Sarudzo huru inoshanda segadziriro yenheyo mukati mehurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu vanomirira, ichigonesa masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika kusarudza vadaviri vavo nokuda kwebasa ravo rinoitirwa vanhu vose. Iyi mhasa yemukati haisati ichingova bedzi igadziriro yezvisarudzo zvinowanika kuvavhoti murusarudzo asi inoshandawo senzvimbo inokosha nokuda kwokuvimbisana kwehurumende, kurukurirano yepfungwa, uye mamiriro edivi. Kupfurikidza nokubvumira mitezo yebato uye kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kuva vakasarudzwa zvikuru kupesvedzera, sarudzo huru dzinovimbisa kuti vada kuratidzira zvinodikanwa zvazvino uno nezvinotanhanhanhanha nazvinopfuudzira zvechikamu. Kunzwisisa magadzirire avo, mabasa, uye zvikanganiso zvinokosha kunzwisiswa kuti vashandurire sei kuti ide demo revoricletion richava vatungamiriri vezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kunzwisisa Zvisarudzo Zvokutanga

Sarudzo dzokutanga makwikwi okutanga akaitwa pamberi pesarudzo yavose kusarudza kuti vapi vachamirira vadaviri vebato rezvamatongerwe enyika pabhoti. Iwo mutoo mukuru uyo mapato avada kutora vatsva muUnited States, uye misiano yetsika yakagamuchirwa muhurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu munyika yose. Muitiro unodzorwa negadziriro yakaoma yemitemo yehurumende, mitemo yebato, uye mienzaniso yenhau. Vaparivhari vanogona kusianiswa kubva mumiitiro, iyo yakarongwa zvikuru, misangano yakarongwa yapedyo yemitezo yebato, asi shoko rokuti “parime” rinobatanidza ruwarame rwemite yemikororo inoraira kuti vavote uye vadavi vanosarudzwa sei.

Kukura Kwenhau

Gadziriro huru yakabuda mukupera kwamazana amakore echi19 uye pakuvamba kwerechi20 sorutivi rwekusunda kweProcesting Era kuti iputse udzori hwavadzori vebato nemichina yebato mukusarudza kwokuda kutevedzerwa. Pamberi pezvikwata, vatungamiriri vebato vakaungana pakavanda “makamuri akazadzwa” kusarudza vamanine, kazhinji kazhinji pasina mubatanidzwa kubva kuvavhotiwo zvavo. Mutemo wokutanga wakananga wakagadzwa muWiscovern muna 1903 pasi pemitemo yaDermocratic Robert La Follette. Pakasvika makore a1920, nyika zhinjisaidzorwa chimiro chesarudzo. Mumakumi amakore anotevera, tsika yakashanduka, namasangano anocherekedzwa anocherekedzwa anocherekedza mu1970 pashure peMitemocral Coms Com Reconst Relations Coms Relations Prences Coms Coms Relations, dzinobatanidza miralson, dzinodzoseranwa zvikuru nedzokorokorodza nyika dzadzokorodza nyika dzaMadol 40 dzenyika dzadzo.

Marudzi Okusarudza Kunokosha

Sarudzo huru hadzisi dzakafanana; mitemo yehurumende nemitemo yebato zvinoparira mhatsa inokosha. Marudzi anozivikanwa zvikurusa akazaruka, akavharwa, akavharwa kaviri, akavharwa, uye pamusoro pezvirunga.

  • Avo vapamhi: Majeri anobvumirwa kutora rutivi mubato ripi neripi zvikurukuru pasinei zvapo nesonganiro yavo yakanyoreswa. Iyi muenzaniso unovavarira kukudza chisarudzo chomuvhoti nokutora rutivi asi unogona kubvumira vavhoti kubva kumapoka anopikisa kuyambuka ndokupesvedzera kunyorwa, unyanzvi hunozivikanwa se “kuvhota.”
  • Mitezo yebato yakanyoreswa bedzi inogona kuvhota mubato ravo guru. Iyi gadziriro inosimbisa kubatana kwebato uye inovimbisa kuti mumirinei akasarudzwa navatsigiri vamadhipatimendi vakapindwa. Vatsoropodzi vanoiramba kuti idzikise vavhoti vehurumende uye inogona kusundira vadaviri kunzvimbo dzakanyanyisa.
  • SAMI-PRIMAS: Muidzi gadziriro, mitezo yebato yakanyoreswa inosarudza mubato ravo vamene guru, asi isingavhoti kana kuti yakazvimirira ingasarudza kuti ipi yokutanga yokutora. Iyi ganhuriro yemivhenganiswa inodzora nechiverengero chinokura chevhotera vakazvimirira.
  • .Blanket Primities: Voter dzinogamuchira muroti mumwe anoronga vadaviri vose vakabva mumapoka ose uye dzingavhota nokuda kwomubhapatidzi mumwe pahofisi pasinei zvapo nebato. Muvhotera webato rimwe nerimwe ane fambiro mberi hurusa. Dare rapamusoro reU.S. rakarovanya zvipfeko zvakavha sezvisingaitwi mu Caliniafornia Democratic Party v. Jones [2]
  • Tsoro-Mazita Maviri: Anozivikanwawo sa “jingle primmary” kana kuti“ asingaparatisi princiries,” vose vanoda kubhapatidzwa pabhora guru rimwe, uye vasarudzo vaviri vapamusoro kurusarudzo pasinei zvapo nebato. Iyi tsika inoshandiswa nokuda kwehurumende nesarudzo dzehurumende muCalifornia, Washington, uye Nebraska (panzvimbo dzisiri dzezvikamu). Inogona kuderedza pesvedzero yavavhotisi vakanyanyisa uye kukurudzira vakwikwidza kukwidza kukwidza kurusarusaru.

Dzimwe nyika dzinoshandisawo maprinsies azvidimbu zvinosarudzwa nokuda kwokusarudza nhume kukokorodzano dzenyika, kazhinji kazhinji dzinobatanidza mabudisiro akakwikwidzwa nemirau yakaoma kugovera.

Kukosha Kwezvisarudzo Zvokutanga

Sarudzo huru dzinobatira mabasa mazhinji akakomba mugadziriro dzehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Iwo mudzori wemirangariro yebato, mavambo echibvumirano chomuvhoti, uye mudzori wenhungamiro yepfungwa dzepati. Kupfurikidza nokubvumira vagari vemo kutora rutivi mukusarudza kwokuda kubhapatidzwa, mavambo anokudza kuzvidavirira kwehurumende yedemocracy uye anopa vavhoti danda rinooneka mumuitiro wezvematongerwe enyika.

Kutora Rutivi Runokurudzira

Chimwe chezvinangwa zvikuru zveizvi kusarudza kukurudzira kutora rutivi, zvikurukuru pakati pebato vakavimbika navatsigiri vamaoresa. Apo vavhoti vanotaura zvakananga muna avo vanovamirira muvhoti, vane bviro huru yokunzwa vaiswa mumuuyo uye kupfuudza paZuva reVhotera. Nzvero ne[FLT:] Pew Research Center P] Preven Center inoratidza kuti vavhoota vanowanzova vakadzidza zvikuru, vakuru, uye vanonyanyova vanotsiva kupfuura vavhotera, asi nhamburiko dzokuwedzera kusvika pa [Zunyoreso] savara rimwe chete namakore okutanga kubatanidzwa. Mapato anogoverawo rovedzo kurovedza nyika nokuda kwavatsigiri vemi vemi vemitengi, vazvipiri vomunzvimbomo, uye vamiririri vemo, vavaki vanotanga basa rinovakwani vanodiwa nokuda kwehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende inotonga.

Kuratidzira Nhema Dzeboka

Vaparidzi vanopa mukana wokuti vanhu vataure pfungwa dzavo uye tsika dzavo. Nhimbe inowanzova inowirirana nemubato wacho neguva rakadai semitero, kubvisa pamuviri, kubuda munyika kana kuti kodzero dzevanhu. Iyi kurukurirano yomukati inogona kuva huru uye kubudisa pachena, ichiita kuti vanoda kutora nzvimbo dzinozoratidza kuti mubato wacho wava kunzi ndewei. Mumapuraimari anovharwa, umo vavhotisi vanowanzokumbira kumapapiro epfungwa echikwata chacho. Iyi inogona kubudisa vapfupi vemine avo vari vanopfuura zvikuru muoni, vachitungamirira kukuita kuti vazivikanwi varambe varipo, asi inovimbisawo kuti vazivikanwi varambe vachiwirirana uye kuti vakuru vakuru vakuru vanosarudzwa vazvitsigiridzo zvavo.

Kubvisa Kusarudzwa Kukuru

Miuyo yesarudzo yokutanga ine tapuro huru pasarudzo yavose nemamiriro ezvamatongerwe enyika akafara. Makwikwi okutanga anogona kuparira kuzivikanwa kukuru kwezvinobudisa nhau, kuvaka zita romutevedzeri, uye kuita masangano anofambira mberi munhimbe dzose. Vawinwi kazhinji kazhinji vanowana simba(a mungwariro yezvinobudisa nhau, fariro yomupi, uye mbavarira yokuzvipira () inogona kuva inosanosarudzwa. Nenzira inopesana inogona kuderedza mukwaniriswa webato, kubvisa zvitengo nemapoka okumwe angasatsigira zvizere kuwira pasi. [[FTBG:]]

Musika Nenzvimbo Yokunyorera Nayo

Vanoda kubudirira musarudzo huru vanowanzogamuchira mashoko akawedzerwa, ayo anoisa shoko ravo kuvazhinji zvikuru vateereri. “tapuro yechiBanganwa” inogona kunyengetedza vavhoti vakuru kutsigira zvinofungidzirwa kuti zviri pamberi pemuchina wokushambadzira, nepo vachikwezvawo ngwariro yavatori venhau vorudzi, mapunditi, uye tsiviso. Uku kufuridzwa kwezvinobudisa nhau kwapachena kunokosha zvikuru kuvapikisi vanozivikanwa vasina mari yokutengesa. Zvisinei, kunzvera kukuru kunogonawo kuparira kushambadzwa kwakaipa kwegaffes kana kuti maganeti, kuita kuti kukwidziridza kukuru kwenhau kunzvera.

Kushandisa Mikana Yokushandisa Mari

Kuhwina kana kuti kuita nesimba mumikana mikuru yokuwedzera mikana yokuwana. Vadikani, zvikurukuru vaipiwa mubato nezvipo zvezvamatongerwe enyika uye vatsigiri, vanodisa zvikuru kuisa mari muvadaviri vanoratidzira kubetsera(zvinoreva kuti vane mukana chaiwo wokuwina sarudzo yavose. Zviratidzo zvakasimba zvikuru kunzanga yomupi zvokuti mushandisi ane chirango chesangano, tsigiro yeuswa, uye mano okuwina vhoti. Iyi tsigiro yemari inogona kuva inotsoropodza nokuda kwokushambadza rusarudzo, mabasa emunda, uye kuvhotera.

Matambudziko Akasangana Nemazita Okusarudza

Nyaya dzakadai sokuva mutsva, kufurira, kufurirwa nemari, uye karenda ine zvikanganiso zvose zvinotyisidzira kuvimbika kwebasa racho.

Kusakendenga Kwezvitima uye Kuderera

Kusakendenga kwezvisingashandisi mari musarudzo huru. Mwero yezvirunganwa inowanzova yakaderera zvikuru kupfuura nokuda kwesarudzo dzavose, kazhinji kazhinji inoderera pasi pe 20% munhambo dzapakati. Vavhoti vazhinji vanonzwisisa kuti kutora rutivi kwavo kune tapuro duku zvikuru, zvikurukuru mumaruwa umo muuyo wacho uri mugumisiro wemhedziso yedemo. Nemhaka yokuti mukaka unonyanyokurumbira zvikuru kana kuti nemhaka yokuti ruwa rwacho runodzorwa zvikuru nebato rimwe. Iyi nzira yakaderera yokuti vavhoti havamiriri vazhinjisa vavhoti; ivo vanowanzova vakuru, vachena, vapfumidzwa, uye vakawanda zvikuru. Uyu mukaha unotora rutivi unogona kuva miuyo yakanyanyokurumbira zvikuru kuva vadavi vazhinji zvikuru uye kuderedza kugamuchira kwose kwegadziriro.

Maruwa Ane Maruva Ane Mhosva

Gerrymandering(kudzorwa kwemiganhu yevhoti yevhiriyo nokuda kwebetsero yeganda rinodzorwa) Kunoderedza zvinetso zvesarudzo huru. Mumaruwa akasarurwa zvakasimba, kuvhota kukuru kunosarudzwa nenzira inobudirira, nemhaka yokuti kudzorwa kwebato guru kunovimbiswa chaizvoizvo kuwina muna November. Uku kunoderedza sundo nokuda kwavadaviri kukwirira kuvavhotera vane mwero kana kuti vavhoti vakazvimirira, uye kunogona kusunda hurukuro yezvamatongerwe enyika kunzvimbo dzakanyanyisa. Kusarurwa kwevota kudzorwawo kwenzanga yavose, sezvo muuyo unowanzova unowirirana. Reformation itsia inoramba kuti kukwikwidza kukwikwidza kukwikwidzana muzvose zviri zviviri zvikamu uye maruwa.

Kupesvedzera Kwemari

Basa remari mukusarudza kukuru uye kwakanyorwa zvakanaka. Vatsigiri vanogona kuzviwanira vamene kana kuti kukwira zvitsama zvikuru kubva kuvapi vakapfuma vanowana betsero huru mukuzivisa, kushanda, uye mabasa ebasa. Zvisarudzo zveDare Gurusa mu Chisarudzo cheUnited. FEC[FLD][FLD][1][1] [2010] [2010] uye [[FLT] MCcheon v.FEC[FLT] [20] (206] kuzarura suo rendyiko dzisingaganhuri nePromasssssss rePCC nerozinesis, izvo kazhinji zvinopindira mukutsigira kana kuti zvinodzivisa. Iyi mari inogona kunyudza manzwi ouswa nouswa pasina kuoma nokuda kwemifungo.

Kenda yokutanga nokuLayisha chivhozho

Kunyorwa kwezvigaro zvehurumende kunozivikanwa sekarenda yokutanga. Nhevedzo yehurumende yokufambisa zvigaro zvavo pakutanga kwegore (chinoitika chinonzi “pamberi pokuzadza”) inoreva kuti makwikwi anodzongonyedzwa munhambo pfupi, kazhinji kazhinji anofarira zvikuru, vapindi vehurumende vanozivikanwa pamusoro peavo vane zviwanikwa zvakaganhurirwa zvikuru. Mutsika dzapurezidhendi, dzinotaura pakuvamba dzakadai seIowa, New Hampshire, uye South Carolina inodzora dzinza pamberi pezvipo, dzinoumba mukana wokuvhota. Kuchinja kwakadai semabhirijiri, kutenderera kwapamberi, kana kuti kuronga kwenyika zuva guru kwave kwave kuchiitwa asi kwave kusingaitwi murutivi rwenhau nedzezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kuchenesa Nokuyera Kwepfungwa

Sarudzo huru dzinogona kuparira kuparadzwa kwezvamatongerwe enyika kupfurikidza nokunyandura vadaviri kuti vagovere zvikamu zvinonzwika zvikurusa nezvinoshingaira zvebato ravo. Mumaprim akavharwa zvikurukuru, umo kudzoka kwakaderera uye kunodzorwa navadzorwi navadzorwi, vanotora nzvimbo dzine mwero kurangwa. Uku kukwirira kwakapomerwa nokuda kwokukwira kwemifungo yeredhiyo yenzwi ramanzwiro neremitemo. Zvisinei, fundo dzinoratidzawo kuti gadziriro dzokutanga dzakajeka zvikuru (papo panovhotera napanotendi yerimwe boka dzinogona kuvhota (8) uye mitezo yerimwe boka kuti zviite manyuko ane mwero. Kugamuchirwa kwepamusoro-kakamu kaviri muCalifornia neWashington kwakabatanidzwa nokudzika kwetsika yemitemo, kunyange zvazvo ufakazi hwakavhengana.

Kuchinja Nokuvandudza Muzvisarudzo Zvokutanga

Kuchinja uku kunovavarira kuwedzera kutora rutivi, kuvandudza, kuderedza simba remari, uye kuderedza kushatirwa kwepfungwa.

Kugadzira Mazai

Kuvhota kwapakarepo (RCV), kunozivikanwawo sekuvhota kwapakarepo, kuri kuwana kutora sechinjo inogona kuvandudza sarudzo huru. MuRCV primmies, vavhoti vanoda kuvhota munhevedzano yedanho. Kana pasina muvhoti anogamuchira ruzhinji rwevhoti yokutanga, vadaviri vakakurumbira vashoma vanobviswa uye mabhora avo akaiswa panzvimbo chaiyo kusvikira mumwe mutevedzeri asvika kuvoruzhinji. Iyi gadziriro inokurudzira vakwikwidzi kuvaka mibatanidzwa mikuru, inoderedza nhimberidzo yakashata (seri zvinoda kudzivisa vatsigiri vokumwe vakwikwidzani vavo), uye inovimbisa kuti muwi mukuru mukuru. Maine naAlas akashandisa RC nokuda kwehurumende uye kusarudzwa kukuru, uye vamwe vadzokororodza kudzokorodza.

Matare Akasununguka uye Asina Kuparidzwa

Kuwedzera kusvika kupfurikidza nemitsetse mipfuureyi yakavhurika kana kuti isiri dare rinoparira jira ndiimwe nzira yokuchinja. Kupfurikidza nokubvumira vavhoti vakazvimirira uye kunyange mitezo yebato rinopikisa kutora rutivi, aya masangano anoderedza pesvedzero yemapoka akanyanyisa zvikuru uye vanopa mubayiro vanogona kukwidza mumitsetse mizhinji. Gadziriro huru yeCalifornia yakakwirira yakaitwa ichishandiswa kupfurikidza nePromenting 14 muna 2010, yakava netapuro inotanhamarisa: yawedzera nhamba yavada kurumbidza kune vasarudzo inodzika kurudzo, zvikurukuru mumaruwa apo boka rimwe rinotonga. Zvisinei, vatsoropotedza kuti inogona kubvisa vapari vechitatu vezvikamu uye pane dzimwe nguva kutungamirira kuruvasarukidzano pakati pavari vaviri vebato, vachideredza chisarudzo.

Kunyoresa Nokugadzira Mari Kunoitwa Nomunhu Asati Asvika

Kurwisa kuvhota kwakaderera uye mukaha wokutora rutivi, nyika dzakawanda dzakagamuchira miitiro yakadai sekunyoresa kwokuzvidira kwomuvhoti (AVR) pamotokari uye mamwe masangano ehurumende, kunyoresa kwezuva rimwe chetero, uye kukudza nhambo dzokuvhota dzapakuvamba. Iyi nhambo dzinokuita kuti kuve nyore zvikuru kuti vavhoti vasarukirwe mumitemo yapamusoro. Mitemo yakapinza AVR, yakadai seOregon, yakaona wedzero huru mukunyoresa uye kufambira mberi. Mukuwedzera, kubvisa misi mikuru yesarudzo kusvikira kuzhizha kana kuti kukurumidza kuwa (kupfuura Springi) uye kuvabatanidza namarusarudzo dzomunzvimbomo inogona kuwedzera kutora rutivi.

Kuronga Kuchinja Kwemari

Kuderedza pesvedzero yemari muminamato inoramba iri nharidzano inokakavadzana asi inokosha. Zvisarudzo zvemitemo zvinobatanidza kutsigira mari yavose nokuda kwavada kufunda vanobvumirana kuisa miganhu (sezvinoshandiswa mumitemo yapurezidhendiriprime kupfurikidza nesarudzo ya 2008, kunyange zvazvo gadziriro yacho yaparara), mari duku inowirirana (semuNew York City’s Superse), uye zvinodikanwa zvakawedzerwa zvokuzivisa nokuda kwendyiko dzinozvimirira. Dzimwe nyika dzakagadza mitemo yokuganhurira mwero wemitengo yeapuresi inogona kugovera kuvanhu, kunyange zvazvo iyi yakatarisana nedenho dzapamutemo. Pamwero weDYCLOSE Act nezvikarakadzo zvehurumende kuputsa [[FLT:]] Kubudiza United[FLT]

mhedziso

Sarudzo huru idivi guru uye inokosha yegadziriro yedemokrasi, inogovera nzira yakarongeka nokuda kwokuvhota, mutengi, uye kutaura kwepfungwa. Rongedzero yavo (*kuvhura, kuvhara, kana kuti kusatora)_katara) migumisiro inokosha nokuda kwoutano hwevamiririri. Nepo zvinetso zvakadai sechikamu chakaderera, gerrymanirling, mari mutevedzero yezvamatongerwe enyika, uye kukumbira kutevera kudikanwa, kuedza kupfuurira nokuchinja kufanana nokuvhotera kwakarongwa, kukudza kuoneka, uye kutsigira kuoneka kwemari kunopa tariro nokuda kwegadziriro inopfuudzwa nebudiriro. Sangano huru inoramba iri nzvimbo inokosha nokuda kwezviito zvokusarudza zvamatongetengwa. [FF] [F]