Kunzwisisa Gadziriro Yomutemo muHurumende yeHurumende

Nyika iri yose muUnited States ine bazi rayo imene romutemo, rinoumbwa zvikurukuru neDare remitemo neImba yaVamiririri (kana kuti Gungano), iro rine mutoro wokuita, kugadziridza, uye kudzokorora mitemo. Muitiro wokupa mutemo wenyika itsika yakarongeka, nhanho dzakawanda dzinovimbisa kuti mutezo unowana bvunzurudzo yakakwana, kurukurirano, uye mashoko avose isati yagona kushanda. Uyu muitiro unokosha nokuda kwokuchengeta nzvero nedzikamo mukati mehurumende uye kuvimbisa kuti mitemo iratidzire kuda kwavanhu kupfurikidza navamiriri vavo vakasarudzwa.

Nepo miitiro chaiyoiyo ichisiyana muhurumende nehurumende, nhano huru dzinoramba dzisingachinjiki: mutengo unonyoreswa, unopinzwa, unodzokororwa, unokurukurwa pauriri, unopfuudzwa namakamuri ose ari maviri, uye pakupedzisira unosainwa kana kuti kuiswa nagavhuna.

Mavambo Ebhuku: Kugadzira uye Kutanga

Ndiani Angakanda Bhirogiramu?

Kunyange zvazvo muiti wemitemo bedzi anogona kusuma nenzira yapamutemo mudare remitemo, mifungo iri seri kwemutemo inowanzobva kuvamiriri, mapoka okutarisira, masangano ehurumende, masangano ehurumende, kana kuti kunyange hofisi yagavhuna.

Mumaruwa akawanda, Office of Legislative Legal Services kana kuti sangano risiri rechechi rakafanana rinoita kunyorwa kwemitemo kuvimbisa kuti mari yacho iwirirane nezvinodiwa nemitemo yenyika uye mitemo iripo.

Marudzi Emabhiribhiri

Hausati uri mutemo wose unokarakadzwa wakaenzana.

  • [ Mapepa etsinga [ – Kuisa mitemo mitsva kana kuti kuchinja kumirau iripo.
  • [ Zvisarudzo zveRevoitsvedzero – Inoshandiswa nokuda kwegadziridzo dzebumbiro-mitemo, kugadziridza kwehurumende, kana kuti kuratidza donzo remitemo.
  • Zvisarudzo zvechibvumirano zvapanguva apo – nhau dzeDzinobata makamuri ose ari maviri, zvakadai sokuumba dare refundo yakabatana.
  • [ Zvisarudzo zvakapfava[ – Pertain kumabasa omukati bedzi ekamuri rimwe, kufanana nokugamuchira mitemo.
  • [[[ITSOURO] Mari dzekunyora [ - Bata zvakananga nezvirongwa zvemari yehurumende.
  • + - Spekushai bedzi kuguta rakati kana kuti nyika.
Fiscal notes are often attached to bills that have a financial impact on the state, and they are prepared by nonpartisan fiscal analysts to estimate costs or savings.

Kutanga Kwebhiri

Kana bhiri rangonyorwa bedzi, rinotangwa nenzira yakarongwa nomuiti wemitemo anotsigira mungava muImba kana kuti Dare. Mutengo wacho unogoverwa nhamba (sezvinei, HB 123 yeHouse Bill 123, kana kuti SB 456 nokuda kweDare Bill 456), kuraviwa kwenguva yokutanga, uye ipapo kunonongedzera kudare rinoona nhau yenhau yemutemo. Muitiro wacho zvikurukuru unokarakadza kurukurirano uye haubatanidzi kurukurirano pachikamu chino.

Nyika dzakawanda dzine musi wadzinotangira kupiwa kwechibvumirano chemitemo pakutanga mupurogiramu yemitemo, kunyange zvazvo matanho okukurumidzira kana kuti mabhiri anotangwa nagavhuna angagamuchirwa gare gare. Chiverengero chemabhiri anopinzwa muchirongwa chehurumende chomutemo chinogona kubva pamazana mashomanene munyika duku kusvikira kuzviuru zvikuru zvakadai seCalifornia kana kuti Texas.

Kuongorora kweDare: Uko Mabhiri Anosainwa

Mugove Wedare Nedonzo

Matare ndiwo anoita kuti pave nemabasa akawanda emitemo, mapoka maduku evaiti vemitemo vane unyanzvi mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzakadai sedzidzo, utano, zvokufambisa, kana kuti mitero.

Somuenzaniso, Dare Redzidzo ringanyorera dare rezvemari rinoona nezvemari yechikoro, asi pepanhau resimba rinomutsidzirwa ringaenda kuDare reEnergy and Natural Resources.

Dare Rinotonga

Kana mari yangopiwa chete, dare racho rinoronga kutonga pachena, mukati mouku kutonga, mutsigiri anopa chikwereti, uye vose vari vaviri vatsigiri navashori vanopiwa banza rokupupurira. Uchapupu hunogona kugoverwa somunhu, mutsamba, kana kuti chaizvoizvo, kuchitsamira pamirau yehurumende. Mitezo yeDare inogona kubvunza mibvunzo, kukumbira kujekeswa, uye kukurukura gadziridzo dzinobvira.

Vanhu vakawanda vanoda kuti zviziviso zvokuteerera zvinyorwe pachine maawa anenge 72 pachine nguva mberi, uye kuti marekodhi kana kuti marekodhi anowanzowanika paIndaneti.

Kuratidzirwa Nedzongedzero

Pashure pokutonga, dare rinoita chisarudzo apo mitezo yakakarakadza chinjo kumutemo. Kugadziridza kungapiwa kuchenesa mutauro, kutetepa kana kuti kuwedzera mwero yemari, kana kuti itiro hanya dzinomutswa mukati mouchapupu. Dare rinovhota pakugadziriswa kumwe nokumwe, uye ipapo pashanduro yokupedzisira yepepa. Kana rugwaro ruchibuda mudare, runoshumwa kuimba yakazara nerumbidzo (g., “Dai,“ ipfuure, "apo seadis," kana kuti “norumbidza”.

Kana mutengo ukakundikana kugamuchira mavhoti akakwana mudare, unga “batwa” kana kuti ku “urawa nokuda kwechisaririra chorusando. Dzimwe nyika dzinobvumira mutezo kurangarirwazve, nepo dzimwe dzichida kuti udzoreswezve murusando runotevera.

Zviito Zvedare

  • [ Mushumo unotanhamarika – Bill anoenda kunzvimbo yakazara netendero.
  • [ Mushumo unogadziridzwa [[[FL:1] – Bill anotenderwa asi ane chinjo.
  • Mushumo usina kunaka[ – Bill anorambwa; nyika zhinji dzinoda vhoti zhinjisa kuti vauraye bhiri.
  • reverral – Bill anotumirwa kuimwe dare nokuda kweimwe hwirudzuro.
  • [ Chiitiko hachitorwa[ – Bill anopera apo dare rinokundikana kuita chiito pamberi pekunonoka.

Nharo Dzomudenga Nokukurukura Mudare Rokutanga

Karenda uye Kuronga

Apo mutengo unoshumwa uchibva mudare, unoiswa pa calendar kuti imba yakazara irangarire. Karenda ipurogiramu yezuva nezuva yezvikwereti zvinofanira kukurukurwa, uye inodzorwa nedare remitemo kana kuti mutungamiriri mukuru. Mabhiri anowanzotorwa munhevedzano yaakaiswa pakarenda, asi zvikwereti zvokutanga (8 semipimo yebhajeti kana kuti mutemo wekurumidziro) zvinoiswa mberi.

Mitemo Yenharo

Mitemo iyi inosarudza nguva yakagoverwa yokutaura, nhevedzano yavakurukuri, uye marudzi ezviito zvinogona kuitwa. Mumaruwa akawanda, gakava rinoitiswa mugadziriro yokutaura umo vatsigiri vemari yepepa racho vanotsigira kupfuudzwa, uye boka duku kana kuti vashori vanomutsa kuramba.

Nzira dzinozivikanwa navose mukati mekurukurirano yapauriri dzinobatanidza:

  • [ Kurava kwakakwana[ – Mutengo unoraviwa zvinonzwika (kazhinji kazhinji kupfurikidza nemisoro bedzi) ndokutsanangurwa nemutsigiri. Kugadziridzwa kungapiwa pachikamu chino.
  • Kurava kwakakomba[ - Kazhinji kazhinji kurava kwokupedzisira pamberi povhoti. Papfundo rino, chinjo dzakati bedzi dzinobvumirwa, uye kurukurirano inowanzoganhurirwa.
  • tsinhano foni inovhota - vhoti yomuiti wemitemo mumwe nomumwe (yea, nay, kana kuti aripo) yakanyorwa, uye vazhinjisa vanodikanwa kuti vapfuure.
  • Vota - Mutoo uri nyore apo mukuru mukuru anotungamirira anosarudza muuyo kupfurikidza nokuteerera mhinduro dzenzwi. Anoshandiswa nokuda kwezvikwereti zvisiri zvechibvumirano.

Dzimwe nyika dzinodawo [[[FLT: 0] ruzhinji [inopfuura hafu yemitezo yose] nokuda kwezvimwe zvikwereti, zvakadai sewedzero yomutero kana kuti bhajeti, panzvimbo pevoruzhinji vaavo varipo.

Kuchinja Mukati Megakava Rakaoma

Mitezo ingakarakadza kugadziridzwa kwegweta mukati mekurukurirano youriri. Iyi gadziridzo inofanira kuva inowirirana nenhau yenhau yenhau. Muitiro wokugadziridza unogona kusiana: dzimwe nyika dzinoda kugadziriswa mukunyorwa pachine nguva mberi, nepo dzimwe dzichibvumira kunyorwa. Pashure pekurukurirano, mavhoti enzvimbo padzoro rimwe nerimwe, uye ipapo papepa rokupedzisira serakagadziridzwa.

Kupfuura uye Kufambisa

Mutengo wacho unozoverengwa kekutanga mukamuri iroro uye unoitwa nedare rimwe chete. Kana kamuri rechipiri rikapfuudza pasina kuchinja, unotumirwa zvakananga kuna gavhuna.

Matare Edare Rechipiri Nemasangano Emisangano

Kusiyana Kwemahofisi

Shanduro inobuda mukamuri rechipiri kazhinji inosiyana neshanduro inopfuudzwa nekamuri rokutanga kana isingabvumirani nokuchinja kwacho, dare remusangano rinoumbwa.

Matare Omusangano

Dare remusangano iboka rechinguvana rinoumbwa nemitezo inobva mumakamuri ose ari maviri, zvikurukuru inogadzwa navakuru vakuru vanotungamirira. Nharidzano yedare ndeyokuyananisa misiyano ndokuparira shanduro imwe, inobvumiraniswa yemutemo. Matare eConference anoshanda seri kwemasuo akavharwa munyika dzakawanda, kunyange zvazvo mamwe achida misangano yakazaruka. Chibvumirano chokubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira chinofanira kutenderwa nevoruzhinji vevose vari vaviri vapaimba navakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru, ipapo kudzoserwa kudzimba dzose nokuda kwevhoti yokupedzisira inopfumisa inopfuudzirwa pachikamu chino.

Kana dare remusangano rikatadza kuita chibvumirano, mari yacho ingafa, kana kuti kamuri racho ringagadza dare idzva.

Basa raGavhuna: Kubvumirwa, Kutenderwa, Kana Kuti Mutemo Usina Chibvumirano

Nguva Nezvimwe Zvatingasarudza

Kana mutengo wangopfuura makamuri ose ari maviri akafanana, unonyoreswa ndokupiwa kuna gavhuna. Gavhuna ane chiverengero chakananga chamazuva (muchifananidzo 5 kusvikira ku 30, kuchitsamira pahurumende uye kana chirongwa chomutemo chiripo) kuita chiito. Sarudzo dzagavhuna dzinosanganisira:

  • Chiratidzo muromo [ - Chinova mutemo pamusi unoshanda wakataurwa (kazhinji kazhinji mazuva 90 pashure pekutsiva, kutoti chitsama chemashoko chekurumidziro chabatanidzwa).
  • Mutengo [ - Mutemo unodzoserwa kuimba yomutemo nezvirambidzo. Matatu kana kuti matatu-5 mumakamuri ose ari maviri anowanzodikanwa kudzora vhato.
  • Tsasarurai mutero kuva mutemo pasina kusaina - Mune dzimwe nyika, kana gavhuna asingatori chiito mukati menguva yakagoverwa, muromo wacho unova mutemo.
  • [[FOL:0] Pocket vento[[FL:1] - inoshandiswa mune dzimwe nyika apo vabati vanobatira mutemo pamberi penguva yagavhuna; mutengo unofa pasina kusaina.
  • Mumutsetse-inhuru - Munyika dzakawanda, gavhuna anogona kurova mitsetse chaiyo kana kuti zvinhu zvinobva mumabhiri okuranga, achisaina mativi ose omutemo. Mutezo wemitemo ungakunda windi-witowo.

Kukurira kunoda vhoti hurusa, iyo inogona kuva yakaoma kuita, ichiita kuti kutendera kwagavhuna kuve chipingamupinyi chikuru chomutemo unomutsa nharo.

Pashure Pokunge Aita Basa: Kushandisa Nokutsigira

Misi Inobudirira Navana Claus Vekurumidziro

Mitemo mizhinjisa yehurumende inoshanda pamusi mumwe chete, wakadai saJuly 1 kana kuti 90 pashure porusando rwemitemo yapera. Zvisinei, mutengo unogona kubatanidza chidimbu chokukurumidza chinoita kuti chive chinoshanda nokukurumidza pasigini yagavhuna, kana kuti kubviswa kwemitero inotenderwa nevhoti mbiri shanu dzedare. Zvikamu zvekurumidziro zvinoshandiswa nokuda kwenhau dzakafanana nekotsekateko yavose, ngwavaira, kana kuti kubviswa kwemitero inoda kushanda gore rinotevera.

Kutsigira uye Kuzivisa

Kana mutemo wangoitwa bedzi, unogoverwa ganhuro ndokubatanidzwa mubumbiro remitemo rehurumende. Mahofisi ezano rehurumende remitemo ane mutoro wokuvandudza bumbiro remitemo, iro rinobudiswa paIndaneti uye muchinyorwa. Vagari vomunyika, nyanzvi dzemitemo, uye masangano ehurumende zvinovimba nemirau yakanyoreswa nokuda kwenongedzero. Masangano akawanda anobudisawo “mirau yeseshiyo” inoronga mitemo yose inopfuudzwa mukati merusando yakati.

Kutungamirira

Mitemo yakawanda inoda masangano ehurumende kunyora mitemo ine udzame nemirau yokuita kuti mutemo utevedzerwe. Iyi purogiramu, inozivikanwa se , inobatanidza kuzivisa kwavose, nhambo dzetsinhiro, uye mirau. Mitemo yokupedzisira inobudiswa mumiraudzo yehurumende uye ine simba romutemo. Bazu rewisctine rewigion remitemo inganzvera kupfurikidza nomuitiro unonzi utarisiri hwewirogist kana kuti “kuhwirudzura".

Somuenzaniso, mutemo wehurumende unogadza mipimo mitsva yemvura ungashanda Department of Environmental Protection nokunyora mitemo chaiyo yokuedza, kushuma zvinodiwa, uye kuronga nguva.

Kuchinja Kukuru Mumutemo

Kupambadza uye Kunyengera

Mapoka anoitira hanya, vasonganiri vebhizimisi, masangano asingapinduri mhindu, uye masangano evashandi ose anopinda mukupesvedzera muuyo wemitemo. Varobytes vanogovera unyanzvi, mutemo wemienzaniso, mibato yenhimbe yenhimbe, uye pane dzimwe nguva kupa mipiro. Nepo kukumbira kuri mubato weFirst Amendment yakadzivirirwa, masangano anoisa zvinodikanwa zvokunyoresa nokushuma kuti vave nechokwadi chokujeka. Vagari vemo vanogonawo kuita kuti vamiririri vavo vataure zvakananga kupfurikidza nokuona mahofisi avo, kuronga mabhizimisi, kana kuti kupupurira pakutonga.

Zvinhu Zvine Simba

Masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika echikwata chedare rehurumende (icho chinodzora Imba, Dare, uye hofisi yagavhuna) nenzira yokufananidzira anotapura zvikwereti zvipi zvichifambira mberi. Muhurumende yakabatana (kudzora kunoitwa negove rimwe), boka guru rinogona kufambisa zvirongwa zvaro zviri nyore zvikuru. Hurumende yakakamukana kazhinji kazhinji inotungamirira kukurukurirano, kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira, kana kuti kurovha. Boka rinoshandisa zvishandiso zvakafanana ne [ migove yezvikwereti, , , uye chirango.[FLT]

Mafungiro Evanhu Nezvinobudisa Nhau

Mafungiro evanhu anogona kuva nesimba guru. Masangano ezvirongwa zvemataundi, runhare, uye masangano enzanga ose anotaurira vavhoti mashoko kuvanogadzira mitemo. Zviteshi zvenhau zvomunharaunda kazhinji kazhinji zvinofukidza zvikwereti zvedare, zvinogona kuwedzera dzvinyiriro pavatengi vemitemo kuti vasare. Hurumende dzakawanda dzinogovera kudirana kwemapurogiramu enhurikidzwa nedare, zvichibvumira vagari vemo kutevera muitiro wacho munguva chaiyoiyo.

Kusiyana Kunowanzoitika Munyika Dzakawanda

Nepo gadziriro yose zvayo ichiwirirana, pane misiano inooneka:

  • [[FORT:0] .Unicameral compostal – Nebraska ndiyo mamiriro ezvinhu bedzi ane chigaro chimwe chemitemo chechamera, achibvisa kudikanwa kwezvikwereti kupfuura namakamuri maviri akaparadzana.
  • Nhevedzo dzegore negore. Zvisarudzo zvegore negore - Dzimwe nyika, kufanana neTexas, dzinosangana makore maviri ari ose kwenguva yakaganhurirwa (mazuva 140). Dzimwe, kufanana neCalifornia, dzinoita marusando egore negore.
  • [[FT:0] Initum nehesterentemu - Munenge hafu yenyika, vagari vemo vanogona kudarika mitemo ndokugadza mitemo zvakananga kupfurikidza nezvirongwa zvokuvhota. Uyu muitiro wakaparadzana nowewiwiro.
  • [[[NUT:0] Zvinodikanwa zvekuzvidzora[ - Dzimwe nyika dzinoda vhoti nhatu kana kuti mativi maviri ezvikamu kuti upfuure mutero wakawedzera, zvitsama zvedariro, kana kuti zvikwereti zvemari.
  • bvumirano inobvumiranwa [ – Rutivi runowanzopfuudzwa nebvumirano yebvumirano imwe yokuchengeta nguva, asi muiti wemitemo mumwe upi noupi anogona kuramba.

Nokuda kwokupinda zvakadzama murondedzero, website ye yeNational Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL)[[FL:1] inopa zviteshi zvakakwana pamusoro pemiitiro yemitemo munyika dzose. Kuwedzera, Conreg.gov [imota] inogovera enzanisiro inobetsera nokuda kwokunzwisisa miitiro yebimeral.

Mugumisiro: Rwendo Rwomutemo

Muitiro wokupa mutemo wehurumende wakakwana noune, unobatanidza mirwi mizhinji yehwirudzuro, kurukurirano, uye kutora rutivi. Kuvambira papfungwa yokutanga kusvikira kusigino yagavhuna, mutongo unofamba namatare, mavhoti ouriri, uye kazhinji kazhinji dare redare, rine banza rakakwana rokunatsa nokubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira. Iyi gadziriro inovimbisa kuti mitemo inosanorangarirwa isati yaiswa pavagari vemo namabhizimisi.

Kunzwisisa muitiro uyu kunopa simba vanhu nemasangano kuti vabudirire kutsigira hurumende yavo. Zvingava nokuonana nomuiti wemitemo wavo, kupupurira painenge yatongwa, kana kuti kutevera kufambira mberi kwemutemo paIndaneti, mugari wemo upi noupi akadzidza anogona kuita basa mukuumba mitemo inodzora nzanga yavo. Hurumende dziri pakati pamapazu ehurumende anowanika nyore zvikurusa, uye muitiro wemitemo (nenguva ino) wakaoma kubatanidzwa nevanhu vose panenge pachikamu chimwe nechimwe.

Nokuda kwaavo vanofarira kunyora musengwa wakananga, inenge mitemo yose yehurumende inochengeta website ine “chishandiso chokutsvaka”, inobvumira vanoshandisa kuona apo bhiridha rinomira, kurava rugwaro rwaro, uye kugadziridza magwaro. Nokupa ngwariro kumuitiro wacho, vagari vemo vanogona kubetsera kuva nechokwadi chokuti mitemo yavo yehurumende inobatira zvakanaka zvavose.