United States Congress rinomira sebazu rokutanga rehurumende pasi peBumbiro reMitemo, rinoshandisa masimba anoumba mitemo yenyika, bhajeti yayo, uye muitiro wayo wokumwe. Sezvo sangano riri pedyosa navanhu, Congress inodzikamisa chiremera chamapazu anotungamirira neamatare apo inomirira fariro dzakasiyana- siyana dzavaAmerica vane mamiriyoni 330. Uku kunzvera kukuru nheyo yebumbiro remitemo reCongress, sangano rayo romukati, uye kuwanda kwakazara kwamasimba ayo (8) kubva pakugadzira mutemo nokutarisira kuronga nokubatanidza nokubvumirana zvinhu zvemariro.

Simba Redare Remitemo

Chikamu I cheBumbiro reMitemo chinoumba chibvumirano chemitemo chebhimeyal, chikaparadzanisa simba pakati peImba yaVamiririri neDare. Vavambi vakagadzira iyi gadziriro yezvikamu zviviri zvegore kuti idzikane kumirira kwevagari vemo (Imba) nomufananidzo wakaenzana wehurumende (Imba). Imba yakaitirwa kuva “imba yavanhu,” nemitezo yakasarudzwa makore maviri ose, nepo Dare, rine mashoko ane makore matanhatu, raizogovera kupfuurira nechereko pazvishuvo zvakakurumbira. Bumbiro reMitemo rinopa Constitution rakananga“ masimba akaitwa nomutemo” muChikamu I, Chikamu 8, kubatanidza simba rokubhadhara mutero, kukwereta mari, mari inodzorwa, mari yehondo, uye kusimudzira mauto. Dare reSangano reSangano re “chikurukuru nerero remitemo) rinobvumira mitemo inodikanwa kuita masimba azvinodavirwa kukuita kuti chiteve, chitsaro chazvinonzi chitsa. Chitsaro chagona kufungidzira kuti chiteve.

Mavambo Emisangano

Imba Yavamiriri

Imba ine mitezo inovhota inokamura pakati penyika dzine chiverengero chavagari vemo, nemitezo imwe neimwe inomirira avhareji yavane 760 000 vamagiramu. Imba ine masimba chaiwo asingagoverani neDare: zvikwereti zvose zvemari zvinofanira kuvamba imomo, uye zvine simba rimwe rokusaita. Vatungamiriri vedzimba vanobatanidza Mutauri weImba (akagadzwa nebato revazhinji), Mutungamiriri weMajoni, uye zvigaro zvedare. Housegals inoita basa rinokosha kupfurikidza nokusarudza mipimo yezvikwereti zvizhinji, vachibvumira voruzhinji kudzora rurongwa rwemitemo. Mitezo yeImba inoreverwa nokuda kwokudzorwazve kwechirongwa chamakore maviri ari ose, ichiita kuti zvive zvinogamuchirika zvikuru zvinova zvomunzvimbomo.

Dare

Dare rine mitezo 100 inobuda munyika imwe neimwe (ivo vanobatira zvirevo zvine makore matanhatu zvinozunguzika, nenenge chikamu chimwe muzvitatu nokuda kwerusarudzo makore maviri ari ose. Mutongi Mukuru anobatira saPrezidhendi weDare asi mavhoti bedzi okuputsa tayi. Masimba eDare akasiyana anobatanidza kusimbisa kugadzwa kwapurezidhendi (zvakadai samabhishopi, vatongi vehurumende, uye vamiririri) kupfurikidza nevhoti nebvumirano dzinowirirana nembiri dzemibato mikuru inopfuvura. Dare rinoitisawo mufambirowo pamutemo pashure pemiedzo pashure peimba inosipiya, uye rinova nesimba kumonia Prie, richida mavhotera 60 okukumbira kurunga uye kurukurirano. Ichi chimiro chavanhu chavanhu vose chinopa pesvedzero huru, zvikurukuru muboka duku.

Vatungamiriri Nematare

Makamuri ose ari maviri anotsamira pagadziriro yedare kuti atarisire basa. Matare akamira (zvikurukuru, Mitemo, Nzira neTrands, Foreign Relations) anobata nzvimbo dzakati uye anoita basa gurusa remitemo. Mahofisi anobvumira kudzikanya kwakatokura. Zvigaro zvedare, zvinowanzobva kuboka revoruzhinji, zvikaisa zvirongwa, zvirongwa, uye kuisa mitero. Vatungamiriri veboka mukamuri rimwe nerimwe(Makuru neVatungamiriri vaduku, Wips /Chooceault) rouriri hwemite yebato. Dare iri negadziriro youtungamiriri zvinokosha kugadziridza zviuru zvezvirongwa.

Masimba Omutemo

Akapiwa Simba uye Akashandiswa

Constitution inoronga masimba makuru eCongress muChikamu I, Chikamu 8. Pakati pezvinokosha zvikurusa pane simba rokubhadhara mutero nokupedza [ nokuda kwegarikano yavose, [ simba rokudzora kutengeserana kwenyika [[[[FLT:]] (Classical Classionale, rinoshandiswa nokuda kwekodzero dzevagari vemo kusvikira kumitemo yemhoteredzo), [[[FLT:] simba rokuzivisa mari [[FFF:]] (inoinotsigira kutarisirwa kwechikwereti chomubatanidzwa), [[FLT], [FL:] simba routano] [FFL:] [6] [3] [3] [3] uye rinodzora mari yaro mari, kana kuti ritsigire simba rakakodzera kuidzora zviremera [FFOL], [F] kana kuti ripfuurectivessssswose . [3]

Gadziriro Yomutemo

Kuchinja pfungwa kuva mutemo kunoitwa nemaune kuti pave nokubvumirana uye kudzivisa kuita zvinhu nokukurumidza.

  • [[FT: 0] Introduction: Mutezo wekamuri rimwe nerimwe unosuma bhiri repepa (kana kuti chisarudzo chakabatanidzwa). Inogoverwa nhamba uye inonongedzerwa kumatare mamwe kana kuti akawanda.
  • Committee Action: Dare rinoita kuti vanhu vatonge, rinokoka chipupuriro chenyanzvi, uye ipapo “rinokwidziridza” pamutemo (unoutendera). Kana dare rikabvuma, chikwereti chinoenda kuimba yakazara.
  • [[NHAU: 0] Nharo ne Vote:[[FLT] MuImba, Dare reMitemo rinoisa miganhu yekurukurirano. MuDare, gakava rinogona kutambanudzwa namonicbuster kutoti kana vasaruri 60 vavhota kuti vatapuke. Pakangopfuudzwa, muromo unoenda kune imwe kamuri.
  • Komiti yeConference: Kana Imba neDare zvikapfuudza shanduro dzakasiana, dare remusangano wemitezo yavakuru vanobva mumakamuri ose ari maviri rinoayananisa. Shanduro inobvumirana pane zvisina kufanira ipapo inodzokera kunzvimbo imwe neimwe nokuda kwetendero yokupedzisira.
  • Premide Action: Mutungamiriri anogona kusaina mutemo mumutemo, vhato (ipo Congress inogona kudzora nevhoti yetatu mbiri mukamuri rimwe nerimwe), kana kuti kurega ive mutemo usina kusaina pashure pamazuva 10 apo Congress inenge iri murusando (papocket vhato kana Congress).

Uyu muitiro, kunyange zvazvo uchiwanzotsoropodzwa nokuda kwokunonoka, wakagadzirirwa kudzivirira mutemo usingafungisirwi zvakanaka. Nokuda kwokunzvera kwakakwana pamabhiri panguva ino anenge achirangarirwa, shanyira .gov.

Kubhadhara Mitero uye Kushandisa Simba

Simba reCongress rokubhadhara nokushandisa mari ichiremera charo chikurusa. Iro rinogadza mwero yemitero (mutero, bhizimisi, kushambadza, nzvimbo) uye rinosarudza kuti mari yehurumende inogoverwa sei kupfurikidza nomuitiro wegore negore weProfeta. House neDare reBallet rinogadzira jambwa remari (isingaisingi) rinotungamirira kumari inoshandiswa. Ipapo, Dare reApproprications mumakamu ose adzo ose anoronga zvikwereti zvemari zvinobhadhadhadharo zvegore negore zvinotsigira mubato rehurumende iri yose nesangano. Iri “simba reSangano reProcessssworound rinopass pesvedzero huru pamusoro pomuitiro, kubva pakuzvidzivirira kudzidzo nokutarisira utano.

Masimba Ezvokutengeserana Nezvemari

Commerce Claus (Chikamu 8, Chikamu 8, Classica 3) yave iri hwaro hwemitemo mizhinji yemitemo yemitemo yakatanhamara: Chibvumirano cheChivil Rights cha 1964 (kudzivisa rusaruro mudzimba dzavose), Chease Air Act, Securitive Exchange Act ye 1934, uye Affordlable Care Act. Dare Rapamusoro rakaisa ganhuriro (g., [[FL: 0] United States v. Lopez, 1995, yakaputsa Gumbidzo yeGun-Free Counterswors Act), asi kutengeserana kunoramba kuri chirevo chikuru. Dare rinodzosa kushatisa, manyuko, uye kushaidzwa kwomutemo kwemusikirwo, uye (kugadzirwa kwemusikirwo mumutemo wemusikirwo) pasi peChikamu I.

Simba Rehondo Nemitemo Yokumwe

Constitution inopa Congress simba rimwe chete rokuzivisa hondo ka11 munhau) uye kutsigira chiuto. Nechibvumirano cheWar Powers Resolution ya1973, Congress yakatsvaka kuganhurira mano aPurezidhendi okuisa mauto ane zvombo kuhondo pasina mvumo yedare. Kunyange zvazvo ichiedzwa kazhinji kazhinji, mutemo unoda kuti Purezidhendi azivise Congress mukati memaawa 48 uye kuzvipira kwechiuto kumazuva 60 pasina mvumo. Congress Comsters anosimbisawo zvibvumirano (kupfurikidza neSaparamende 2-3), achiudze basa rakasimba mukuita kuti pave nomutemo wokumwe kurutivi rwavakuru vakuru vakuru.

Mabasa Okutarisira

Simba Rokunzvera Nenzeve

Simba reCongress rokunzvera rinoratidzwa mumabasa aro omutemo. Kupfurikidza nokunzwa, zvipurisa, uye zvitsama, matare anogona kunzvera kushandiswa kwemitemo, zviito zvebazu zvavakuru vakuru, uye kusazvibata kungabvira. Mienzaniso inocherechedzwa inobatanidza kunzwa kweWatergate (1973), nzvero yeIran-Contate (1987), uye Dare rechi61 (2022). Dare rapamusoro rakatsigira simba reCongress se “rakarendaro” chero bedzi riri redonzo repamutemo remitemo uye haripunzi kodzero.

Hofisi Yokuzvidavirira yeHurumende (GAO) uye Kushandisa Mari

GAO, sangano rakazvimirira, rinoongorora mapurogiramu ehurumende nenhau dzinotaura nezvokushanda zvakanaka kwehurumende, kubiridzira, tsvina, uye kushatisa. Dare rinoshandisa zviwanwa GAO kuzivisa mutemo uye kuita kuti masangano azvidavirire. Nenzira yakafanana, Congregational Bal Batement Office (CBO) inopa kuongororwa kusingapinzwa kwemari uye migumisiro yemari, ichipa vagadziri vemitemo (ne voruzhinji) chitupa chitupa chakavimbika pamusoro pemitengo inokarakadzwa.

Kurayira

Imba ine simba rimwe rokusaidzira mhaka (Article I, Chikamu 2), kureva kuti inogona kuunza pomero (zvikamu zvekusateerera) mukurwisana naPrezidenti, Mutongi, uye vamwe vakuru vakuru vehurumende nokuda kwokupandukira, chiokomuhomwe, kana kuti “Utsotsi hukuru neMisdeator.” Ipapo Dare rinotonga kutonga, neChiratimende Chikuru chinotungamirira pamisika yapurezidhendi. Voruzhinji vaviri vanodikanirwa kusungwa nokubviswa pahofisi. Mapurezidheni matatu bedzi akapinzwa neImba (Undrew Johnson, Bill Clinton, Donald Trump kaviri), uye hapana chawapiwa mhaka. Nokuda kwomuitiro wedare, ona [FF:]

Kusimbiswa Nezvibvumirano

“ Kubvuma nebvumirano ” yeDare racho” (Article II, Chikamu 2) inofukidza kugadzwa kwose kukuru: vanyori vedare, vatongi vehurumende (kubatanidza vatongi veDare Rapamusorosoro), vakuru vakuru vehondo, uye nhume. Dare reDare reMutongi redare redare redare; mamwe matare anobata namaminene. Minenester inosimbiswa nevoruzhinjiwo zvavo, kunyange zvazvo vana vababa vakamboshandisa kuvaneminester kutozosvikira mutemo wa 2013 wazvibvisa nokuda kwevatongi vose asi vakurusa veDare (icho chakachinjwazve muna 2017), zvisinei, kunoda kuti voruzhinji vaviri, bhawa wakakwirira uyo unowanzotungamirira kuzvibvumirano zvavakuru vakuru.

Kumirira uye Kuitira Vamwe Mabasa

Kana pasina mutemo, nhengo imwe neimwe yeCongress inomiririra vanhu voruwa rwavo kana kuti nyika. Iyi mhedziso ine zvimiro zvakawanda: basa rokuongorora (kubatsira vanotungamirira masangano ehurumende akadai seSocial Security Administration kana kuti Veterans Affairs); misangano yehoro yetaundi, mapepa, uye zvinobudisa nhau dzinobudisa nhau; uye kutsigira zvirongwa zvomunzvimbomo kupfurikidza nokutungamirira kumari inoshandiswa (zvinowanzonzi “chirongwa chekomubatanidzwa nemari” kana kuti, yaichimbova, mabhiriji). Home neDare rinochengeta mahofisi ebasa ose ari maviri anotarisirwa kuti abate zvikumbiro zvebetsero yemapasipo, purofiti, uye zvinetso zvokutama.

Kumutsidzira uye Kumiririra Zvematongerwe Enyika

Pashure pokuverenga vanhu kwenguva refu kumwe nokumwe, maruwa edzimba anozotorwazve kuti aratidze kuchinja kwevagari vemo. Uyu muitiro unobatwa nedzimba dzehurumende uye unofanira kuwirirana ne “wechipiri, mumwe, mutevedzeri” nheyo ( Wesberry v. Sanders[, 1964]) uye Voting Rights Act, inorambidza rudzi rwegergermaning. Parsan gerrydering, kunyange zvazvo yakakwidzwa, yakabvumirwa neDare Rapamusorosoro (g. g., [[FLT:]] [FLT]] r. mscrost [FF:] v [FLT], 2019], yakatonga mubvunzo wezvamatongerwe enyika.)

Kurukurirano Navaitaurirana

Mitezo inoshandisa tsamba dzakajeka (positi yapachena yebhizimisi rehurumende), mapepa etsamba etsamba, uye zvinobudisa nhau zvenzanga kuti ikurukure navavhoti. Imba neDare rimwe nerimwe rine mitemo yetsika inorambidza kushandiswa kwezviwanikwa zvehurumende nokuda kwezvinangwa zvenhimbe. Kushanda navagari vemo kupfurikidza nokuteerera, uye horo dzemataundi dzepaIndaneti rutivi runokosha rwebasa rokumirira, kuvimbisa kuti inzwi revoruzhinji ritsive zvisarudzo zvemitemo.

Mamwe Masimba Nemabasa

Kushandisa Mari uye Kubatsira

Congress inofanira kupfuudza 12 dzezvikwereti zvegore negore kuti zvitsigire mabasa ehurumende. Kana izvozvi zvisati zvaitwa paOctober 1 (kutanga kwegore rechikafu), kuvharwa kwehurumende kunogona kuitika kutoti chisarudzo (CR) chinopfuurira chipfuudzwa kuchengeta mari kwechinguvana. Sirin yechikwereti (nomurayiridzi mukuru pakukwereta) inogadzwawo neCongress, zvichitungamirira kukurukurirano dzenhambo nenhambo pamusoro pomutemo wepachibvumirano. Bhamed Control Act ye 2011 uye zvibvumirano zvinotevera zvakaisa mabhuroko negadziriro dzokudzora kubhadhakisa mari.

Mabasa Akanaka

Imba inosanangura Purezidhendi kana pasina mudavidzi anogamuchira vhota dzakawanda dzeElectoral College. Joint Semision of Congress paJanuary II, Chikamu 1, Amendment XII). Ikoku kwakaitika kaviri: muna 1800 (Thomas Jefferson) na 1824 (John Quincy Adams). Dare rinosarudza Mutungamiriri mukuru muchinoitika cheElectoral College. Joint Sermendium of Congress pana January 6 inovatongedzerwa mavhoti uye inosimudzira muwinyiriri. Mukuwedzera, Pendement yechi 25th Rendement inopa basa mukusimbisa Purezidhendidhendi apo chibvumirano chinoitwa (chaitwa naPrezidhendi weEcorectoral uye chinosimbiswa nevoruzhinji mumakamu ose).

Kuchinja Bumbiro Remitemo

Congress inogona kukarakadza kugadziridzwa kweBumbiro reMitemo kupfurikidza namavhoti maviri namatatu muzvose zviri zviviri Imba neDare, izvo ipapo zvinofanira kutenderwa namatatu (38) amapano omutemo (kana kuti kokorodzano dzehurumende). Congress yakakarakadza 33 amendement; 27 yakatenderwa. Kugadziriswa kwemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi zvikurusa (kukura kwechi 27) kwakakarakadzwa muna 1789 uye kusimbiswa muna 1992. Mutoo wechipiri (wakadanwa nekokorodzano yembiri dzeruwa) hauna kutongoshandiswa.

Kuongorora uye Matare Chaiwo

Mukuwedzera kumatare akamira, Congress inogona kuita matare anosarudza (muchib., Dare Rinosarudza paNdengedzo yechi 6) kuti anzvere nhau dzakananga. Matare aya ane simba duku uye anogona kupa mishumo ine rumbidzo nokuda kwemitemo kana kuti mapesvedzero okutonga. Dare rinewo simba rokuranga mitezo yaro amene nokuda kwomufambiro usina kurongeka (kubatanidza kudzingwa kupfurikidza nevhota mitatu) uye kusunda chipupuriro nezvinyorwa, mukuwirirana namaropafadzo ebumbiro remitemo seropafadzo yechiremera.

Makepi Nedzikamo Namamwe Mapazi

Masimba eDare ane revoindero, asi anonzverwa namapazu avakuru vakuru navanotonga. Purezidhendi anogona kudzora mutemo (Kunyange zvazvo Congress ingagona kudzora nevhoti mbiri-tatu). Dare Gurusa rinogona kuzivisa mitemo isina kurongwa kupfurikidza nehwirudzuro yedare (yakagadzwa mu Marbury v. Madison, 1803).

mhedziso

Dare ibazu rine simba zvikurusa rehurumende yehurumende mukuita mitemo, kuronga pamutemo, kutungamirira, uye kumirira. Chivako chayo cheBhameral chinovimbisa kuti zvose zviri zviviri fariro dzakavakirwa pavagari vemo nedzakavakirwa pahurumende dzinonzwiwa. Kubva pakuzivisa hondo kusimbisa vatongi, kubva pakukwidziridza mitero kusvika pakuvhura, masimba eCongress makuru asi akadzikamiswawo nemitemo yebumbiro remitemo nezvinofungwa nezvamatongerwe enyika. Kunzwisisa aya masimba nemitoro zvinokosha kuvagari vemo vanoda kupinda mubumbiro remitemo nehurumende yavo. Kunzvera kukuru kwenhau yehurumende nezvinoitika zvazvino uno, zviwanikwa zvakafanana nenzvimbo zvepanyukichepfuro yaVamiririri uye [FLT:] wepanyuzi yenzvimbo yepanyukicheto yehurumende. [FOct:]