Chii Chiri Mutemo Wehurumende?

Mavambo ezvibvumirano zvehurumende anodzokera shure kumagungano ehurumende aishanda kare kare Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S. Nhasi, nyika iri yose kunze kweNebraska inoshanda ne muparameral , kureva makamuri maviri akaparadzana: kamuri rapamusoro (rinowanzonzi Dare) uye kamuri rakaderera (rinonzi Imba yaVamiririri, Assembly, kana kuti House of Vamiri, zvichitsamira pahurumende). Nebraska anomira oga nechibvumirano che [[FLT:] [FLT:]], chinobatanidza imba imwe chete inozivikanwa sekamuri reAreglas anozivikanwa zvakapfava seAbrasss Gablication.

Ukuru hwemitumbi iyi hunosiyana zvikuru. New Hampshire House of Desications, somuenzaniso, ine mitezo 400 (kamuri rakaderera zvikurusa) munyika yacho (papo Alaska House of Vamiririri ine matare 40 bedzi ane mativi 21 muDelaware kusvikira ku 67. Iyi misiyano inoratidzira nhau yechienzi yehurumende imwe neimwe, kuparadzirwa kwechiverengero chavagari vemo, uye tsika dzezvamatongerwe enyika.

Vaiti vemitemo vehurumende vanosarudzwa chaizvoizvo kubva mumaruwa enzvimbo dzinogara munyika anotorwazve makore gumi ari ose kuti varatidze chinjo dzechiverengero chavagari vemo. Maruwa enzvimbo dzakaderera kazhinji kazhinji maduku uye akawanda zvikuru, nepo maruwa eDare achifukidza nharaunda dzakafara zvikuru. Masangano mazhinjisa anoita sarudzo makore maviri ari ose nokuda kwekamuri rakaderera uye makore mana ari ose nokuda kweDare, kunyange zvazvo pane kusiyana.

Kunzwisisa chirongwa chikuru chedare rehurumende yako inhano yokutanga mukubatanidzwa nomuitiro wokuita mutemo. Conferenceal of State Legislatures (NCSL) inopa kupetwa kwakakwana kwedare remitemo rehurumende imwe neimwe.

Mitoro Yemitemo yeHurumende

Masangano ehurumende masangano ane simba ane mabasa matatu makuru: kuronga mitemo, kuronga mari, uye kutarisira. mumwe nomumwe weaya mabasa ane tapuro yakananga uye kazhinji kazhinji yapakarepo paupenyu hwavagari vemo.

Mitemo Inopfuudza

Masangano ehurumende anotanga mitemo painodokuva nhau iri yose isingachengeterwi zvakananga hurumende yehurumende. Ikoku kunobatanidza ruramisiro youtsotsi, dzidzo, mirau yezvoutano, gadziriro yemhoteredzo, zvokufambisa, mitero, uye kuisa bhizimisi. Mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya, masangano emitemo ehurumende akatungamirira panhau dzakadai serevory data, chinjo yamapurisa, uye kubvisa mimba, kazhinji kazhinji mumhinduro kusangano rezvokuronga mabhii.

Mabhiri akawanda anotaurwa nezvawo. Somuenzaniso, California Legislature inotanga zviuru zvinoverengeka zvemabhiri papurogiramu yegore rechipiri, nepo nyika duku dzakadai seWyoming dzingabata mazana mashomanene. Gwaro rimwe nerimwe rinofanira kufamba nenzira yakaoma mumatare, nharo dzouriri, uye mavhoti akawanda asati asvika kudhesiki ragavhuna.

Kutarira - tamba bhajeti

Rimwe ramasimba makurusa anobvapo echirongwa chehurumende nderokugadzira nokutendera bhajeti yehurumende. Vatongi vanosarudza nzira yokugovera nayo mari yomutero kuzvikoro, gadziriro dzezvoutano, zvirongwa zvegadziriro dzezvirongwa, chengeteko dzavanhu vose, uye mamwe mabasa ehurumende. Muitiro webhajeti kazhinji kazhinji unonyandura gakava guru pamusoro pezvokutanga, zvikurukuru apo mari inoperevedza yezvinodikanwa.

Hurumende zhinjisa dzinoshanda pagore remari rinovambira pana July 1 kusvikira kuna June 30. Muitiro wemari yokuronga mari unowanzovamba mwedzi pamberi pezvi, gavhuna achipa bhajeti inokarakadzwa kuti isangano remitemo rizogadziridza ndokupfuura. Dzimwe nyika dzinoda kugadziriswa kwakadzikama kwebhangi, revo rendyiko hadzigoni kupfuura mari inotemwa. Iyi mitemo yakaoma inotapura zvakananga kana mapurogiramu akakudzwa, akagurwa, kana kuti kubviswa.

Kutarisira Bazu Rine Chinzvimbo Chikuru

Kupfuura kuronga mitemo nokuronga mari, masangano ehurumende ane mutoro wokutarisira bazu rinotungamirira.Izvi zvinobatanidza kuongorora kuti masangano ehurumende anoshandisa sei mitemo, kuongorora mitemo, uye kuongorora zvingada kushandiswa zvisina kufanira kana kuti uori. Maturusi okutarisira anobatanidza kutonga kwedare, kuongorora, mabhii, uye simba rokusimbisa kana kuramba kugadza dare.

Mune dzimwe nyika, mutezo wedare unogonawo kubvisa vakuru vakuru vehurumende, kubatanidza gavhuna. Simba iri hariwanzoshandiswi asi rinobatira senzvero yokutsoropodza pachiremera chinotonga.

Kumirira Vakokorodzani

Muiti wemitemo mumwe nomumwe anoshanda sebatano yakananga pakati pavagari vemo nehurumende yehurumende. Iyi mharidzo inoita zvimiro zvakawanda: kubetsera vanhu vanoshanda mugadziriro (inowanzonzi “basa rekare”), kutsigira nokuda kwemabasa omunzvimbomo nemari, uye kuteerera zvinonetsa nzanga. Vaiti vemitemo vakanaka vanoramba vane mitsetse yekurukurirano yakazaruka muhoro dzetaundi, mapepa epepanhau, uye mahofisi oruwa.

Ruvara rwomufananidzo runogona kusiana zvikuru. vamwe vaiti vemitemo vanoita misangano yavose yenguva dzose ndokukumbira mubatanidzwa pamabhiri anomirira kumira, nepo vamwe vachitsamira patsamba nenzvimbo dzinobudisa mashoko nenzanga. Pasinei zvapo nomuitiro, basa rokumirira vamiriri ndorokutanga kuhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu inoshanda.

Muitiro weDare: Injini Yomutemo

Matare ndiwo anoitirwa basa chairo rokuita mitemo. Misangano mizhinjisa yehurumende ine mubatanidzwa wematare akamira anotarisira nzvimbo dzakati dzemiitiro, dzakadai sedzidzo, utano, zvokufambisa, kana kuti mirau.

Zvigaro zvedare zvine simba rinokosha; zvinosarudza zvikwereti zvokuronga nokuda kwokunzwa, kudzora purogiramu, uye kazhinji kazhinji kusarudza kana bhiri racho richazomboona vhoti.Vanzwi vanobvumira vaiti vemitemo kubvunza vatsigiri vemitengo yemari, kunzwa chipupuriro chavanamazvikokota navagari vanofarira, uye kuronga kugadziriswa. Zvirongwa zvemarkus zvinotevera, apo mitezo yedare inovhota chinjo uye pakupedzisira inorumbidza kana pamutemo uchifanira kupfuura kana kuti kukundikana.

Mamwe matare anoumbwa nenhengo dzenhengo dzese dziri mbiri, kunyanya dzemari kana kuti dzekuongorora zvinhu. matare chaiwo kana kuti anosarudza angaumbwa kuti aongorore nhau dzakati, dzakadai seopioid kana kuti kuchengeteka kwekusarudza. Kunzwisisa chirongwa chedare riri munyika yako kunokubetsera kuziva kwokuisa ngwariro panhamburiko dzako dzokuva pamutemo.

Chirongwa Open States[ migove yedare uye zvikwangwani zvinofambira mberi munyika dzose 50, kuchikuita kuti kuve nyore kuti vagari vemo vatevere mutemo munguva chaiyoiyo.

Kuchinja Kunoita Bhiri Achiva Mutemo Mumutemo Wehurumende

Kunyange zvazvo “rock house rechikoro ” iri yakarurama mufiti, maitiro chaiwoiwo ari munyika imwe neimwe ane mhatsa dzakawanda.

Sumo

Chibvumirano chinotanga apo muiti wemitemo (mutsigiri) anochisuma mune imwe kamuri. Dzimwe nyika dzinobvumira kuti zvikwereti zvisagadzirwa purogiramu isati yatanga. Mutengo mumwe nomumwe unogamuchira nhamba (muchib., HB 100 muImba kana kuti SB 50 muDare) uye unoraviwa zvinonzwika (kurava kwokutanga) usati wagoverwa kudare.

Kuhwirudzura kweDare

Iyi idanho rakakomba zvikurusa. Dare rinotonga apo chikwereti chinokakavadzana, chinogadziridzwa, uye chinovhota. Mutengo unokundikana kuwina voruzhinji mudare “wakafa” nokuda kwerusando irworwo. Kana ipo inopfuura dare, inoenda kunzvimbo yakazara.

Nharo Dzomudenga Nedzemitambo

Kana wava pauriri hwekamuri, mari yacho inoverengwa kechipiri, inovhurwa kuti ikurukure, uye ingagadziridzwazve. Mitemo yekurukurirano inosiyana zvikuru ne(5) dzimwe nyika dzine ganhuriro dzorumano, nepo dzimwe dzichibvumira kurukurirano yakatambanudzwa. Pashure pekurukurirano, chikwereti chacho chinoraviwa kechitatu uye chinovhoterwa. Vazhinjisa vanowanzodikanwa kupfuura, kunyange zvazvo dzimwe nhano dzingada kuti dzive noruzivo rukuru.

Dare Rechipiri

Kana muganhu wacho unopfuura kamuri rokuvanza, unoenda kune imwe kamuri, uko muitiro wose unodzokororwa. Kana kamuri rechipiri rikapfuudza shanduro yakasiana, dare remusangano (rokuumba mitezo inobva mumakamuri ose ari maviri) rinoparira kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira. shanduro yokubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira ipapo inofanira kutenderwa nemakamuri ose ari maviri.

Chiito chaGavhuna

Kana makamuri ose ari maviri angobvumirana, mutengo unotumirwa kuna gavhuna. Gavhuna anogona kusaina mutemo, kuubvumira kuva mutemo pasina siginicha, kana kuti kuurega. Magavhuna akawanda ane simba remutsetse wechinhu chezvikwereti zvemari, anovabvumira kurova zvinhu chaizvo zvinoshandiswa. Kana vateyiwa, mutongi angakunda vaveto nevhoti yetatu mbiri (kana kuti kuvhota kukuru kunorondedzerwa nomutemo wehurumende).

Nguva kubva pakutanga kusvika kukuita chiito inogona kuvambira pamavhiki mashomanene kusvikira kunodokusvika makore maviri, kuchitsamira parudungwe rwerudungwe rwenyika nomugariro wezvamatongerwe enyika.

Marudzi eMitemo: Nguva yakazara. Nguva

Hurumende dzinowanzoiswa muzvikamu nezvikamu zvenguva inopedzerwa nemitezo pabasa remitemo.

  • Masangano emisi inogarwa-wirirano (anowanzodanwa kuti “profesiyoni" kana kuti“ misa yezvirunganiso): Mitezo inoripirwa mari yakanaka, ine vashandi vazhinji, uye inosangana nokuda kwamarusando marefu (dzimwe nguva gore rose). Mienzaniso inobatanidza California, New York, uye Pennsylvania.
  • Zvikamu zvepanguva yapamberi pedare (zvinowanzonzi “chizezeri” kana kuti“ mirairo yevhu”): Mitezo inogamuchira muripo wakaderera zvikuru uye inosangana kwemwedzi mishomanene bedzi gore rimwe nerimwe. Vanowanzova namamwe mabasa makuru. Mienzaniso inobatanidza Montana, New Hampshire, uye Texas.
  • .Hybrid sygionals (kazhinji kazhinji inonzi “masangano echibvumirano”): Aya anowira pakati, ane muripo wakadzikama nourefu hwerusando. Mienzaniso inobatanidza Colorado, Florida, uye Virginia.

Kuronga kwadzinoita kunobatsira kutsanangura kumhanya kwenguva yadzinogona kupiwa nevaiti vemitemo pakudzidza nhau dzakaoma, kupesvedzera kwevanokurudzira kukurudzira, uye mano evagari vemo vasina upfumi hwokuzvimirira.

Mugari Wemo Anoitawo Zvaari: Nzira Yokuita Nayo Kuti Inzwi Rako Rinzwiwe

Vagari vemo vane mikana yakawanda yokupesvedzera muitiro wehurumende kupfuura mutemo wehurumende nemhaka yokuti matare emitemo maduku, anosvikika zvikuru, uye ari pedyo zvikuru nomusha. Hedzino nzira dzinoshanda dzokupinda:

Wana Mutevedzeri Wemitemo Yako Uzive Nhoroondo Yayo

Kutsvaka mapepa evhota, mari inobhadharwa, uye mabasa edare.

Nyora Kana Kuti Kudana Zvinobudirira

Paunokurukura nemuiti wemitemo, zvizivise semunhu anokwanisa kunyora mashoko, taura nhamba yepepa kana kuti chinyorwa, uye taura zvakajeka zvauri kuita. Dzivisai kunyora mabhii akadai semashoko anorema zvikuru.

Kuongorora Pakutonga Kwedare

Dare rinopa vanhu mashoko akakwana, uye rinobvumira vagari vemo kuti vape uchapupu hunotaurwa kana kuti hwakanyorwa. Gadzirira mashoko mapfupi anotsanangura kuti chikwereti chinokubatsira sei iwe kana kuti nzanga yako.

Pinda Horo dzeGuta Nezvinoitika Zvoruwa

Aya mabanza okubvunza mibvunzo, kutaura zvinonetsa, uye kuvaka ukama.

Shandisa Mashandiro Ako Okutsvaka PaIndaneti

Nyika zhinji dzinogovera masangano ezvemari anonzvera panzvimbo dzadzo dzemitemo. Unogona kusaina nokuda kwenhevero dzeemail pamabhiri akati kana kuti misoro. Maturusi echitatu-kadikate se Open States[ kubvumira kunzvera munyika dzakawanda ndokuisa mhevero dzetsika.

Pesvedzero Yamapoka Anofarira Nokupfinha

Mapoka aya anopa mashoko, mutemo wemitemo, uye mutsigiri wemigumisiro yakati.

Nyika dzakawanda dzine mitemo inoda kuti vatsvaki vanyorese uye vazivise mari yavo. Mawebsite okushandisa anoratidza tsika dzinochengetwa nemasangano ehurumende anobvumira vagari vemo kuona kuti ndiani ari kukumbira kuti vabhadhare zvikwereti zvipi uye kuti vanoshandisa marii. Somuenzaniso, Texas Ethics Commission inogovera shopu inotesanwa yemapepa okunyoresa uye mari.

Zviwanikwa zvavo zvinowanzova zvishoma kana zvichienzaniswa nemakambani kana kuti masangano, asi zvinogona kubudirira pazvinounganidza vanhu vakawanda.

Hurumende Mitemo neConsar: Misiyano Mikuru

Kunzwisisa kuti masangano ehurumende akasiyana sei neCongress kunobatsira vagari vemo kuziva zvokutarisira.

  • urefu hweSestuarch: Congress iri muchirongwa chikurusa chegore; matare akawanda ehurumende anosangana mwedzi mishomanene bedzi, kazhinji kazhinji mukuwirirana nenhambo isingagumi (g., Texas inosangana kwamazuva 140 makore maviri ari ose).
  • Throver:[ Vaiti vemitemo vehurumende vanobatira zvitsama zvemitemo uye kazhinji kazhinji vanotarisana nokuzivikanwa kwakaderera kwezita, kuchitungamirira kumwero wakakwirira wekuchinja kupfuura muCongress. Ikoku kunoreva ukama nendangariro dzesangano mvura yakawanda.
  • Miganhu yakatarwa: nyika 15 dzakagadza miganhu nokuda kwavaiti vemitemo, nepo Congress ine ganhuriro. Kuganhurirwa kunogona kuderedza simba rekusazvidzora asiwo kunotungamirira kuutungamiriri hushoma.
  • Sumo yenzvimbo yapano: Vaiti vemitemo vehurumende vari pedyo zvikuru namaruwa avo(redi nerokufananidzira). Vangadavidza zvikuru kunhau dzomunzvimbomo dzakadai semharadzano dzine ngozi kana kuti njodzi yemari yechikoro.
  • Nyukwa dzezviwanikwa: Vaiti vemitemo vazhinjisa vehurumende vane vashandi vashoma zvikuru kupfuura mitezo yeDare. Munhambo imwe, mimwe mitezo haina vashandi vomunhu oga, vachivimba navashandi vedare nenzvero yavo vamene.

Chikonzero Nei Mitemo yeHurumende Ichikosha Zvikuru Kupfuura Zvaunofunga

Masangano ehurumende azova nzvimbo yehondo nokuda kwenharo zhinji dzemitemo dzinotambudza zvikurusa muAmerica.

  • Kupinda kwapamhene: Pashure pechisarudzo cheRebbs cheDare Rapamusoro-soro chakatendeuka Roe v. Wade, masangano ehurumende akava nhandare huru dzemiitiro yokubvisa pamuviri. Dzimwe nyika dzakaita pamutemo unodokurambidza zvinhu zvose, nepo dzimwe dzakapa mitemo inodzivirira nokuwedzera kusvika.
  • Kodzero dzokuvhota: Hurumende dzakatora mitoo inorwisana nemitemo yokuvhota, nokuwedzera kwetsamba muvhota uye kuvhota kwapakuvamba uye dzimwe dzinoraira zvinodikanwa zvechivhoti chorumano uye kuisa bhasikoro mabhokisi.
  • Mari inopiwa ne[[FL:1] Kushandisa mari yechikoro, mitero yavadzidzisi, uye mipimo yezvidzidzo zvose zvinosarudzwa pamwero wehurumende. Nharo dzemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi pamusoro perondedzero yedzinza inotsoropodza, zvirambidzo zvamabhuku, uye chisarudzo chezvikoro zvakatanga mudzimbahwe rehurumende.
  • Kurapa: Zvisarudzo pamusoro pewedzero yeMedicaid, mirau yeinishuwarenzi, uye mirairo youtano yavose (zvakadai sezvinodikanwa zvenhomba) zvinoitwa namatare ehurumende. Dambudziko racho rakasimbisa basa rinokosha remitumbi iyi mumigariro youtano yavose.
  • Kuchinja kweruramisiro: Kuvambira pabheyi kugadziridza kusvikira kutongera nhungamiro kuutariri hwamapurisa, vadzori vemitemo vehurumende vari kushandura gadziriro dzeruramisiro munyika yose.

Nemhaka yokuti matare ehurumende ari pedyo zvikuru navanhu, anogona kazhinji kazhinji kupindura nokukurumidza zvikuru kukuchinja murangariro wavanhu. Asi ikoku kunorevawo kuti anotapurwa zvikuru nokubatira nefariro dzinosanopfuudzwa. Chibvumirano chakapiwa ruzivo nechokuvimbisana chinokosha kukuva nechokwadi chokuti masangano ehurumende anobatira zvakanaka zvavose.

Nzira Yokuramba Nayo Uchidzidziswa uye Uchibatanidzwa

Kuramba uchiziviswa pamusoro pomusangano wako womutemo kuri nyore kupfuura nakare kose. Hedzidzi nzira dzinoshanda:

  • Mazhinji ane makarenda, nzvimbo yepepa repepa rinoongororwa, uye marusando epauriri uye nyaya dzedare.
  • Zvinyorere kutsamba yeNCSL kana kuti tevera zvinobudisa nhau zvine chokuita nezvematongerwe enyika.
  • Batanidza sangano rehurumende rakadai seChinzwano chaVakadzi Voters, iro kazhinji kazhinji rinotarisira mutemo wehurumende ndokugovera mashoko asiri echechi.
  • Vakawanda vanopa mashoko enguva dzose emitemo.
  • Pinda kana kuti purogiramu imwe chete yedare inonzwa kana kuti youriri — kunyange kunodokuva — kuona muitiro wacho uchishanda.

Kana ukanzwisisa zvikuru kuti matare ehurumende anoshanda sei, unogona kutsigira nenzira inobudirira zvikuru miitiro inoratidzira mipimo yako nezvinodikanwa.

mhedziso

Masangano ehurumende ndiwo mabhiridhi ehurumende anoshanda eAmerica inosarudzwa navanhu. Anopfuudza zviuru zvemitemo gore rimwe nerimwe, anogovera mazana amabhirioni amadhora mumari yehurumende, uye anopa nzvero yakananga pasimba ravakuru vakuru. Iwowo ibazu rinosvikika zvikurusa rehurumende nokuda kwavagari vemowo zvavo. Kupfurikidza nokudzidza kuti dare rako rehurumende rinoshanda sei, unogona kutora rutivi nenzira ine revo muzvisarudzo zvinoumba nzanga yako.

Kutanga nokuwana vaiti vemitemo, uchitevera mutero unokufadza, uye kuzivisa vamiririri vako zvaunofunga. Democracy haisi mutambo wokuona, uye matare ehurumende ndiwo anogona kuita kuti uite musiyano mukuru.

Nokuda kwamamwe mashoko, Conferenceal of State Legislatures inopa zvisakiso zvine udzame pamuitiro womutemo wenyika iri yose, miitiro, uye miitiro yakanakisisa.