvimbo yehurumende yakazaruka, masangano enzanga avagari vemo anopesvedzera muitiro, anonzvera zviito zvehurumende, uye anodzidzisa vanhu.

Mabasa eMasangano eSangano reVagari vemo

Masangano enzanga avagari vemo (CSOs) anoita mabasa anokosha anoverengeka ayo anotsigira zvakananga kodzero dzebumbiro remitemo:

  • pesvedzero yetsika nemuitiro - CSO fomu remitemo mitsva, gadziridzo, kana kuti chinjo dzehurumende idzo dzinokudza kana kuti kudzivirira maruramiro. Somuenzaniso, mhoteredzo inosunda kuzivikanwa kwebumbiro remitemo rekodzero yemhoteredzo yakasimba.
  • Yamuro yeLegion nedigitation - Masangano akafanana neAmerican Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) kana kuti Revolutions Centre yeSouth Africa yeIniversations kushandisa kudzivirira vanhu vane kodzero dzakatyorwa uye kugadza mienzaniso yepamutemo.
  • Dzidzo yePublic nokuziva - CSOS inoita nhimbe, inobudisa maruramiro ako okuziva, uye mashopu okurongedza. Ikoku kunopa simba vagari vemo kuti vatore maruramiro avo ndokudzivisa kubatwa zvisina kufanira.
  • Kuisa mungozi nokuzvidavirira [ - Mapoka aWatchdog anoronda kushanda kwehurumende pazvibvumirano zvekodzero, mishumo, uye anoshandisa zvinobudisa nhau kufumura kuputsa. Transparency International, somuenzaniso, inoshanda kudzivirira kodzero kumashoko.
  • [ Kuchinja nokubatanidza – Kubva pakufora kusvikira kumikumbiro kusvikira kumiitiro yemichina, CSOs inogonesa vagari vemo kutaura nenzwi reboka. Ikoku kunokosha zvikurukuru apo kodzero dzomunhu oga dzinotyisidzirwa.

Marudzi Emasangano Enzanga Yavagari Vemo

MaCSO ose haana kufanana asi akaenzana, akaenzana paukuru, ukuru, uye kuisa pfungwa paari:

  • Masangano eGrassroot [ - Munharaunda, mapoka anozvipira anowanzoshanda panhau dzenzanga dzakananga (imo, sangano romunharaunda rirwira mvura yakachena).
  • [ Mibato isingapinduri – masangano anobatira ane unyanzvi munharaunda dzakadai somutemo, zvinobudisa nhau, kana kuti utano. Mienzaniso inobatanidza Human Rights Watch kana kuti Amnesty International.
  • Masangano evashandi namasangano evashandi - Nhoroondo dzinodzivirira kodzero dzevashandi dzebumbiro remitemo kuti varonge nokudyidzana pamwe chete.
  • Masangano akavakirwa pakutenda - mapoka orudzidziso anowanzogovera mabasa enzanga uye kutsigira ruramisiro, kubatanidza maruramiro avanhu.
  • Masangano echiuto - Exproduction, kazhinji kazhinji mibatanidzwa yakavakirwa pachinyorwa iyo ingasava nezvivako zvepamutemo asi kuunganidza nhamba huru dzavanhu (mutoo, # ZVOKUDEMA ZVINOTANGA).

Kupindirana: Kusimbisana

Kodzero dzinoita kuti pave nemitemo inobvumira uye inodzivirira vanhu; nzanga yevagari vemo inopawo upenyu uye chinangwa kukodzero dzevanhu.

Kudzivirira Nokuwedzera Kunoita Vanhu Kodzero

Chaunga chevagari vomunyika chinoshanda somuchengeti wamaruramiro ebumbiro remitemo munzira dzinoverengeka:

  • Miitiro yenyevero yapakuvamba[ - CSOs kazhinji kazhinji ndiyo yokutanga kuziva kupindira kwehurumende kana kuti mitemo pakodzero. Inosvinurira vanhu nenzanga yamarudzi ose.
  • statigic ligitation - Kupfurikidza nokuunza mhaka dzebvunzo, CSOS inogona kunyengetedza matare kutsanangura maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo zvakafara zvikuru. Somuenzaniso, Indian NGO Union yavanhu nokuda kweLiberties yakabetsera kutanga kodzero yezvokudya sorutivi rwekodzero kuupenyu pasi peChikamu 21 cheBumbiro reMitemo reIndia.
  • Norm advocation - Nhimbe dzinoitwa nenzanga yavagari vemo dzinogona kuchinja murangariro wavanhu ndokutanga dzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika iyo inotungamirira kugadziridzo yebumbiro remitemo kana kuti mitemo mitsva. Kuitwa kweroorano imwe cheteyo yevatano, uko kwakaguma nemitemo yakatanhamara yeDare gurusa reU.S. neDare reMitemo reSouth Africa, muenzaniso mukurusa.
  • [ Gadziriro yebasa[ – apo hurumende inokundikana kumanikidzira kodzero (mutoo, mukati menjodzi yomutsa), CSOs anopinda kuti agovere yamuro yapamutemo, pokugara, kana kuti tarisiro yezvokurapa, nokudaro achiita kuti kodzero dzive chaidzo nokuda kwavagari vemo vasina dziviriro.

Kodzero Senheyo Yenzanga Yevagari Vomunyika

Nenzira yakapesana, kodzero dzebumbiro remitemo dzinogonesa nzanga kuti ivepo uye ishande. Pasina rusununguko rwesonganiro, gungano, uye kutaura, kunyange vagari vemo vakasimba zvikurusa vaisagona kuumba masangano, kuita misangano, kana kuti kutaura. Kodzero dzinogoverawo mutauro wechibvumirano(danho) apo vagari vemo vanoti "ichi chinoputsa kodzero dzangu dzebumbiro remitemo," vanoshandisa mupimo wapamutemo unoita kuti nyika izvidavirire.

Kupfuurirazve, maruramiro akasimba etsika (semuitiro wakafanira) anodzivirira CSOs pamisiro yehurumende yokuzvidira kana kuti kunetswa.

Kuongorora Nyaya: Kupindirana Kwenyaya

Musangano Wekodzero Dzevagari Vemo veUnited States (1950s - 1960)

Chivil Rights Movement muenzaniso wakatanhamara wesangano revagari vemo rinoparira chinjo yebumbiro remitemo. Nzanga dzeAmerica, machechi, uye masangano akafanana neNAACP akashandisa kutsutsumwa kusina masimba masimba, denho dzapamutemo, uye kuunganidzwa kwemidziyo kuraira kuchengetwa kwedziviriro yemitemo muPendekosti ye14 ne15. Sangano racho rakatarisana nedzvinyiriro yakakomba yakakomba . zviremera zvehurumende zvakaputsa kodzero dzegungano nokutaura. Asi pakupedzisira zvakachengeta Civil Rights Act (1964) uye Voing Rights Act (1965). Kukunda uku kwakanga kuri kunoitwa mumitemo yemitemo yemitemo muchisiko, uye zvaisazova zvakaitika pasina dzvinyiriro yenzanga inotsigirwa nenzanga.

Vashandi Vanorwisa Aparateid muSouth Africa

MuSouth Africa, masangano enzanga yevagari vemo (kubatanidza African National Congress (ANC), masangano ezvokutengeserana, mapoka ezvitendero, uye masangano okubatana kwenyika yose (jere reSangano reSangano reNyika Dzepasi Pose) zvinorwisana nokurambwa kwakarongwa kwekodzero dzemitemo yehurumende yorusaruraganda kuruzhinji. Sangano racho rakabatanidzwa kunyunyuta kwemhuri, zvinetso zvepamutemo, uye zvirango zvamarudzi ose. Mugumisiro wacho wakanga uri kuchinjwa kudivi rehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu uye kugamuchirwa kweBumbiro remitemo itsva reMitemo yemitemo (1996) izvo zvakabatanidza Bill of Rights, kubatanidza kodzero dzenzanga yenzanga yenzanga. Nhasi, nzanga yeSouth Africa inopfuurira kushandisa izvi zvishandiso zvemitemo kuti irwise kusaenzana uye kuti hurumende izviratirwe.

Kushandiswa Kwemaarabia Nezvemari

Kumukira kweArab Spring (2010-2012) kwakaratidzira zvose zviri zviviri simba nokusashanda zvakanaka kwenzanga yavagari vemo mumigariro inodzvinyirira umo maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo aivapo papepa asi aiputswa nguva dzose. Vagari vakashandisa kurukurirano dzenzanga uye kunyunyuta kwemigwagwa kuraira kutaura kwapachena, gungano, uye hurumende inozvidavirira. MuTunisia, masangano enzanga avanhu akadai seTunisian General Labour Union (UGTT) uye National Dialogue Quartett akaita basa rinokosha mukutungamirira nyika kubumbiro remitemo itsva (2014 anobatanidza maruramiro anokudzwa. Mune zvimwe zvinoitika seEgipita, nzanga yavanhu yakatarisana nemasimba masimba nemitemo yavagari vemo akanyorwazve kuti itsigire simba. Izvi zvinosimbisa kuti kutamba pakati pekodzero dzavanhu nenzanga dzavagari vemo havadikaro.

LGBTQ+ Ganhuriro Yamaruramiro Munyika Yose

Sangano renyika yose reLGBTQ+ maruramiro anopa muenzaniso wazvino uno wechaunga chenzanga yavagari vemo chinofambira mberi dziviriro dzebumbiro remitemo. NGOS, mapoka anorwira rudzidziso, uye mibatanidzwa yezvokutsiva zvakatsikirira nokuda kwokubviswa kwomufambiro mumwe chetewo wevatano, wirirano yeroorano, uye kupesana kwetsika. Kutonga kwemitemo yemitemo munyika dzakadai seColombia, India ([[FLG:0]] NAVTEj Singhar v. Union of India , 2018], uye Taiwan (2017) yakapesvedzerwa zvakananga nenzanga nokurwira nokutsigira. Uku, kwakasimbiswa, nokugadzira nzanga kwapamutemo zvikuru munzvimbo umo LBTPT.

Zvinetso Zvinotevera Kukodzero Dzebumbiro Remitemo Nenzanga Yehurumende

Pasinei zvapo noukoshi hweiyi nhau, zvose zviri zviviri maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo nenzanga yavagari vemo zvinotarisana netyisidziro dzakakomba nhasi.

Kudzvinyirirwa Kwehurumende Neganhuriro Dzapamutemo

Munyika dzakawanda, hurumende dzinoshandisa mitemo kuganhurira nzanga yavagari vemo mukuzviti yakachengeteka yenyika, nhevedzano yavose, kana kuti kunyoresa kwokumwe. Human Rights Watch mishumo pamusoro pokuderera kunowedzera kwenzvimbo yehurumende munyika yose: CSOS inodikanwa kunyoresa, kutarisana nezvinodikanwa zvinorema zvokushuma, kana kuti kurambidzwa kupiwa mari yokumwe. Muzvinoitika zvikuru, vanorwira mari vanosungwa, vanonetswa, kana kuti vanourawa. Kudzorwa kwakadaro kunoputsa maruramiro emitemo esangano kusonganiro nekutaura, kunoderedza gadziriro inodzivirira maruramiro emitemo.

Kusanzwisisa Nokuita Kuti Zvive Nemashoko

Nhimbe dzokupesana kwemashoko dzinobvisa chivimbo chavanhu muzvose zviri zviviri masangano ebumbiro remitemo nenzanga. Kana vagari vemo vasingagoni kubvumirana pamaidi makuru, zvinova zvakaoma kuti CSOS ive nebvumirano yegadziriro inotsigirwa nekodzero. Kudzorwa kunoparirawo kuti mitemo ishande, zvichiita kuti zvive zvakaoma kuisa mitemo inodzivirira kodzero kana kuti kuchengetedzwa kwemari. Masangano ezvemagariro evanhu anogona kukurudzira manzwi ane simba, anoita kuti mapoka oruvengo adzivirirwe panguva imwe chete (iyo inorevawo kuti anodzivirirwa nemitemo yemitemo yemitemo nokuda kwokutaura kwavo) uye kutadza kuisa mitemo yenzanga ine mwero.

Zvipingamupinyi Zvemari

Kodzero dzeBumbiro reMitemo hadzirevi chinhu chishoma apo vanhu vanoshaiwa zvinhu zvokushandisa. Urombo, kusagona kunyora nokunyora, kusakwanisa kuwana yamuro yepamutemo, uye magariro anodzivisa vagari vemo vakawanda kutora rutivi munzanga yevagari vemo kana kuti kuita kuti kodzero dzavo dzive. Uyezve, kusaenzana kwezvemari kunowanzochinja kuva simba rezvamatongerwe enyika risina kuenzana, sezvo vapfumi uye masangano anoshandisa pesvedzero inodzorwa pamuitiro nokugadzwa kwedare.

Kuderedza Nzvimbo Yechibage

Maererano neCIVICUS Monitor, vanopfuura 60% vevagari venyika zvino vanogara munyika umo nzvimbo yehurumende ino "dzvinyirirwa," "inoraidzwa," kana kuti "crade". Iyi kombamiro haiganhurirwi kuhurumende dzinodzorwa nehurumende dzinodzorwa nehurumende dzinotonga; kunyange hurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzakatangwa dzakaona nhamburiko dzokuganhurira maruramiro okuramba, dzinoganhurira mari yeNIGO, kana kuti matare. Apo nzvimbo inoderera, vanhu havagoni kudzivirira nenzira inobudirira kodzero dzemitemo, kuparira kuderera.

Kusimbisa Kupindirana Kwoutongi Hunosarudzwa Noruzhinji

Kuchinja izvi, nzira ine zvakawanda inodiwa — inobatanidza vadzidzisi, vagari vemo, vaiti vemitemo, uye vatungamiriri venzanga.

Dzidzo Yemibatanidzwa

Vagari vemo vakasanozivikanwa ndiwo mutsetse wokutanga wedziviriro nokuda kwekodzero dzebumbiro-mitemo. Zvikoro zvinofanira kudzidzisa kwete bedzi zvisimo zvekodzero asi unyanzvi hunoshanda hwakafanana nenzira yokunyora nayo nyunyuto, kuronga chikumbiro, kana kuti onano navakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa. Zvirongwa zvakafanana ne Chikuva muUnited States zvinogovera zviteshi zvapachena izvo zvinopinza vadzidzi mumiitiro yedemokrati. Nhano dzakafanana dzinofanira kukudzwa munyika yose, nezvirimo zvakagadzirirwa kumitevedzero yomunzvimbomo.

Dziviriro Dzapamutemo Nokuda Kwenzanga Yavagari Vemo

Hurumende dzinofanira kuita ndokuita mitemo inoita kuti mhoteredzo yakanaka yenzanga yavagari vemo ive.Izvi zvinobatanidza kuvimbisa rusununguko rwesonganiro pasina kunyoresa kunorema, kudzivirira maruramiro okunyunyuta, uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti CSOs anogona kuwana mari yomumba neyamarudzi ose pasina pembedzo. Dare rezvitendero rinofanira kupiwa simba rokuparadza mitemo inoganhurira zvisina kufanira nzvimbo yenzanga, mutsinhirano nevimbiso pamutemo.

Ruzivo Rwokugadzira Zvinhu Nemakwenzi Anokonzera Kupondwa

Maturusi emagetsi anogona kukudza mano enzanga yevagari vemo okudzivirira kodzero dzevagari vemo (* asi anofanira kushandiswa zvakanaka uye zvakanaka. Mitauro yekurukurirano yakakosha, zvikuva zvinobatanidza vanhu, uye nzvimbo dzokukumbira paIndaneti dzinogonesa kuunganidza nokukurumidza. Zvisinei, CSOs anofanirawo kudzidzisa mitezo pamusoro pechengeteko yemichina kuti idzivise kuongororwa nokuvhura. Nhamburiko dzemashoko dzinogona kubetsera kuongorora hurumende nemitemo inosungirwa kodzero dzavanhu. Ruzivo ibakata runovhara kaviri; kushandiswa kwayo kunoda zvose zviri zviviri kurava nokunyora nokunyora mashoko uye nhungamiro dzetsika.

Kuwirirana Kwamarudzi Ose Nokuzvidavirira

Apo nzvimbo yehurumende inoshanda munyika yose inovharwa, masangano amarudzi ose anova anokosha. Masangano ekodzero dzavanhu akadai seAmnesty International Commission of Jurists, uye Hofisi yeUN yeHurusaro yeKodzero dzavanhu inogovera kubatira, kuongorora, uye dzvinyiriro. Mitezo yeTreaty (sezvinei, Dare reH. UN Human Rights) inogamuchira zvichemo uye kupa zviwanwa zvinogona kunyadzisa hurumende dzinodzvinyirira. Vapi veSatea vanofanira kubetsera pakuremekedza rusununguko rwehurumende, nepo vachitsigirawo CSOs munzvimbo dzine ngozi.

mhedziso

Kubatanidzwa kwekodzero dzebumbiro-siseko nenzanga yevagari vemo muitiro unoshanda nesimba, unopfuurira. Kodzero hadzisati dziri kuzviuraya.Ndokuva dzinotsamira pavagari vemo vakarongwa kuti vazvidavire, kuzvidudzira, uye kuzvidzivirira. Uye nzanga yevagari vemo inotsamira padziviriro dzebumbiro remitemo kuti ivepo uye ishande. Kana zvose zviri zviviri zviri zvakanaka, Hurumende inoregeredzwa: kusabvumirana kunoregeredzwa, vanodzivirirwa, uye simba rehurumende rinoongororwa. Kana zvimwe zvikamu zviduku, gadziriro yose iri mungozi.

Kuvadzidzisi navadzidzi, iyi nzwisiso haisati ichingovawo zvayo yedzidzo, inoda kuvimbisana kwokushingaira: kudzidza gadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo, kutsigira CSOs yomunzvimbomo, uye kutora rutivi mugadziriro yehurumende yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Nguva yemberi yekodzero nenzanga iri mumaoko aavo vanonzwisisa kubatana kwavo nemunhu oga oga () uye vanoita chiito kuva nechokwadi chokuti vose vari vaviri vanoramba vakasimba nokuda kwezvizvarwa zvichauya.