Muzinda WaPurezidhendi Nenheyo Dzawo Dzebumbiro Remitemo

Mhiko yapurezidhendi yebasa inopfuura zvikuru kudzokorora kwetsika. Chiito chapamutemo chinobatanidza purezidhendi anouya nomutemo mukurusa wenyika(United States Constitution). Mhiko yacho inonyorwa zvakajeka mu Article II, Chikamu 1, Claus 8 cheBumbiro reMitemo, iyo inoti:

I inopika zvakakomba (kana kuti isimbisa) kuti ndichaita nokutendeka Hofisi yaPurezidhendi weUnited States, uye ndichaita zvakanakisisa zvamano angu, kuchengetedza, kudzivirira nokudzivirira Bumbiro remitemo reUnited States.][FLT]]]

Uyu mutongo mumwe unopupurira nheyo huru yomutemo: kuti hakuna munhu, kunyange purezidhendi, anomira pamusoro pemurairo wapamutemo. Mhiko yacho ivimbiso yavose, inosungisa kushandisa simba ravakuru vakuru mukati memiganhu yakatangwa neBumbiro reMitemo. Nokuitora, purezidhendi anogamuchira basa rokuita mukuwirirana nomutemo uye kudzivisa muedzo upi noupi wokutonga nokuda kwapachiva kana kuti zvishuvo zvomunhu oga. Mutemo nokudaro unopiwa chitsigiso chaichoicho, chomunhu oga munguva imene yokutora basa.

Kukura Kwenzvimbo Yemazambiringa

Mhiko yacho ine zvinhu zviviri zvinokosha. Chokutanga, purezidhendi anopika nenzira yokutendeka kuuraya Hofisi yaPurezidhendi weUnited States. Chitsama ichi chinoda kushingaira, kutendeseka, uye kuita kwapamutemo kwemabasa ose akabatanidzwa napurezidhendi. Chinoramba chose pfungwa ipi neipi yemukuru mukuru mukuru akasununguka kufuratira mutemo kana kuti mitengo yemitemo. Chechipiri, purezidhendi anopika ku " dzivirira nokudzivirira Bumbiro remitemo. Iyi ibasa risingatenderwi kutsigira Bumbiro remitemo patyisidziro dzose, kunyange kungava kusiri kwevokumwe kana kuti kumusha. Pamwe chete, izvi zvinoumba zvinoumba mupimo wapamutemo unorwisana nezviito zvose zvoukuru mukuru wehurumende zvinogona kuverengwa.

Bumbiro reMitemo haridi runyoro chairwo nokuda kwemhiko kupfuura mashoko akagadzwa, asi gamuchidzanwa rakawedzera chitsama chamashoko ] naizvozvo ndibetserei Mwari" [ chifo chaakawedzera nako. Nepo ichi chiratidzo chorudzidziso chisati chichidikanwa nenzira yebumbiro remitemo, chinosimbisa mupimo wakakomba, wetsika womusengwa. Nhaicho, mhiko inogona kusimbiswa panzvimbo pokupika, kugamuchinjira avo vane zvirambidzo zvorudzidziso kana kuti zvehana.

Kushanduka - shanduka Kwenhau Kwechidhori Chomusango

George Washington akaita mhiko yokutanga yapurezidhendi pana April 30, 1789, paFederal Hall muNew York City. Akaisa ruoko rwake paBhaibheri ndokudzokorora mhiko sezvakanyorwa, ipapo akawedzera naizvozvo ndibetserei Mwari. Iyi gamuchidzanwa rateverwa naanenge purezidhendi ari wose chifo chenguva dzose, kunyange zvazvo kuiswa kworuoko paBhaibheri kuriwo chinodikanwa chetsika, kwete chapamutemo. Mhiko yacho yave ichishandiswa kunze kwenhano dzeCapitol, mukati menhano dzenyika, uye kunyange mundege, seLyndondon B. Johnson paMurwi wendege pashure pokuurawa kwaJohn F.Kennedy.

Mumazana amakore, mhiko yakachinja kuchinja mamiriro ezvinhu ezvamatongerwe enyika neenzanga. Kusimbisa Claus kunobvuma bviro yokusimbisa, vimbiso isiri yorudzidziso, iyo Purezidhendi Franklin Pierce akashandisa muna 1853 (iye akatsimba panzvimbo pokupika, kuisa ruoko rwake paBhaibheri asi asingaritsvoda). Rugwaro rwemhiko rwakaramba rusingachinjiki, asi kududzira kwarwo kwakashanduka. Somuenzaniso, " kuuraya nenzira yokutendeka" chirevo chakava nechengedzwa chaPrezidhenti yaAndrolson, uyo akapomerwa kuputsa muganhu yeHofisi yeHS.

Mhiko yacho yakapiwawo revo yakawedzerwa mukati menjodzi dzebumbiro remitemo. Purezidhendi Abraham Lincoln, mukero yake yokutanga yokutanga, akayeuchidza rudzi kuti akanga aita mhiko ku " serve, dzivirira, uye dzivirira" Bumbiro reMitemo remitemo, uye akadudzira kuti semurayiro wokuita matanho anoshamisa . Kubatanidza kubvisa habeas corpus j·tototo kuchengetedza Union mukati meHondo yeChizvarwa chavagari-mo. Saka mhiko yacho inogoverawo mutemo webumbiro remitemo nokuda kwechiito chapurezidhendi wehurumende mumamiriro ezvinhu akaipa, nepo achibatirawo sechiito chesimba risingabvumirwi.

Kusimbisa Kuparadzaniswa Kwesimba Nokuderedza Nokudzikamisa

Mhiko yapurezidhendi muitiro mukuru mu tsika yamasimba. Nokupika kutsigira Bumbiro reMitemo, purezidhendi anobvuma chiremera chakazvimirira cheCongress nedare rejajiya. Mhiko inosimbisa nheyo yokuti purezidhendi haagoni kutongokunda mitemo yakaitwa neCongress kana kuti kufuratira rondedzero dzedare. Iyi haisati iriwo zvayo yerondedzero; mhiko yave ichikumbirwa murwisano huru dzemitemo.

Kuzvidavirira Kupfurikidza Nokurayira

Bumbiro reMitemo rinogovera mutoo wakananga wokuita mhiko: kusava nomutevedzeri. Chikamu II, Chikamu 4 chinotaura kuti purezidhendi navamwe vakuru vakuru vavagari vemo vanogona kubviswa pa kutendeurirwa, uye kupfimbwa kwechipomero, kudzorwa kwechiokomuhomwe, kana kuti mamwe utsotsi hwakakwirira uye mamwe matsotsi. Mhiko iri mupimo unovakirwa apo kuvimbika kwapurezidhendi kuBumbiro remitemo kunoyerwa. Kuputswa kwemhiko yacho sekuramba namaune kuputsa mutemo kana kuti kushandisa simba roukuru nokuda kwemhindu yomunhu oga.[Fodiary Commenti yeIary Jciary yataura yataurazve pamusoro penheyo yesimba.

Somuenzaniso, mukati mekutongwa kwekutonga kwaPurezidhendi Richard Nixon, nyaya dzokusabvumirana dzakabatanidza kuputswa kwebasa rake rebumbiro remitemo rokutarisira kuti mitemo ipedzwe nenzira yokutendeka. Nheyo imwe cheteyo yakanga iri chinhu chikuru kukupinzwa kwokutanga kwaPurezidhendi Donald Trump, uko kushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwepomero kwakarongwa seputswa kwemhiko yapurezidhendi. Nokudaro, mhiko yacho haisati iri murairowo zvawo asi chipikirwa chinomanikidzirwa chapamutemo chinogona kutungamirira kukubviswa kwenzvimbo.

Muhara Nebasa Zvokutarisira Kuti Mitemo Ishandiswe Nokutendeka

Chikamu II, Chikamu 3 cheBumbiro reMitemo chinoisa basa rimwe papurezidhendi: " [H] ichava nehanya kuti Mitemo ipedzwe nokutendeka. Iyi ndima inowirirana nemhiko. Pamwe chete, vanoita musengwa mukuru kumanikidza mutemo wehurumende uye kutarisira bazu revakuru. Mhiko ichipikirwa chomunhu oga; Kutarisira Claus [ inhungamiro yokushanda.

Iri basa rine revo huru. Kunoreva kuti purezidhendi haagoni kufuratira mitemo nenzira yakasarudzwa, uyewo iye haagoni kuramba kushandisa mitemo inopfuudzwa neCongress nemhaka bedzi yokusabvumirana kwemitemo. Bazu guru rinofanira kudzika mitemo seyakanyorwa kutoti dare rakaizivisa kuva isina bvumirano. Saka mhiko inodzivisa kushandurwa kwechigaro kuva chigaro chemonarchy kana kuti chigaro. Inoita kuti purezidhendi ashande mukati megadziriro yapamutemo yakagadzwa namamwe mapazu.

Mienzaniso yazvino uno inobatanidza gakava pamusoro pokuchengetwa kwokupinda munyika nokuitwa kwemirau yemhoteredzo. Kana purezidhendi achiraira masangano anotungamirira kuzvidza mirairo yakajeka yomutemo, chiito ichocho chinogona kudenhwa sekuputswa kwemhiko uye Sanongwarira Claus. Matare eFredera akadudza panhambo nenhambo mhiko mumitemo yavo, achicherekedza kuti vakuru vakuru vebazu vanofanira kuwirirana nomutemo sezvinoshandurwa nejaji.

Kuenzanisa Nemimwe Minda Yevakuru Vehurumende

Chipikirwa chapurezidhendi rutivi rwemhiko huru yebumbiro remitemo nemhiko dzinobatanidza vakuru vakuru vose vehurumende. Article VI, Claus 3 inoda kuti vose vaiti vemitemo yehurumende nehurumende, vakuru vakuru vakuru, uye vatongi vasungirwe nemhiko kana kuti bvumirano yokutsigira Bumbiro remitemo. Mhiko yakananga yavatongi vehurumende inosimbiswa mu 28 U.S.C. . . . . 453: [[FLT:]], I, [izita], kupika kwakakomba (kana kuti) ndichaita ruramisiro vanhu, uye kuita zvakarurama kuvarombo uye kuvapfumi, uye ini ndichaita mabasa ose mukuwirirana nemitemo yeUnited States. [3]

Nhengo dzeCongress dzinoita mhiko dzakafanana. Iyi mhiko pamwe chete inosimbisa mutemo kupfurikidza nokuva nechokwadi chokuti mubatiri wavose ari wose anobvuma ukuru hweBumbiro remitemo. Mhiko yapurezidhendi, zvisinei, ine uremu hunoshamisa nemhaka yamasimba makuru — zvikurukuru pamusoro penhau dzehondo nedzedzimwe nyika . Ndiwo musengwa unooneka zvikurusa nowakakomba kumutemo unoitwa nomunhu upi noupi ari muhurumende yehurumende.

Gavhuna vehurumende navatongi vehurumende vanopikawo kutsigira Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S., vachiumba chimiro chakabatana chokuvimbika kwebumbiro remitemo mumativi ose ehurumende. Uku kuvimbika kwehurumende kuBumbiro reMitemo rehurumende kunobetsera kudzivisa Hurumende kusekesa mutemo worudzi, sezvinoonwa mukati me Crisis neRevolugious nhambo yeChivilm, apo vakuru vakuru vehurumende vaidzivisa mutemo wehurumende vaichengetwa kumhiko dzavo nematare.

Muhara Munguva Dzenjodzi: 1789 Kusvikira Kuzvino

Mhiko dzaPurezidhendi dzakaitwa mukati menjodzi dzakawedzera kusimba kwomutemo. Apo Franklin D. Roosevelt akaita mhiko muna 1933, rudzi rwakanga rwuri musimba guru roKuderera Kukuru Kwoupfumi. Hurukuro yake yokutanga yakabatanidza zvakananga mhiko yake nechinodikanwa chebumbiro remitemo chezviito zvoushingi: " ndichakumbira Chibvumirano nokuda kwechishandiso chimwe chasara kuti chigonane nenjodzi yacho (* brand Guide Guide aright simba rokurwa hondo nekurumidziro, guru sesimba raizopiwa kwandiri kudai chaizvoizvo taivhozhozhokerwa nomuvengi wokumwe munhu wokumwe."] chipikirwa chakamupa pamutemo kuti aunganidze hurumende yose pamwero mukurusa.

Nenzira yakafanana, pashure pedenho dzaSeptember 11, 2001, Purezidhendi George W. Bush akaita mhiko muna 2005 pakati perwisano dzinopfuurira muAfghanistan neIraq. Mhiko yacho yakabatira sechiyeuchidzo kuti kunyange munguva yehondo, masimba ehondo anofanira kushandiswa mukati memiganhu yebumbiro remitemo neremitemo. Zvisarudzo zveDare Gurusa re Hamdi v. Rumsfeld [[FLT]] na[FLT]BCOMMED E v. Bush zvakava] zvakavakwa panhau yokuti mhiko yapurezidhendi haisati isati isati inogovera chiremera chisingagumi.

Mhiko yacho yakavawo netariro yakajeka mukati mechinjo yapurezidhendi 2020. Mutongi Joe Biden akasimbisa chengetedzo inorema , kudzivirira, uye kudzivirira" mutsinhiro dzake dzokutanga, achiisimbisa sechibvumirano kudzorera nhevedzano yebumbiro remitemo pashure pedenho dzehurumende yapamberi pezvisarudzo. Mutambo wacho umene, wakachengetwa muchengeteko huru pashure pokudenha kwaJanuary 6 Capitol, wakanga uri ratidziro yakajeka yokuti mhiko yacho inogovera kupfuurira kwehurumende nechiremera chapamutemo kunyange pakati penyongano yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kumanikidzwa Mumutemo: Ko Maath Anogona Kubviswa Nenzira Yakananga Here?

Mubvunzo unodzokororwa mumutemo webumbiro remitemo ndewokuti mhiko youpurezidhendi inoparira basa rapamutemo rinoitwa somunhu oga rinoitwa nemutemo, ndiko kuti, mugari wemo anogona kukwidziridza purezidhendi kuita chiito chakati panzvimbo apo chinodikanwa nemhiko yacho? Dare rave richiwanzorangarira kuti mhiko yacho haisi kodzero yomunhu oga yechiito. Mhiko yacho chinodikanwa chebumbiro remitemo, asi kuputsa kwayo kunotaurwa zvakwo kupfurikidza nomuitiro wezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kunyange zvakadaro, mhiko ine simba rapamutemo. Inogona kududzwa mudare kusimbisa basa rapurezidhendi kuteerera mirau. Mu Protown Sheep & Tube Co. v. Sawyer (1952), Mutongi Hugo Black anonongedzera zvakajeka mhiko mumurangariro wake kurutsiro rwaPrezidhendi Truman rwokubvuta zvigadziko zvesimbi mukati meHondo yeKorea. Black akanyora kuti simba rapurezidhendi rinofanira kutemwa muBumbiro remitemo kana kuti chiito cheDare, uye mhiko “kungwarira kuti mitemo ipedziswe nokutendeka” inodzivisa pfungwa yokuti purezidhendi wacho ane masimba ekurumidziro. Nokudaro, mhiko yacho inobatira senharo yapamutemo mukati pamutemo, kunyange kana isingatsigiri chisakiso chechisarudzo chapamutemo.

Kuedza Sechigadzikiso Chekutanga

Nemhaka yokuti mhiko yacho inozviparadza kupfurikidza nokuzvidavirira kwezvamatongerwe enyika bedzi, simba rokusabvumirana icherekedzo yokupedzisira yebumbiro remitemo. VaFramers vakaita noune kuti kuve kwakaoma kubvisa purezidhendi (kuvhota matatu maviri muDare) kudzivisa kubviswa kwenharo, asi vakajekeserawo kuti purezidhendi anotengesa mhiko yake anogona kubviswa panzvimbo. Mhiko yacho inoshanda sesungano [ yemasvolemn [ norudzi, kuchengetwa kwechibvumirano chacho chinova neDare sechitunhare.

Zvikamu zvekusatenderwa kwemapurezidhendi Andrew Johnson, Richard Nixon, Bill Clinton, naDonald Trump zvose zvakanongedzera mhiko yacho sechinhu chaifanira kutyorwa napurezidhendi. Kana izvozvo zvichitungamirira kupwiswa chisarudzo chezvamatongerwe enyika, asi mhiko yacho inopa mashoko emitemo okuita kuti purezidhendi azvidavirire.

Zvinetso Zvamazuva Ano Nenharo Zvakapoteredza Munda

Vamwe vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti mapurezidhendi akakudza simba rokutungamirira kupfuura ganhuriro dzebumbiro remitemo, vachidudza kuvimba nezvirevo zvehurumende zvisina mumwe, zviziviso zvekurumidziro, uye kududzirwazve kwemirau sekuputswa kwe “kutongwa kwakatendeka” kwemhiko. Vadziviriri vanopindura kuti mhiko inobvumira kusabvumirana kwechitendero chakanaka pamusoro pesimba rechiremera uye kuti purezidhendi ane basa rokududzira Bumbiro remitemo pasina muganhu.

Imwe denho yazvino uno mamiriro etsika neamanyuko emhiko. Mutambo wokutanga wazova chiitwa chikuru, pane dzimwe nguva chinofukidza chinhu chapamutemo. Nyanzvi dzakadai se Professor Sanford Levinson dzakabvunza kana vanhu vanonzwisisa zvirokwazvo rudzi runosungirirwa rwemhiko yacho kana kuti kuibata sechingori chapapepa. Bva revo yapamutemo inosara: mhiko yacho imisitwa yokupedzisira purezidhendi asati awana chiremera chehofisi. Hakuna purezidhendi anogona kunyoresa nenzira yomutemo pasina kuitora, sezvinodudzwa muChikamu II, Chikamu 1.

Mukuwedzera, kurukurirano pamusoro penongedzero dzorudzidziso dzinopfuurira. Kunyange zvazvo kutaura kwokuti “ndibetserei Mwari” kuri kwamagamuchidzanwa, kutemerwa kwapamutemo kwave kuchidenhwa mukuvambwa kwaClaus. matare maduku akaitsigira kazhinji kazhinji sechirevo chetsika, asi nhau yacho ingavapozve. Bumbiro remitemo rinobvumira, naizvozvo purezidhendi angagona kusarudza kubvisa mutsetse worudzidziso pasina muuyo wapamutemo.

Basa Remuorivhi Mukutonga kwoMutemo: Kupedziswa

Mhiko yapurezidhendi isangano mhenyu rinovhara mukaha pakati penheyo dzebumbiro remitemo dzisiri dzepamutemo nouchokwadi hwokutonga. Imhiko yomunhu oga inoshandura mutevedzeri kuva mukuru mukuru webumbiro remitemo anodzorwa nomutemo. Mutemo hausi murangariro usinganzwisisiki; unopiwa nyama nguva imwe neimwe apo purezidhendi mutsva anosimudza ruoko ndokudzokorora mashoko 35. Mhiko yacho inovimbisa kuti purezidhendi anotanga kuva netendero yavo yakajeka rokuti simba ravo rinogoverwa, kwete romuzvarirwo.

Kupfurikidza nokuda kuti purezidhendi aidzwe , dzivirira, uye dzivirira" Bumbiro reMitemo, mhiko inodzivirira tyisidziro ine ngozi zvikurusa kuRepublic: chitendero chokuti munhu mumwe ari pamusoro pomutemo. Yakaedzwa nehondo yavagari vemo, kuwa kwemari, kudenha kwokumwe, uye kumukira pamutemo. Munjodzi imwe neimwe, mhiko yakagovera chitsikiso chebumbiro remitemo. Nepo pasina mhiko inogona kusimbisa utungamiriri hwakanaka, inogadza mupimo unotevedzero unotevedzerwa. Chero apo purezidhendi anoramba ari nzvimbo ine simba zvikurusa pasi pano, mhiko icharamba iri dziviriro inokosha yehurumende yomutemo muUnited States.

Kuravazve, ona [[FLT: 0] Consitution Anongedzerwa: Purezidhendi Oath; Tsitsi reNyika: Bumbiro remitemo reUnited States; uye [[FLT:] Cornell Information Institute: Incal [.