Kutungamirira Kunoita Kuti Utevedzere Kutonga

Bumbiro remitemo igadziriro yapamusoro zvikurusa inorondedzera kuti nyika, sangano, kana kuti rimwe sangano rinodzorwa sei. Rinobatira sechinhu chikuru chegadziriro dzezvamatongerwe enyika, kugadza kuparadzirwa kwesimba, maruramiro avanhu, uye ganhuriro dzechiremera. Nepo vanhu vazhinji vachifunga nezvebumbiro remitemo rakanyorwa segwaro rimwe chetero (rokufanana neUnited States Constitution ye1787,89, dzimwe nyika, dzakadai seUnited Kingdom neNew Zealand, zvinoshanda pasi pebumbiro remitemo, kokorodzano, uye zviitiko zvokutonga.

Mabumbiro emitemo haawirirani. Anochinja kupfurikidza nokuchinja, kududzira dare, uye kuchinja mutsika dzezvematongerwe enyika. Ukoshi hwawo hahugoni kupfuudzirwa: anogovera mitemo yemutambo wenzanga dzedemocracy, achivimbisa kuti simba rinoshandiswa nenzira yapamutemo uye kuti rusununguko rukuru rwavagari vemo runodzivirirwa. Kunzwisisa mabumbiro emitemo kunokosha kumunhu upi noupi anofarira kutonga, mutemo, kana kuti muitiro wavose.

Donzo Rebumbiro reMitemo

Pamavambo aro, bumbiro remitemo rinobatira madonzo anoverengeka akabatana ayo pamwe chete anoumba gadziriro yakatsiga, yakarurama, uye inozvidavirira yokutonga. Pasi apa pane nharidzano huru idzo bumbiro riri rose romutemo rinovavarira kuita.

Kuumba Hurumende

Bumbiro remitemo riri rose rinoronga kuvakwa kwehurumende. Rinodudza nhamba yamapazu (*) anotungamirira, anotonga, uye anotonga (anorondedzera masimba awo akasiyana nemabasa). Somuenzaniso, Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S. rinoparadzanisa simba pakati pehurumende yehurumende nehurumende (masangano), nepo richiparadzanisawo mapazi matatu ehurumende kudzivisa chinhu chimwe nechimwe kuti chisave chikuru zvikuru. Uku kujeka kunodzivisa nyongano pamusoro poune chiremera uye maitiro anoitwa.

Kudzivirira Kodzero Dzomunhu Mumwe Nomumwe

Mitemo inobatira sedziviriro mukurwisana nehurumende inonyengerwa. Mitemo mizhinjisa yazvino uno inobatanidza mutemo wekodzero kana kuti mirau yerusununguko rukuru iyo inovimbisa vagari vemo dziviriro nokuda kwomutauro, rudzidziso, gungano, mutoo wakafanira, uye kubatwa kwakaenzana mumutemo. Mabumbiro emitemo eIndia, somuenzaniso, ane ndaza huru yekodzero dzinokosha dzinodzorwa nejaji. Pasina dziviriro dzapamutemo, mapoka maduku navanotapurika anogona kuderedzwa nyore nyore nevoruzhinji.

Kugovera Kuchengeteka Nekudeya Kudeya Kutaurwa

Kupfurikidza nokutanga miitiro yakajeka yokuita mitemo, sarudzo, uye kurongeka, bumbiro remitemo rinoumba mhoteredzo yezvamatongerwe enyika inodeya kuzivikanwa. Vagari namabhizimisi vanogona kuronga nokuda kwenguva yemberi nemhaka yokuti vanonzwisisa mitemo inodzora chinjo dzemiitiro. Iyi dzikamo inodzivisawo kutonga kwounyengeri ndokuderedza bviro yenjodzi dzezvamatongerwe enyika. Mabumbiro emitemo anowanzobatanidza miitiro inobvumira chinjo kudzorwa pasina kudzongonyedza tsika yose.

Kubatsira Vaya Vari Kuchinja Mune Rugare

Gadziriro yemitemo inoita kuti pave negadziriro dzokuchinja kurongwa kwehurumende.

Marudzi Emitemo

Kunzwisisa mapoka aya kunobatsira kuenzanisa kuti nyika dzakasiyana - siyana dzinodzora sei.

Mavs. Mabumbiro emitemo asina kunyorwa

Bumbiro remitemo rakanyorwa rakabatanidzwa mugwaro rimwe rine chiremera. Nyika zhinjisa, kubatanidza United States, Germany, uye South Africa, dzinoshandisa mabumbiro emitemo akanyorwa nemhaka yokuti anogovera ujekeso uye ari nyore kunongedzera. Mukupesana, bumbiro remitemo (risina kunyorwa nenzira yakarurama zvikuru rinorondedzerwa serisina kujeka) rinotsamira pamubatanidzwa wemirau, kokorodzano, uye dare. United Kingdom’s bumbiro remitemo rinobatanidza Magna Carta, Bill of Rights (89, Human Rights Act 1998, uye magungano akawanda emitemo yapamutemo anochinjika asi anoshatiswa pane dzimwe nguva.

Mitemo Inochinjika

Mabumbiro emitemo anoda kuti pave nekokorodzano huru, kugadziriswa chaiko, kana kuti kutenderwa nemuviri wakaparadzana (zvakadai setendimu) kuti uchinje. Ikoku kunodzivirira nheyo dzapakuvamba kubva mumitunhu mikuru inopfuura asi kunogona kuita kuti chinjo ive yakaoma. Somuenzaniso, Bumbiro remitemo rinoda kuti dzimba mbiri nedzitatu dzehurumende. Mabumbiro emitemo anogona kuchinjwa nevoruzhinji vemitemo, somuUnited Kingdom, umo chiito chakapfava cheParamende chinogona kuchinja gadziriro dzemitemo. Kushambadzira-mutemo kunobva pakati pekutsigadzikano nedzoro.

Mitemo yeUnity Constitutions

Mabumbiro emitemo anokamuranisa simba pakati pehurumende yepakati nemapoka enharaunda (zvikamu, maruwa, kana kuti macanton). Canada, Australia, uye India anoshanda mugadziriro dzehurumende umo mwero mumwe nomumwe une masimba anopikirwa nenzira yebumbiro remitemo. Mabumbiro emitemo anonangidzira chiremera pamwero wenyika, kunyange zvazvo angapa mamwe masimba kuhurumende dzomunzvimbomo. France neJapan mienzaniso yenyika dzine udzori hwakasimba zvikuru.

Mitemo yeRepublican Constitutions

Mitemo yehurumende inochengeta musoro wenhaka wehurumende, kazhinji kazhinji une masimba akaganhurirwa kana kuti etsika. Spain, Japan, uye United Kingdom ine judha remitemo. Mabumbiro emitemo eRepublica ane mutungamiriri akasarudzwa kana kuti akagadzwa wehurumende, zvakadai sapurezidhendi kana kuti munhu wetsika mugadziriro dzeparamende. Musiyano unotapura chimiro chesimba rechiremera uye muitiro wokutevedzana.

Mativi Makuru Ebumbiro Remitemo

Kunyange zvazvo bumbiro remitemo richisiyana - siyana, zvinhu zvinoverengeka zvakajairika mugadziriro dzehurumende inosarudzwa nevanhu.

Kuoma Kwebumbiro Remitemo

Iyi nheyo inotaura kuti bumbiro remitemo ndiro chiremera chakakwirira zvikurusa. Mutemo upi noupi kana kuti chiito chehurumende chinopokanidza bumbiro remitemo hachizati chiri chinhu. Dare rinoita basa rinokosha mukusimbisa ukuru kupfurikidza nehwirudzuro yedare. muIndia, Dare Rapamusorosoro rinogona kuputsa mitemo inoputsa chimiro chikuru chebumbiro remitemo, kunyange kana rakapfuudzwa noukurusa.

Kuparadzana Kwesimba

Dzidziso yokuparadzana kwamasimba inokamuranisa hurumende kuva mapazi matatu: mitemo yomutemo (inoita mitemo), uye mitemo yokutonga. Ikoku kunodzivisa kuparadzanisa kupi nokupi kweBumbiro reMitemo reU.S. kuva kwakasimba zvikuru, nepo gadziriro dzeparamende dzakafanana neUnited Kingdom dzakavanza mutsetse pakati pomukuru mukuru nedare, sezvo gurukota nedare ramasangano zvichitorwa muParamende.

Makeja Nedzikamo

Bazu rimwe nerimwe rine zvishandiso zvokuganhurira zviito zvezvimwe. Somuenzaniso, Purezidhendi weU.S. anogona kudzora mutemo, Congress inogona kukurira kumira nevoruzhinji vane zvitatu zviviri, uye Dare Rapamusorosa rinogona kuzivisa mitemo isiri pamutemo. Nzvero nedzikamo zvinovimbisa kuti simba harina kuiswa panzvimbo uye kuti bazi rimwe nerimwe rinogona kudzivisa kudzongonyedzwa. Dare reFederal Constitutional Dare reGermany rinogonawo kuhwirudzura mitemo nokuda kwetsinhirano neSikisi.

Bhizi Rekodzero Dzevanhu

Mabumbiro emitemo akawanda anobatanidza ndaza yakarongwa yekodzero dzinokosha. Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (chikamu choMutemo weConstitution Act, 1982) chinovimbisa maruramiro oupenyu, rusununguko, uye chengeteko zvomunhu, pamwe chete nokuenzana norusununguko rwokutaura. Bumbiro remitemo reSouth Africa rapashure peparati remitemo rinozivikanwa nokuda kweBill of Rights inofambira mberi, kubatanidza kodzero dzezvemari nedzenzanga dzakadai sokuwana pokugara, utano, uye dzidzo.

Basa Rebumbiro remitemo Mukudzora

Mabumbiro eMitemo haasiwo zvawo magwaro okufungidzira; anoumba nokushingaira nzira iyo nyika inodzorwa nayo pahwaro hwezuva nezuva.

Kupa Chiremera Chine Simba Rapamutemo

Hurumende dzinowana maruramiro adzo mubumbiro remitemo. Sarudzo, kugadza, uye zvisarudzo zvebumbiro remitemo zvinofanira kutevera mitemo yebumbiro remitemo kuti igamuchirwe seyakabvumirwa. Ikoku kunokosha zvikuru muhurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu umo bumbiro remitemo rinobetsera kutanga chivimbo mumasangano matsva. Somuenzaniso, Bumbiro remitemo reSouth Africa ra1996 rakabetsera kusimbisa hurumende yapashure peparatimende kupfurikidza nokubatanidza maruramiro avanhu uye kuva nechokwadi mumiitiro inobatanidza zvematongerwe enyika.

Kuitwa Kwomuitiro Wokutungamirira

Bumbiro remitemo rinogadza miganhu yetsika. Vadzori navakuru vakuru havagoni kuisa mitemo inoputsa nheyo dzebumbiro remitemo. Iyi gadziriro inovimbisa kuti zvisarudzo zvemiitiro zvinoremekedza kodzero dzinokosha uye kupesana kwemasimba. MuUnited States, Commerce Claus yave ichishandiswa kururamisa mirau yehurumende, nepo Pession Remendment ine masimba eTenth Constendimendment kuhurumende. Gadziriro dzakadaro dzebumbiro remitemo dzinoumba mamiriro ezvoutano, chinjo yemamiriro okunze, uye garikano yenzanga.

Kuzvidavirira

Mabumbiro emitemo anoita kuti vakuru vakuru vazvidane. Zvinoda kuona zviri pachena, muitiro wakafanira, uye sarudzo dzenhambo nenhambo. Kurondwa kwemitsetse kunobvumira kubviswa kwavatungamiriri vakaipa kana kuti vanotuka. Kuhwirudzura dare kunopa simba rokuparadza zviito zvisina murairo, kugovera kunzvera kwokuwedzera. Gadziriro dzokujeka mumirayiro mizhinji dzinorairawo kusvika pachena kumashoko ehurumende, kupa vagari vemo simba rokutarisira vatungamiriri vavo.

Kutsigira Kutora Rutivi Rwezvematongerwe Enyika

Bumbiro remitemo rinorondedzera chaizvoizvo kuti ndiani anogona kuvhota, kuti vamiriri vanosarudzwa sei, uye kodzero idzo vagari vemo vanofanira kukumbira hurumende. Inogonawo kuvimbisa rusununguko rwevanobudisa nhau nesangano, kuchigonesa hurukuro yezvamatongerwe enyika. Kugadza aya maruramiro kunokurudzira kuvimbisana kwehurumende uye kubvumira kunyunyuta kune rugare. Bumbiro remitemo reBrazil ra 1988, rinozivikanwa se “Bumbiro remitemo reChitendero,” rakakudza maruramiro okuvhotera uye rakaita miitiro yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yakadai sechipurisa.

Gadziriro Dzokugadziridza: Kudzikamisa Kugadzikana Nechinjo

Kana kuri nyore zvikuru kuchinja bumbiro remitemo, kungasava nechiremera chokudzivirira kodzero dzinokosha pazvinhu zvikuru zvechinguvana.

Zvinoitwa Kuti Kugadziridzwe

Mabumbiro emitemo mazhinjisa anoda kudzorwa kukuru mudivi remitemo /2-3t kana kuti kokorodzano yebumbiro remitemo yedzimba dzose dziri mbiri(*) kukarakadza kugadziriswa kwedzimba. Dzimwe dzinodawo kutenderwa nenongedzero kana kuti nemirairo yehurumende. Chikamu V cheU.S. Constitution inosimbisa mitoo miviri: kupfurikidza nevhoti mbiri-tatu mudzimba dzose dzeChibvumirano, kana kuti nekokorodzano yebumbiro-mitemo inodanwa nembiri tris dzenyika. Zvibvumirano zvino-antemplements zvino zvinofanira kutenderwa nedzitatu-na dzenyika. Chikumbaridzo chakakwirira ichi chinotsanangura chikonzero nei zvisati zvapfuura makore 230 bedzi.

Kugadziridzwa Kwemasanga

Hachisi chisarudzo chose chebumbiro remitemo chinoitika kupfurikidza nokugadziridzwa kwetsika. Kududzira kwemitemo, zviito zvomutemo, uye kokorodzano dzinobatanidza zvinogona kuchinja nenzira inobudirira revo yebumbiro remitemo. Somuenzaniso, Dare Gurusa reU.S. mu Brown v. Board of Education [1954] yakadudzirazve Ex Estem Protection Claus kurambidza muganhu worudzi muzvikoro zvavose, pasina chinjo ipi neipi yapamutemo yorugwaro. Nenzira yakafanana, kukura kwehurumende munyika dzakawanda kwakakudza simba rokutungamirira kupfuura izvo vagadziri vamapyration vaishamba vaishamba vaivo vaivo vaivo vaivo.

Kuhwirudzura Kwokutonga: Guatari yeBumbiro reMitemo

Kuhwirudzura kutonga isimba rematare rokuputsa mitemo nezviito zvokutungamirira zvinoputsa bumbiro remitemo. Iri basa rinokosha nokuda kwokuchengeta ukuru hwebumbiro remitemo nokudzivirira maruramiro omunhu oga.

Mavambo Nemienzaniso

Murangariro wazvino uno wehwirudzuro yakabva mudare rePurce A.S. Marbury v. Madison (1803), uyo akatanga chiremera cheDare kuhwirudzura mabasa eCongress. Kubvira ipapo, mienzaniso miviri mikuru yakabuda: muenzaniso wakafanira (unoshandiswa muU.S.S. nenyika dzakakurumbira), umo matare ose anogona kunzwa mibvunzo yemitemo, uye muenzaniso mukuru wemitemo yehurumende (anoshandiswa munyika dzakawanda dzevagari vemo dzakadai seGermany neFrance), umo dare remitemo yehurumende chaiyo rine chiremera chaimo. Dare reGermany reMitemo reMitemo, somuenzaniso, idare rakananga rinogona kudzora pamutemo uye kunyange pamitemo yezvamatongerwe enyika inotyisidzira gadziriro yehurumende.

Kuzvidzora

Gakava rinoshatirwa pamusoro penzira iyo matare anofanira kuva anoshingaira nayo mukududzira bumbiro remitemo. Vatsigiri vedare vanotaura kuti matare anofanira kupindira kuti adzivirire maruramiro makuru, zvikurukuru apo masangano anotonga anodzora anokundikana kuita chiito. Vatongi vanoshandisa kuzviisa pasi pemapazu kutoti mutemo usati waputswa zvakajeka. Dare Gurusa reU. Dare gurusa renhau rakagamuchira chisarudzo chakati Roe v. Wade [[FLM] [F] [12] [10] [773])) kazhinji kazhinji vanodudzwa somuenzaniso wouterezi hwechiito, nepo zvisarudzo zvapashure izvo zvinotsigira ganhuriro dzomutemo pakubvisa mimba zvakaratidzirwa pachena. Dare gurusa reIndia rakagamuchira chimiro chikuru muzvakati zvakapoteredza nekodzero dzavanhu.

Gadziriro Yebumbiro remitemo Rinoenzaniswa

Hapana bumbiro remitemo rakafanana, asi mabumbiro emitemo ehurumende azvino uno mazhinjisa anotora mifungo muchinhu chimwe chete chomupasi rose chinogoveranwa.

Mibatanidzwa yeParamende

Mabumbiro emitemo anogadza gadziriro yapurezidhendi (seUnited States kana kuti Brazil), umo purezidhendi akasarudzwa akaparadzana anobatira somusoro wehurumende nehurumende, kana kuti gadziriro yeparamende (seUnited Kingdom kana kuti India), umo mukuru wehurumende (gurukota) anosarudzwa mudare rehurumende. Dzimwe nyika, zvikurukuru France neRussia, dzinoshandisa gadziriro yemisika uko purezidhendi nagurukota vanogoverana simba. Gadziriro imwe neimwe inotapura kutsiga kwezvamatongerwe enyika, kuzvidavirira, uye kupfava kwomutemo.

Mashandiro Ezvinoita Magetsi

Mabumbiro emitemo anowanzodudza gadziriro yavasaruri yemiitiro yedare. Gadziriro yePropogal, inoshandiswa munyika dzakawanda dzeEurope, inoisa zvigaro pachivande chevhoti imwe neimwe. Kutanga-kare-pasi (FTPP), inoshandiswa muU.S. neU.K., zvigaro zvezvigaro kumutengi navavhoti vazhinji muruwa rumwe norumwe. Sangano rimwe nerimwe rine zvigaro zvinova kunze kwevhoti: PR inowanzoita mibatanidzwa mizhinji inowirirana neinomirira izere, nepo FPTPP kazhinji kazhinji inotungamirira kugadziriro mbiri dzinowirirana asi dzinogona kusiya vavhotera vazhinji vasingari.

Kushanda Kwomubatanidzwa Nokuderera

Mabumbiro emitemo anokamura simba zvakatsiga. United States, Canada, Germany, uye India rimwe nerimwe rinopa masimba chaiwo kuhurumende dzomunharaunda. Mwero wezviganhu unosiyana-siyana-siyana-siyana-siyana-siyana-siyana-siyana(8:statiss muU.S. ine chiremera chemitemo chetsika, nepo maruwa muCanada ane udzori papfuma yomusikirwo nedzidzo. Masangano eUniontaria akaitawo mabasa akati kuzviremera zvomunzvimbomo asi anochengeta udzori hukurusa pamwero wenyika. Chisarudzodzo chinodzora icho fariro dzomunzvimbomo dzinodzikamiswa sei nechinzwano yorudzi.

Zvinetso Zvokutonga Kunotongwa Nebumbiro Remitemo

Pasinei nokuti mitemo yemitemo yakapararira sei, inoita kuti pave nezvinhu zvakawanda zvinotyisidzira uye zvinotadzisa kuita zvimwe zvinhu.

Zvipingamupinyi Zvevhundudzo

Mitemo yakaoma inogona kuva yakaiswa. Somuenzaniso, Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S. harina kuchinjwa zvikuru chifo cha 1971 (Pramende yechi 26 yakaderedza zera rokuvhota kusvikira ku 18). Vamwe vanotaura kuti Electoral College, kuumbwa kweDare, uye muitiro wenhevedzano yapurezidhendi unova wechinyakare asi usingabviri kuchinja nemhaka yokuchinja kwezvamatongerwe enyika uye kubviswa kwemiganhu yakakwirira. Ikoku kunogona kutungamirira kumusiyano pakati pemitemo yemitemo yemitemo yemitemo nezvinodaviwa, kutsiva nokutsiva uye kurayira nokuda kwokutsiva kwemahombe.

Kududzira Kutonga uye Kusachinja

Matare akasiyana - siyana angadudzira gadziriro imwe chetedzo dzebumbiro remitemo nenzira yakasiana, kuchitungamirira kukusava nepanikiro yapamutemo. Mugadziriro dzehurumende, matare ehurumende nematare ehurumende angapesana pamusoro perevo yekodzero. Dare Gurusa reU. rakazvishandura rimene kakawanda (kokuti, somuenzaniso, kunyanyova] Preset v. Ferguson [18696]) ne [[FLT:] Brown v. Dare reDzidzor [1954] [54]), uye [[FLT:] kururamisa kwakadaro, uye [[FLT] v.[FFLT:5] [5] na [FFLT] [f:] na[FLT] . Jacksons Organization Healths Cooth [FFG22]

Kunyengera Kwezvamatongerwe Enyika

Vatungamiriri mune dzimwe nyika vakaputsa kuongorora kwebumbiro remitemo kuti vasimbise simba. Somuenzaniso, Hungary, yakagadziridza bumbiro rayo remitemo muna 2013 kuti ishayise simba reDare rebumbiro remitemo ndokupa mutongi udzori hwezvezvinobudisa nhau uye kugadza dare. Nenzira yakafanana, hurumende yePoland yakaedza kuganhurira kuzvimirira kweDare rayo Rapamusoro. “Iribal” kana kuti“ pamutemo webumbiro remitemo” unoratidza kuti kana Hurumende yakasaidzwa zvakanaka inogona kuparadzwa kana vatambi vezvamatongerwe enyika vasina kuzvipira kumitemo yehurumende.

Kusakendenga Kwavoruzhinji Nokusangwarira

Vagari vazhinji vane nzwisiso yakaganhurirwa yamabumbiro avo. Kuvhota kwakaderera, kushaikwa kwechivimbo mumasangano, uye kuparadzwa kwoupenyu hwomusosha kunogona kunetesa udzori hwebumbiro-mitemo. Apo vanhu vasingazivi maruramiro avo, havagoni kuashandisa nenzira inobudirira. Purogiramu dzemitemo yokugona kurava nokunyora, dzakadai seidzo dzakasimudzirwa ne Constitution Center muUnited States kana kuti Chonstitute Project , vavariro yokuvhara mubhovero yeIdzi.

Kukanganisa kweBumbiro Romutemo

Panhambo nenhambo, rwisano dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzinosvika papfundo apo gadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo dzinokundikana kudzipedza. Mienzaniso inobatanidza Hondo yavagari vemo yeU.S. (1861-1865) pamusoro pokusarudziwa, gakava ramapurezidhendi ra 2000 rakaitwa neDare Gurusa, uye kudenha 2021 paU.Capitol mukati menzvero yemitemo yedare. Mudzimwe nyika, njodzi dzakadaro dzakatungamirira kukubvutamisa, hondo yavagari vemo, kana kuti kubviswa kwebumbiro remitemo rimene. Robhustt ramaprigit rama, sezvinoonwa mubumbiro remitemo yenhau reSouth Africa (iyo inobvumira nyika dzekurumidziro nedziviriro zvakasimba), dzinogona kubetsera, asi hakuna nhevedzano kuputswa kukuru kwezvamatongerwe enyika.

Mitemo Munyika Yazvino Uno: Kuchinja uye Kubvumira

Zana remakore rechi21 rakaunza nyaya dzakadai sokuva woga kwemakombiyuta, kuchinja kwemamiriro okunze, ungwaru hwokugadzira zvinhu, uye ugandanga hwenyika yose hunoedza mitemo yemitemo.

Kodzero Dzemadhigirii Nekuva Woga

Mabumbiro emitemo ekare akawanda haatauri zvakananga paInternet kana kuti muunganidzwa wemashoko. Matare aifanira kutsanangura kodzero dziripo kuti afukidze ruzivo rutsva. Somuenzaniso, European Court of Human Rights yakataura kuti zvirongwa zvokuongorora vanhu zvakaputsa Chikamu 8 cheEuropean Convention on Human Rights (kodzero kuva woga). Mamwe mabumbiro matsva emitemo, akadai seMexico, anovimbisa pachena kuti ikodzero. Dzimwe nyika dzakaita mitemo yemitemo yezvakavanzika inoshanda pasi pemitemo yemitemo yemitemo yemitemo yemitemo yemitemo, asi kuoma kudzivirira nokusununguka zvinoramba zviripo.

Kuchinja Kwemamiriro Okunze Nezvizvarwa Zvemunguva Yemberi

Chiverengero chinokura chenyanzvi dzemitemo chinotaura kuti bumbiro remitemo rinofanira kudzivirira mhoteredzo namaruramiro ezvizvarwa zvomunguva yemberi. Nyika dzakafanana neEcuador dzakaisa “kodzero dzechisiko” mubumbiro remitemo radzo, dzichibvumira vanhu kukwirira nokuda kwekuvadziko yemhoteredzo. Dare reGermany reFederal Constitution rakasarudza muna 2021 kuti mutemo wemamiriro okunze ehurumende wakadzivirira zvakakwana kodzero dzinokosha dzevechiduku, uchimanikidza mutemi wemitemo kugadza zvisakiso zvesimba zvikuru. Zvisarudzo zvakadaro zvinoratidza kuti mutemo wemitemo wemitemo waidzoro kuzvinetso zvepasi.

Kubudisa Zvepasi Nokutsigira Kutevedzerwa Kwebumbiro Remitemo

Kumuka kwavatungamiriri vehurumende dzehurumende munyika dzakadai seHungary, Poland, Turkey, uye Brazil kwakaedza kuvandudzwa kwemasangano ebumbiro remitemo. Populists anowanzoshandisa miitiro yebumbiro-mitemo nedanho dzemitemo (sokufanana nedzokugadziridza), madhesi, kana kuti kuzadza nzvimbo dzokutonga (kuderedza simba nokunetesa utarisiri hwokuzvimirira. Kubviswa kwemipimo yedemocracy kunogona kuitika zvishoma nezvishoma, chinoitika chinozivikanwa se “democratichectic.” Mitumbi yamarudzi ose yakafanana ne Venice Commission yeDare reEurope rinonzvera zvinoitika zvakadaro uye mirangariro pamusoro petsinhirano yemitemo.

Mugumisiro: Zvinorehwa Nebumbiro Remitemo Risingaperi

Mabumbiro emitemo anoramba ari mapepa anokosha zvikurusa munzanga ipi neipi yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Anotanga gadziriro yokuti simba rinoshandiswa sei, kuti gakava rinopedzwa sei, uye kuti vagari vemo vanogona sei kuzvidavirira kuhurumende yavo.

Sezvo nzanga dzinova dzakaoma zvikuru uye dzinowirirana, gadziriro yebumbiro remitemo inofanira kuchinjira kuzvinhu zvitsva, pasina kurasikirwa nemipimo mikuru inoita kuti basa redemokrase rishande. Kunzwisisa mabasa, mativi, uye denho dzebumbiro remitemo hakusati kuri muitiro wedzidzowo zvawo; kunokosha nokuda kwomugari wemo ari wose anoda kutora rutivi mukuumba nguva yemberi yenyika yake. Nokuda kwaavo vanotsvaka kunzvera mabumbiro emitemo chaiwo, Censtitute Project[ inogovera shopu iri nyore yezvibvumirano zvinopfuura 200 zvinobva munyika yose. Kupfurikidza namagwaro aya ehwaro, tinogona kunzwisisa zviri nani chiyero pakati penhevedzano nerusununguko chinorondedzera pamutemo.