Kutanga: Kudzikama Kunotsungirira Pakati Perusununguko Rwevagari Vemo Nechengeteko Yavanhu Vose

Ukama pakati pekodzero dzevagari vemo nemitemo ichengetedzwa ndiimwe yemiitiro inoita kuti pave nesimba gurusa munzanga yeAmerica. Hunogara pawirirano yedziviriro dzebumbiro remitemo nebasa rehurumende kuchengeta nhevedzano. Nokuda kwavadzidzisi, vadzidzi, uye vagari vemo, kunzwisisa iyi nhau inokosha kuonga kuti rudzi rwakavakosha sei uye kuti rwuchiri kurwisana. Mubvunzo mukuru unoramba uri: kudzivirira sei nzanga pasina kuputsa rusununguko rwomunhu rwakapikirwa neBumbiro remitemo?

Kodzero dzavagari vemo dzevanhu dzinoda kubatwa zvakaenzana mumutemo,_hadzidzidziri . Dzave dzichikakavadzana, dzichiwedzerwa, uye panhambo nenhambo kupfurikidza nomutemo, zvisarudzo zvedare, uye masangano enzanga. Miitiro yokuchengeta mutemo, yakachinjika (padzimwe nguva, dzimwe nguva nenzira yokuzengurira, kuna idzi chinjo. Kubva panguva youranda kuBlack Live Confect, mutoo wave uri mumwe werwisano inopfuurira nefambiro mberi. Nyaya ino inonzvera midzi yenhau, miraudzo huru yemitemo, zvinetso zvenguva ino, uye mirayiridzo yomunguva yemberi inobvira youkama ihwohwo, zvichigovera kupeta kunzwisiswa kukuru nokuda kwenhau yazvinoramba iri pakati pechinoitika cheAmerica.

Nhoroondo Yacho: Kubva Pakuwanikwa Kwekodzero Dzevanhu

Fandesheni yeBumbiro reMitemo Nokusimbiswa Kwapakuvamba

. Constitution ne `Revolutions] yekodzero yakatanga gadziriro yekodzero dzavanhu idzo gare gare dzaizova mavambo ekodzero dzevagari vemo. Yechishanu, , Chechitanhatu, uye Remendements dzakananga dzinotaura namasimba neganhuriro zvemitemo, zvinodzivirira kunzvera kusina mufungo, kuzvidzora, uye chirango kana kuti chirango. Zvisinei, idzi dziviriro dzakashandiswa pakutanga bedzi kuhurumende yehurumende yehurumende yemogaro uye dzakafuratirwa zvikuru muSouth, apo “varanda , kazhinji kazhinji chimiro chapakuvamba chekudzivirira nzvimbo idzodzo. [FET] [5]

Kurwisa uye Kuvandudza

Musangano wokuparadza wezana ramakore rechi19 wakanga uri denho huru kuukama pakati pokuchengetwa kwomutemo nekodzero dzavagari vemo. Vazivi vakarangarira kuti Chibvumirano chaFugitive Muranda muna 1850 chakagombedzera kuchengetwa kwomutemo kutora rutivi mukubiwa kwavanhu veBlack nedzokudzoka kwavaranda, kuputswa kwakajeka kwekodzero dzomusikirwo. Pashure pehondo yeChiviko, yakaitirwa kudzivirira varwi pamasimba masimba neKlux Klan. na [FLT] na [FLT:] na [FLT] anodzorwa mumitemo inodzorwa, anodzorwa na 1871] mabasa e18.[181] , ayo akagadzirirwa kudzivirira vanhu kubva kumasimba masimba eKKxlan uye mamwe machena.[5]

Musangano Wekodzero Dzevanhu Wazvino Uno (1950s - 1960)

Musangano wavagari vemo wepakati pezana ramakore rechi20 wakagadziridzazve zvikuru ukama pakati pavagari vemo namapurisa. Vatungamiriri vakafanana na Martin Luther King Jr. namasangano akadai se NAICP[[FLT]] yakashandisa kusabvumirana kusingakuvadzi kwamasimba masimba kuratidzira utsi hwemitemo. [[[FLT][FLT][5] yakaona mukwidzi wamapurisa bull hope nambwa dzinodenha mapfutiss, mifananidzo ine rugare, iyo inokatyamadza mamiriro avanhu avapokairwa navanopfuvura. [[5] Yakagonawo kuparira migariro yavose.] Kufamba kwemitemo yavose [FFM]

Mutemo Mukuru: Mitemo Inodzivisa Kupinda Kwemapurisa

Mitemo iyi inoita kuti pave nokusarura, kushandisa simba, uye kuzvidavirira.

Mutemo Wa 1964 Wekodzero Dzevanhu

Civil Rights Act ya 1964 zvichida mutemo wekodzero dzavagari vemo unokosha zvikurusa munhau yeAmerica. Umutwe VI unorambidza rusaruro pahwaro hwedzinza, ruvara, kana kuti mavambo orudzi kupfurikidza namapurogiramu anogamuchira betsero yemari yehurumende yehurumende. Kubatanidza mapato amapurisa anogamuchira rupo rwehurumende. Iyi gadziriro inobvumira Dhipatimendi reSahlulero kuti inzvere nokurapa miitiro yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende. Umutwe VII unorambidza kusarura basa, unotapura kubhadhadharwa nokukwidziridza mukati memasaidhiro. Chiitowo chakapa chiremera chehurumende yemubatanidzwa kuti ipindire muzvinoitika zvechitsoriso chetsika dzamapurisa, kugadza muenzaniso wekuchinja kwapashure.

Murayiro Wokutsigira Kodzero Wa1965

Kunyange zvazvo yakanangidzirwa zvikurukuru kubvisa mhinganidzo dzokuvhota − zvakadai senzvero dzokunyora nokuvhota . Chibvumirano chekodzero dzekodzero cha1965 chakaumbwa nenzira isina kunanga. Mapurisa aiwanzonetsa nokusungwa vavhoti veBlack panzvimbo dzokuvhota; chiito chakabvumirwa nehurumende kunyoresa vavhoti uye vacherekedzi vehurumende kuti vaone kana kuti vasarutsi. Chikamu 5 chaida kuti nyika dzakati dzine nhau yetsika kuti dziwane “pane stance” kubva kuDhipatimendi yeRuramisiro pamberi pokuchinja mitemo yokuvhota. [[FLT] Shelby County.[FLT] V [203]) chakatapurira chisarudzo chokuvhota. Chisarudzo chamadzo chamagaromedzerwa pamutemo chomutemo wehurumende chinoitwa mumugwagwa.

Murayiro Wakanaka Wedzimba wa1968

Yakanzi mukutevera kuuraya kwaDr. King, Fair House Act ya 1968[FLT: 1] inorambidza rusaruro mudzimba. Nokuda kwokudzikamisa mutemo, nhau idzi nemhaka yokuti dzinokurukura nokugara, izvo zvakabatanidzwa zvakananga nemitoo yemapurisa. Miganhu yedzinza yakabatana neyamapurazi. Migariro yedzinza inokombamira kuva nenhamo kukuvapo kwemapurisa uye kudzikamisa kwakakomba, chinoitika chekodzero dzevanhu chinoumba chimiro chedhiscrimination politition. Depart yeSangano reSangano reSangano reSangano reSangano reSangano reSangano reSangano reSangano reSangano reSangano reSangano reSangano reSangano rePre.

Kudzora Utsotsi Hwamasimba Masimba uye Muitiro Wokumanikidzwa wa 1994

Nepo isiri mutemo wapamutemo wekodzero dzavagari vemo, iri pamutemo mukuru raibatanidza gadziriro inozivikanwa se 141, iyo yakabvumira Department of Justice kunzvera nokupa matare omunzvimbomo nokuda kwemitoo kana kuti miitiro yokusazvibata. Ikoku kwakatungamirira ku “mirau inobvumiranwa” namasangano ane njodzi, yakadai se Dare raPolice [ pashure pechishamiso cheRampartum ne [[FLT:] New Police Officey] Whestry [ Department] yeProlegist , pashure pePututsuna. Iyi mirayiro inoraira dare ramanyuko, kubatanidza mitero iri nani, uye ganhurro yenzanga yenzanga yenzanga.

George Floyd Ruramisiro muChiito Chokutonga (2021)

Kunyange zvazvo iri gweta rakapfuudza Imba yavamiriri kanoverengeka asi rakamiswa muDare, rinomirira kuedza kwemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi zvikurusa kudzivirira maruramiro avagari vemo mumapurisa. Gadziriro dzaro dzakabatanidza kurambidza nzvimbo dzinodzvinyirirwa, kugumisa kudzivirirwa kwavakakwaniriswa kwamapurisa, kuparira shopu yetsika dzamapurisa, uye kuraira kushandiswa kwemakamera omutumbi. Gakava rezvamatongerwe enyika rakapoteredza mutemo uyu rinoratidzira kusagadzikana kunopfuurira pakati pokudzivirira chengeteko yavose uye kudzivirira maruramiro avagari vemo.

Miitiro Yokumanikidza Mutemo: Mienzanisiro Nemichina

Kutarisirwa Kwehurumende

Politiki yekomunitiki yakabuda muma 1980 na 1990 semhinduro yekusavimbana kwakapararira pakati pamapurisa nenzanga shoma. Uzivi hunosimbisa chinetso nokuchinja, kubatana navagari vemo, uye kuchinja kubva kumurwi kuenda kunzvimbo inochengeta. Nzvero dzinoratidza kuti apo inoitwa zvakanaka, police yenzanga inovandudza kunzwisisa kwavanhu kwemapurisa uye inogona kuderedza utsotsi pasina kuwedzera kusungwa kwavanhu veruvara. Somuenzaniso, Kamn Counter Police Department [ muNew Jersey yaidzorwazve pashure pokubvisa simba rayo rekare; zvino inonangidzira patsoka, deccal, uye kuoneka, zvino kuguma, mukushandiswa kwezvinoitika.

Kushandiswa Kwesimba Roukuru Nokuderera

Kushandiswa kwemitemo yokumanikidza kwazova pfundo guru mukukakavadzana pamusoro pekodzero dzavagari vemo. International of Masters of Police yakakudziridza “kushandiswa kwesimba resimba reProcratice” kunokurudzira vakuru vakuru kushandisa simba duku riri madikanwa, asi madhipatimendi mamwe namamwe anosiana zvikuru. Pashure porufu rwaMichael Brown mu Ferguson, Missouri, [[FL:]] Stacent’s Task on 21st Policialcial yakarumbidza kuti masangano ose agamuchire mitemo inoda deosation, anorambidza mibato nenzvimbo inodzo inovhutswa, uye anoda kuti vakuru vakuru vakuru vatsi vatsi vatsi vatsi vatsi vatsi vatsikitsikirire apo shamwari yavo vanoshandisa simba rakanyanyisa. Sano neWashington vakapfuure mitemo iyi.

Kurovedza uye Dzidzo

Rovedzo yokushandiswa kwomutemo yazvino uno inobatanidza zvikuru mamome ekodzero dzavagari vemo, tsvedzero dzakajeka, uye makwikwi etsika. Kunzvera Kunoparira kweProced Public Forum [PERPF:1] yakatungamirira nhamburiko dzokubatanidza ruramisiro yemipimo yetsika yazvino uno [8] pfungwa yokuti vanhu vangateerera mutemo kana vakanzwa kuti vaibatwa zvakanaka. Zvisinei, kunaka nourefu hwerovedzo zvinosiyana zvikuru. Mamwe madhipatindiro anoda bedzi mazana mashomanene amaawa, nepo vamwe vanoda chiuru chitsama. Vatsigiridzi vekodzero dzemo dzenyika yose vanobatanidza kupfuudzira kukuru kwerevo yeremwe, yeshanu, yeshanu, uye yeMitengo yeMitengo yeMitemo yetsika inodzo inodzo inodzorwa.

Ruzivo Nemakamera Omuviri

Kuwanda kwemakhamera omuviri kunomirira kuchinja kukuru mukuratidza kwomutemo. Pashure pa2014 kuratidzira kwomutemo. Pashure pekuramba muGeneguson, madhipatimendi akawanda akagamuchirwa makamera kuti anyore kufambidzana. Nzvero yakaitwa ne Journal yeQuantitive Criminology[ inokarakadza kuti makamera anoderedza kunyunyuta kwose kuri kuviri mukurwisana navakuru vakuru vanoshandisa simba. Zvisinei, zvinovandika zvinosara: anodzora tsoka, kuti irefukidzwa sei, uye kana software yezvisopuwe inoyera chiso ichisashandiswa nokuda kwekodzero dzose dzevagari vemo. [[FLT:] FGROSE][FLT] uye [FLT] A.[FFFFFF]

Nhau Dzazvino Uno: Kusagadzikana Kunopfuurira Nezvinjiso Zvitsva

Kumhura Rudzi

[[FLT: 0]] Kuparwa kwemitemo [[[FLT: 1]] (muitiro wokumira, kutsvaka, kana kuti kuvharidzira vanhu vakavakirwa padzinza kana kuti rudzi panzvimbo poufakazi() yave ichishurikidzwa zvikuru namasangano ekodzero dzavagari vemo. [[FLT:]]] Kushambadzira kweMitemo yeruramisiro [[FLT:]]] nguva dzose] kunoratidza kuti vatyairi veMitemo veFizi, vaHispanic vane bvuru zvikuru bviro yokumiswa namapurisa uye kuwana simba mukati mokumira kupfuura vatyairi vechena, kunyange apo kudzora kuputsa mugwagwa. [[FLT:]] Kudzosa pamutemo kwetsika kwetsika dzetsika [[FLT] ] kwave kwave kwave kwave kwave kwave kwave kwakaza munguva dzakawanda asi kusina kupfuura. Zvikaro wakati, zvikamu zvizhinji, zvikamu zvechitsamanyuko, zvakarambidzwa zvedzinza, zvinoda kutoorwa kutoorwa kutoorwa kutoma kutoorwa. Kudzorwa

Ururamisiro Hwamapurisa Nokuzvidavirira

Zviitiko zve utsinye hunopfuurira kunyandura hasha dzenyika. Rufu rwaGeorge Floyd, Breonna Taylor, Eliah Mctain, uye vamwe vazhinji vakatungamirira kukuramba kwakapararira uye kuraira kwokuchinja. Nhau huru ndeyokuti kudzivirira utachiona [, dzidziso yapamutemo iyo inodzivirira sututi yavagari vemo kutoti vapunza “mutemo wakagadzwa chose chose chose. Dare radzingamura mhaka dzakawanda pahwaro ipo, kunyange apo vakuru vakuru vakuru vaiita nenzira isina mufungo. [[FLT:][FLD]] ACPFFFFF] Fund [FFFF:5] uye mamwe maruramiro avagari vemo akadana nokuda kwekugadziriswa kwemiitiro. Imwe nzira yokuzvidavirira yenzira. Kushandiswa kweiridzwa kwemiitiro yedare rokutonga kupfurikidza nokudzosera kweiyi dare rikatooto.

Kuitwa Kwemapurisa Muchiuto

kuiswa kwechiuto kwamapurisa kunonongedzera kukuwanwa kwezvombo zvehondo zvinoiswa mumauto, motokari dzinogadzira mabhomba, zvitima zvinobudisa girinedhi, M-16 pfuti, uye kuongorora drones, kazhinji kazhinji kupfurikidza nepurogiramu dzePNtagon dzakasara dzakadai se [[[FLT:]]1033 Program. Vatsigiri vehurumende vanotaura kuti mauto anoita kuti mapurisa aratidzike semauto anokunda vadziviriri venzanga, uye kuti kushandiswa kwawo kunowedzera mamiriro ezvinhu zvisiri madikanwa. Kushandiswa kwe [[FLT:]]-no], kunobvumira vakuru vakuru kupinda pasina kuzvizivisa, vakashorwawo pashure porufu rweBroyna. [FT]

Zvokudzidza Nezvinhu Zvokuva Woga

Mapurisa azvino uno anotsamira zvikuru paruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu: varavi vanogadzira mapepa erezenisi, masero-sisita, uye gadziriro dzokuziva zviso. Nepo maturusi aya achigona kubetsera kupedza mhaka, anokwidzawo funganyo dzeChina. Dare reSangano rePUD [ rakatonga mu [FLT]] . United States[FLT][FLT] [[FLT]] [20:8]) kuti mapurisa anofanira kuwana kodzero yokuwana marekodhi eserura foni, achiziva kwenguva yokutanga kariro yokutanga ine mufungo yomunhu oga. Bva madhipati akawanda anopfuurira kushandisa kuzivikanwa chiso pasina nhungamiro yapamutemo, uye kuratidzwa kwemichina isati yakarurama zvikuru kuratidzira vanhu, kutungamirira kutendeka.

Kuongorora Zvirwere: Zvikamu Zvakamanikidza Kuchinja

Rodney King Incide (1991)

Kurohwa kwaRodney King namapurisa eLos Angeles, kwakabatwa pavhidhiyo isina ruzivo, kwakakatyamadza nyika. Kurerutswa kwavakuru vakuru kwakatanga chimurenga cheLos Angeles cha 1992, chimwe chenyongano hurusa yavagari vemo munhau yeAmerica. Hurumende yehurumende yakapindura kupfurikidza nokukwidziridza vakuru vakuru vakuru nokuda kwokuputsa kodzero dzavagari vemo, kuchiguma nemhesvo mbiri. Mhaka yacho yakatungamirira kuchinjo huru mukati me LAPD, kubatanidza kugamuchirwa kwegadziriro yenzanga, kushandisa chinjo dzechinjo dzehurumende, uye kuumbwa kwewirirano yakasununguka. Yakasimbisawo ukoshingamira kukura uko ufakazi mukuzvidavirira kwamapurisa mukuva nomukwazvapupu hwenhau yapashure kwamakumi amakore nechinoitika nokuvapo kwamabharakita nemotokari.

Ferguson Protests (2014

Kupfurwa kwa Michael Brown naMutungamiriri Darren Wilson muForson, Missouri, uye chisarudzo chikuru chakatevera chedare rinobetsera kusapa mhaka Wilson, kwakanyandura kutsutsumwa kwaipedza mwedzi. Kutora mushumo weRuramisiti [ wakatevera kuzivisa mupimo wedare reparamende: Ferguson Police Department yave ichishandisa motokari nokudzorwa semanyuko, inodenha vagari veBrack, nenzira isingadzorwi. Mushumo wacho wakapupurirawo simba rakanyanyisa nedzinza mudare renyika. Ferguson akava chiratidzo chekuronga retsika yedzinza chinogona kupararira mutemo. Kuramba kwacho kwakatungamirira kukuva kukuva kurumbiso rwemutezotezo yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yeGernsonsonsonsonson, uye kukurukura pamusoro peboka redare redare, uye kuzvidavirira redare redare rehurumende.

George Floyd Prosests (2020)

Kupondwa kwaGeorge Floyd naMinneapolis mukuru wamapurisa Derek Chauvin, akabatwa pavhidhiyo navanomira, kwakaparira sangano rokuramba gurusa munhau yeAmerica. Ibvi raChauvin paFloyd nokuda kwamaminiti anopfuura mapfumbamwe rakanga riri mufananidzo wakajeka wesimba guru. Kuramba kwakatevera hakuna kuraira ruramisiro bedzi nokuda kwaFloyd asi chinjo ya sisitemu: kubvisa kana kuti kubvisa mapurisa, kuvandudza kudzivirira kwakakwaniriswa, uye kudzoserazve mumabasa omunzanga. Chauvin yakawanwa mhaka isingawanzoviki yokuponda nokuuraya, nhau yemapurisa inova inoiswa mhaka yemhosva yemhosva pamusoro pezviito zveutsotsi. Mhaka inonyandura kupiwa kutora mutemo mumitemo inovandudza munyika dzakawanda uye kudzokororwazve. [Frome Frome]

Mirayiridzo Yeramangwana: Kuchinja Zvinhu, Kuyanana, uye Kuita Kuti Vanhu Vasatya

Kufambira mberi, kubatana kwekodzero dzevanhu uye kuchengetwa kwemitemo kuchachinjwa nemamiriro ezvinhu nenharo dzinoverengeka dzinoramba dzichiitwa.

Kuchinja Kwemitemo Panzvimbo Yemapuraneti Nenzvimbo Dzinogara

Vatsigiri vazhinji vanoitirana nharo nokuda kwokugumisa [[[FLT: 0] kukwanisa kudzivirira hosha , zvinodikanwa zvechikwaniriso . Pamwero wemakamera , [[FLT:]] [[FLT]]], [[[FLT]]] naidzo zviremera zvokunzvera nyunyuto nechirango. Zvimwe zvikarakadzo zvinobatanidza [[FLT:] kupindira [FFLT].[FLT]], mamwe maguta akatanga [[FFLT:], ayo aiodoma mabhineti anomira kumisa kushanda nesimba,[12][12]

Kubatanidzwa Kwenzanga neBoka Rehurumende

Kusimbisa ukama pakati pamapurisa nenzanga kunokosha. Zvirongwa zvakadai se Mutongi weTsvakano zvinopa dzimwe nzira dzokusunga nadzo mhaka duku, zvikurukuru muzvikoro. Mamwe maguta akaedza ne mienzaniso [[[FLT:]] inotumira nyanzvi dzoutano hwepfungwa parutivi kana kuti panzvimbo pamapurisa kuridza runhare, kuderedza kusungwa nokudzivirira kodzero dzevanhu dzevanhu vane urema. Masangano akadzika migariro akaita se [[FLT:][FLT][FLT]] [FLT]] [FLT]] [FLT] [FFFF:6]] [FLT] [FFLT]]

Dzidzo uye Kudzidzisa Zvakaitika

Nguva yemberi yepopari yezvokushanda inotsamira pakurovedza kunobatanidza migariro inoda vatariri kuronga misiyano yetsika netsika. Crisis kurovedza kupindira[ (CIT) nokuda kwavakuru vakuru vanobata navanhu munjodzi yendangariro iri kuva inozivikanwa zvikuru. Zvikoro zvizhinji zvamapurisa zvinobatanidza migariro inoda vakuru vakuru kuronga misiano yedzinza neyetsika. Denho iri kuvimbisa kuti rovedzo inowirirana, inotsigirwa, uye yakagadziridzwa nguva dzose. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinodana gadziriro yenyanzvi dzezvirongwa zvezvirongwa zvemaongorori, dzakafanana nedzinoshandiswa nokuda kwavanachiremba kana kuti magwetabhe, kubatira mipimo yomufambiro nokuvimbisa.

Kuderedza Basa Ramapurisa

Sangano riri kukura, rinowanzopetwa muchidimbu pasi pemashoko okuti “ ,” kutsvaka zvinhu zvinooneka kubva kumitevedzero yomutemo kusvikira kumabasa enzanga akadai sedzimba, tarisiro dzendangariro, uye purogiramu dzamasimba masimba. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti kuderedza chengeteko yavose, asi vatsigiri vanonongedzera kumapurogiramu endege mumaguta akafanana Eugene, Oregon [[KAROT]] (KOTS) [kuedza) uye [FLT:] Den, Coloradow purogiramu [AR] yakabudirira kushandisa purodziro yezvikamu zvakati - mativi akabudirira kutungamirira utsotsi.

Kupedzisa: Basa Risina Kuparadzwa Rokururamisira

Kufambidzana pakati pekodzero dzevanhu nemitemo inoita kuti pave nekodzero yapamutemo haisati iri nhau yakagadziriswa asi kukurukurirana kunopfuurira pakati porusununguko nechiremera. Nhau inoratidza kuti fambiro mberi inobvira / kupfurikidza nomutemo, kutsutsumwa, chiito chapamutemo, uye kuvimbisana kwenzanga. Bva nhano imwe neimwe inozivisa denho itsva. Chinokosha nokuda kwavadzidzisi navadzidzi kunzwisisa mativi apamutemo, mamiriro ezvinhu enhau, uye kurukurirano dzapanguva ino izvo zvinoumba ukama ihwo. Vagari vemo vanogona kuisa mutemo unozvidavirira nokuraira kuti tsika inodzivirira munhu ari wose zvakaenzana. Basa rokuvaka chaungatonga chakarurama haritongokwaniswi kupedzwa, asi kunzwisisa kuoma kwaro rokutanga kukuhugadzirisa.