Nheyo Dzokudzivirirwa Kwebumbiro Remitemo

Bill of Rights, yakasimbiswa muna 1791, pakuvamba yakakurukura rusununguko rukuru rwerudzi ruduku rwakakamurwa zvikuru norudzi, boka, uye uzivi hwezvamatongerwe enyika. Vapfumi varwo havana kuisa muchiono rwisano huru dzekodzero dzavanhu dzaizovapo mumazana amakore ari mberi. Bva rugwaro rweFirst Amendment rwekuvimbisa kutaura, gungano, uye chikumbiro, pamwe chete nezvipikirwa zveChibvumirano chePendekoso cheChishanu nerechigumi nerechigumi nerechishanu zvegadziriro yakaenzana, pakupedzisira zvakagovera kurongwa kwepamutemo kwekodzero dzourema. Nemhaka yerugwaro rweChiviko chekodzero dzekodzero hadzina kutongodudzwa zvakajeka, vamiriri vemitemo, vagadziri vemitemo, uye vatongi vaifanira kutsanangura nheyo dzarwo kuti dzibatane muviri, ndangariro, dzidzo, uye kushatina pfungwa. Kududzira uku hakuna kuitika usiku humwe uswa kwemakumi egore, kuronga kwouswa kwouswa kwomutemo, uye kubatanidzwa kwemitemo yaMamirioni emamiriyoni emamiriyoni eAmerica.

Kududzira Kuchimbidzika uye Kuganhurirwa Kwekodzero Dzevanhu

Muzana ramakore rechi19 uye pakuvamba kwerechi20, matare haana kutongoshandisa Bill of Rights kudzivirira vanhu nourema. Bumbiro remitemo rakanzwisiswa zvikurukuru sechidzoreso pahurumende yehurumende yehurumende, kwete senzvimbo yokubvuma kuti vanhu vapinde kana kuti vagare. Hurumende namasangano omunzvimbomo zvakarega vanhu vane urema mudzimba dzemari, nzvimbo dzokuchengetera, uye "mitemo" yakarambidza vanhu kuchena kunooneka munzvimbo dzavose. Dare repamusoro redare mu . Bell[FLT:] [197] [197])) (8] akatsigira nenzira inonyadzisa mutemo weVirginia unobvumira kuvhara vanhu kuvharwa kubereka kunomanikidzirwa nemhaka yokuti vakasarirwa, naMajeriti akasai.

Makwai Anoshambadza uye Kudzikamisa Kutanga

Chinjo yokutanga chaiyo yakaitika apo vashinganyi vekodzero dzevaremare vakatanga kushandisa rusununguko rweFirst Amendment kuti vade kuona nokuchinja. Muma1960 ne1970, mapoka akadai seRollang Quads yakavakirwa paBerkeley uye sangano rinogara rakarongwa kuti riratidze pachena, kugara, uye misangano yokubudisa nhau yaida kudzivirirwa pakutaura nokuungana. Vamiririri vane urema vakavharidzira mabhazi, vaitakura zvivako zvehurumende, uye vaifamba paWashington kuti vapedzire ngwariro kukusapinda mumugwagwa uye kuvakwa. Pasina kodzero dzokutanga Kudzora, izvi zvaizokurumidza kumiswa. Dare raizivikanwa kuti magungano evanhu vane urema aidzivirirwa semamwe mafambiro api naapi.

Chikamu 504 cheRehabilitation Act ya1973 chakava mutemo wokutanga wehurumende kurambidza rusaruro runotsamira pakuremara mupurogiramu dzinogamuchira mari yehurumende, asi kwakatora makore matatu okupa mitongo yakakomba kuti ishandiswe. Muna 1977, vashinganyi mumaguta gumi aiitirwa muUtano, Education, uye mahofisi eWelfare. Basa rakareba, muSan Francisco, rakapedza mazuva 25 uye rakatevedzerwa munyika yose. Avo vakabudirira nemhaka yokuti Bill of Rights akabvumira vanhu vane urema kutaura, kuunganidza, uye kukumbira hurumende pasina kudzorwa. Uku kubatana pakati pekutaura kwapachena nekodzero dzourema kunoramba kunoramba kunoramba kuva nenheyo yourema kunoramba: masangano ourema nhasi anotsamira paPremo reFirst Amement forform, kubudisa tracrate, uye mirautsi yemite yemite yemite yemite yedare mudare redare.

Dziviriro Yakaenzana Namaruramiro Okusava Norusaruro

Gemende ye14th Amendment, yakatenderwa muna 1868, yakatambanudza Bill of Rights mukurwisana nehurumende ndokuvimbisa "dziviriro yakaenzana yemitemo." Muzana ramakore rechi20 rose, Dare Gurusa rakadudzira dziviriro yakaenzana kurambidza rusaruro rwakavakirwa padzinza, mavambo orudzi, uye vatano. Asi kwerizhinjisa ramakore iroro, urema hahuna kubatwa seboka rinodzivirirwa. Nheyo dzakaderera zvikuru dzekuongorora dare dzinobvumira nyika kuisa inenge mutemo upi noupi unotapura vanhu vakaremara chero bedzi husati hwaiva hwokusasarura chose chose chose. Ikoku kwakatungamirira kukuvara kwakapararira mudzidzo, basa, uye hurema. Vana vane urema hwavangwara hwakapararira zvikoro zvavose. Vana vaibviswa kazhinji kazhinji nezvikoro zvavo, uye kuremadzwa navanhu vakuru vakaganhurirwa mumasangano akaderera zvikuru.

Nguva yokuchinja yakauya ne [[FLT: 0] Pennsylvania Association for Retarded Children (PARC) v. Nhevedzo yePennsylvania [[FLT]] [72] na[FLT]] Mills v. Boka reDzidzidzo reColumbia [] [[FLT]]] [72]]. [[FLT]]] [[5], murairo wehurumende unosimbisa kuti vana vane uremuremuro havagoni kubviswa padzidzo yavose pasina muitiro wakafanira.[FLT] [FFFF:6]]] [FF]]

VaAmerica Vane Urema Vanoita Sechibvumirano Chokushandiswa Kwekodzero

VaAmerica vane Urema hweChibvumirano cha1990 (ADA) vanowanzonzi "chiziviso chokuva nemiganhu" nokuda kwavanhu vane urema. Nepo uri mutemo, kwete kugadziriswa kwebumbiro remitemo, ADA inonongedzera zvakajeka mipimo yeBill of Rights. Muzviwanwa zvayo, Congress yakataura kuti "vaviriri vane urema vanyajambwa uye vashomanene vakatarisana neganhuriro neganhuriro, vakapinzwa kunhau yokubatwa kusina donzo, uye vakarevererwa kunzvimbo yokusava nesimba kwezvamatongerwe enyika munzanga yedu." . Mutauro iwoyo wakadzokorodza mashoko omuzasi akakurumbira e [FLT: 0] .[FLT] Marudzi [FLT] [FLD1:] (198], ayo akakarakadza kufungira kwor-peidzo nohuduku zvikuru kunzvera kuoma kwechipome. Kunzvera kururamisa pamutemo kwenhau yehurumende kupfurikidza kusarura.

ADA inorambidza rusaruro mubasa (Tit I), mabasa avose (Tit II), pokugara pavose (Tit III), uye tetragrammation (Tit II), inoda pokugara napokugadziridza zvine mufungo kutoti vachiisa chinetso chisina kufanira kana kuti vachichinja zvikurukuru rudzi rwebasa. Dare rakadudzira aya magadziriro kupfurikidza neresitiki yemitemo. Somuenzaniso, mu TINSEAVER v. Lane[FL:1] [2004], Dare Rapamusoro rakarangarira kuti Thit II yeAAAgnogn rescrect reconstrigittion nemhaka yokuti inobvumira kuganhurirwa kwapamutemo nemhaka yokuti inobatira kodzero yokupinda mumatare. Magariro aiwo akabvumira pamutemo kupfurikidza nechakaipa vanhu vaviri vakaoma.

Kudzivirira Kwakafanira Nokuchinja Kwemasangano

Muitiro wakafanira ([FLT:][[FLT]] [1999]) yakadudzira murairo weADA's sezvinodikanwa zvinotarisana nokurongeka, kuchengetwa, uye kubatwa zvisina kufanira. Dare Gurusa mu Olmstead v. L.[FL:1] [1999] [[FLT]] [99]) yakadudzira kuraira sokuda kwemirayiro seinoda kuti nyika dzibatire nourema hwakanangana mugadziriro yakaenzana zvikurusa nezvinodavirwa. Asi muitiro wakafanira unodzivirirawo kukuvakwa kusingaruramisiwi. Mu [FLT:] [FLT:] [FFFFFF:3] zvikuru] [iff3] [isssvusvurosem], Dare remhindiroseidzo dzinoda kubetsera zvikuru pamberi pokuedza kugona kuisa mupimo mukuru wezviwirotirotirotiro.[4]

Kutarisirwa uye Kuzvisarudza

Bill of Rights yakasimbisawo kusimba kwerusununguko rwomunhu oga kwakanyandura sangano kutsiva gadziriro dzokuchengeta dzinotsigirwa negadziriro dzokuita zvisarudzo. Munezvokuchengeta kwegamuchidzanwa, dare rinoisa munhu ane urema hunokosha hwekodzero yokuita somunhu oga, yezvemari, kana kuti yemari. Ikoku kunogona kuenzana norufu rwavagari vemo. Zvinetso zveMitemo yemitemo yataura kuti kushaiwa kukuru kwakadaro kunoputsa muitiro wakafanira wekuchengeta nokuchengeta. (hwu ndirwo maruramiro okuita zvisarudzo zvomunhu amene pamusoro pokutarisira kwezvokurapa, pokugara, uye upenyu hwezuva nezuva. Kunyange zvazvo matare mashomanene akatonga pauriri hwemitemo yemitemo yemitemo yekodzero dzavanhu nokuda kwokuchengeta, nheyo dzekodzero dzakapesvedzera mutemo. Ruviko rwechikwa rwamakwarati, Constanterration, uye zvimwe purogiramu dzinodzivirira (UGCOPA) zvinosimbisa kudzo dzinoda kumirayiro uye kumipimo wavanhu.

Kutaura, Kutaura, uye Mutauro Usina Kutsarukana

First Amendment yakaumbawo kuti urema hunokurukurwa nokumiririrwa sei. Vanhu vakarwa kuti vadzore mutauro unoshandiswa kurondedzera iwo(8) kubvisa mashoko akadai se "handicad" kana kuti "kudzosa" nokuda kwe "vanhu vakaremara" (vanotsamira pazvavakarerekera voga kana kuti venzanga). Kunyange zvazvo pasina kodzero yemitemo yokurayira mashoko avose, Pedermendi inodzivirira kodzero dzenzanga dzinorema kuti dzitsigire mutauro unoremekedze uye kushora kushairira kushaikwa kwemifananidzo muzvinobudisa nhau uye hurukuro dzavose. Muna 2010, Purezidhendi Barack Obama akasaina Mutemo waRoma, uyo wakatsiva "kukanganisa pfungwa dzendangariro" no "urema hwema" mumutemo womubatanidzwa. Kuchinja ikoko kwakavapo kwamakore okuzvidzwa uye kunoitwa nemhuri dzakazvidzwa.

Kushatirwa, Kuvenga Kutaura, uye Kuwana Mashoko paIndaneti

Panzvimbo dzapakombiyuta, apo kutaura kwavose kwakawanda kunoitika zvino, kunopa denho dzechienzi kuvanhu vane urema. Kuwana kwewebsite hakududzwi zvakajeka muBill of Rights, asi Hurumende yeFirst Amendment inovimbisa kusununguka kwepfungwa dzinoreva kuti vanhu vakaremara vanofanira kukwanisa kupinda pamapuratifomu okushandisa zvakarurama. Kubvira muna 2016, matare akatowedzera kutaura kuti ADA inoshanda kuwebsite uye maamburera enzvimbo dzokugara dzavose. Muneichikamu che RHOBS v. Pizza C[FLK] [20] [20], , , nharaunda inotonga kuti maDomino anofanira kuita nzvimbo dzayo dzepanyuko dzekugara dzinoshandiswa neapo pamusha. Zvinosarudzwa kuti zvisarukire vanhu vasingapindi. Zvisarudzo zvacho zvinobatanidza mipimo yebumbiro remitemo yemitemo yavose inoshandiswa kupfuvura reze vanhu. Asi mamiriro ehurumende anoenderera mberi ehurumende anopfupikisa kupfumisa migariro yemitemo ino.

Kuzivisa Kodzero Nekuwana Bharuti

maruramiro okuvhota haana kudzivirirwa zvakajeka muBill of Rights asi anodzivirirwa nokugadziridzwa kunotevedzana (pachi15, 19th, 24th, uye 26) uye Kudzivirira kwakaenzana kwaClaus. Vanhu vakaremara vakatarisana nemhinganidzo dzenhau dzokuvhota, kubatanidza nzvimbo dzisingasvikiki, kushaikwa kwemichina yokuvhotera inowanika, uye mitemo inobvisa vanhu vari pasi penzvimbo dzinochengetwa. Chinopa ganhuriro cheAmerica chePurote yeSangano re2002, (HVA) yaida muchina mumwe unobhadharo unosvikika munzvimbo inovhotera uye yakavamba purofiti inopfuureruka. Bva se 20222, Dare reHurumende rinorambwa navanoshaiwa njodzi dzapamutemo. Kana zvichishaidzwa zvinoda migariro migariro mitengo yavanhu.

Kukakavadzana Kwemazuva Ano uye Bhuku Rekodzero Dzevanhu

Nharo dzapamutemo dzemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi dzinosimbisa kuti Bill of Rights inoramba iri chishandiso chipenyu mukurema. Dambudziko reCOVID-19 rakaunza kusawirirana kwapamberi pakati peganhuriro dzoutano hwavanhu nekodzero dzokuremara. Dzimwe nyika dzakabudisa mipimo yenjodzi yokutarisira kuti vanhu vakaremara vane urema nokuda kwevapukunyuki kana kuti mibhedha yeICU. Masangano ekodzero dzekodzero dzekodzero dzekodzero dzinoshayisa denho dzemitemo yepamutemo pasi pedziviriro neBara reCal Programmes Clauses, achiramba zvikuru kuti mitemo yakadaro yakazvidzwa pahwaro zvourema. Matare akaramba zvikuru kutaura uku sokunyanyova kwakanyanyowanda kana kuti kusati kwaibva, asi nhau yacho yakaratidzira kuderera kupfuurira: Bill Rekodoution rezvokurapare, uye mumigariro youtano yavose, mari shoma inogoverwa kupfurikidza nokugovera vanhu mamiriro ezvinhu akaoma.

Imwe nzvimbo yenyasha iwirirano pakati pourema nekodzero dzokubvisa mimba. Chipikirwa che14 cheFirmendment chekuzvitonga kwomuviri chakanga chiri hwaro hwe Roe v. Wade na Dobts v. Jackson’s Health Organization [ [2022], iyo yakagumisa dziviriro yehurumende yemitemo yehurumende nokuda kwokubvisa pamuviri. Vatsigiriri vanokamuranisa: rutyo rwokubvisa mimba pamavambo eDowth syndromes kana kuti mimwe migariro inoremadza upenyu hwavadziko; vamwe vanosimudzira kubereka sokuremara kunokosha nokuda kwavakadzi, avo vanotarisana nemwe mitengo yakakwirira yokubereka. Kodzero haipedzi kupedza rwisano, asi inopa kurukurirano yedzo inoparira mativi ose ari maviri okutsiva, kusimbisa njodzi, kudzivirira kupfurikidza nokubereka kutendeka.

mhedziso

Bill of Rights, yakanyorwa nokuda kwenzanga yekodzero dzavanhu isina nzwisiso ipi neipi yehurema senhau yekodzero dzavagari vemo, yazova chimwe chezvokushandisa zvine simba zvikurusa nokuda kwokuenzana kwohurema. Kududzira kwakaitwa neCongress, matare, uye vatsigiri vakaisa urema mutsika dzemitemo. First Amendment inopa inzwi kunzvimbo dzinozvidzora nedzinosimudzira. Kudzivirira kwaCetable kunoda kuti vanhu vakaremara varedze kuva vanhu vane chiremera. Kudzivirira kunodzivisa kuiswa mumitengo isingadzo isingadzorwi. Uye vaAmerica vane tsika yokudzikamiswa kwetsika yetsika yetsika ino unorevesa. Chitendero chapamutemo chakachinja nzvimbo dzavose, mabasa, uye kupfuurira. Asi basa harina kupera. Vanhu vanongoramba vachitarisana nokushaya mabasa, urombo, uye mwero wakasiyana neuwanwa naveusino.