Table of Contents

Kupa kodzero kunoumba chinhu chikuru chokutora rutivi kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu muUnited States. Mano okukanda chivhoti uye inzwi rako ranzwiwa musarudzo ndeimwe yekodzero dzinokosha zvikurusa munzanga yedemocracy. Zvisinei, iyi maruramiro haasati agara achisvikwa munyika yose. Munhau yose yeAmerica, mitemo yakasiana - siana, kugadziriswa kwemitemo yemitemo yehurumende, uye mutemo wehurumende wakagadzwa kudzivirira nokuwedzera maruramiro okuvhota, kuvimbisa kuti mugari wemo ari wose akakodzera anogona kutora rutivi mumuitiro wevhotera pasina kutarisana nerusaruro kana kuti ganhuriro dzisina kururama.

Kunzwisisa kuti kodzero dzokuvhota dzinovimbiswa sei kunoda kuongorora kubatanidzwa kwakaoma pakati pedziviriro dzebumbiro remitemo, mutemo wehurumende, mitemo yehurumende, uye zvinetso zvemitemo zvinopfuurira.

Fandesheni yeBumbiro reMitemo Yokupa Kodzero

Bumbiro reMitemo rapakuvamba reU.S., rakagamuchirwa muna 1787, harina kurondedzera zvakajeka uyo aiva nekodzero yokuvhota. Gwaro racho rinonongedzera kukusarudzwa kwemitezo yeCongress neyaPurezidhendi, asi harisati richirondedzera kuti ndiani angavhota mavhoti iwayo. Pakutanga, kodzero dzokuvhota dzakasiiwa kuhurumende imwe neimwe kuti dzisarudze, izvo zvakaguma neganhuriro dzinokosha. Apo Bumbiro reMitemo rakatanga kushanda muna 1789, vanhu voga muUnited States avo vakabvumirwa kuvhota vakanga vari vachena.

Nokufamba kwenguva, Bumbiro reMitemo rakagadziridzwa kanoverengeka kuti riwedzere nokudzivirira kodzero dzokuvhota nokuda kwamapoka akasiyana - siyana eAmerica. Kugadziridza uku kunomirira nguva dzinokosha muhondo inopfuurira yenyika yokuparira hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yakawanda inobatanidza vanhu.

Kugadziridza Kunoita Zvinhu

Pashure peHondo yevagari vemo, maReconstruct Amendment matatu akatenderwa uye akaganhurirwa ehurumende pamusoro pezvikwaniriso zvokuvhota. Finuteth Amendment (170) inopa kuti kodzero yavagari veUnited States yokuvhota isarambwa kana kuti kunyorwa neUnited States kana kuti neHurumende ipi neipi nemhaka yorudzi, ruvara, kana kuti mugariro wekare wouranda. Uku kugadziriswa kwakanga kuri kupunzika, sezvakwakatambanudzira maruramiro okuvhotera kuvarume veAfrica pashure pokubviswa kwouranda.

Vanhu vokuAmerica vakanga vachangobva kuwanwa vakashandisa rusununguko rwavo, kuvhota muvakawanda vavatema.Mukugadziridza, varume vatema 16 vakashanda muCongress uye varume vechitema 2 000 vakabatira munzvimbo dzakasarudzwa dzomunzvimbomo, hurumende, uye dzehurumende.Nhambo iyi yakaratidzira fambiro mberi inokosha mukutora rutivi mune zvamatongerwe enyika nokuda kwavanhu vaichimbova varanda.

Zvisinei, chipikirwa cheFinute Amendment yechi15 chakasazadzikwa zvizere kwerinodokusvika zana ramakore. Kodzero duku yokuvhota yakadudzirwa zvishoma zvikuru neDare Rapamusorosoro mukupera kwezana ramakore rechi 19 napakati perechi20. Mhaka yeDare Rapamusorosoro raUnited States nereReese yakasarudza kuti Gadziriro ye15 yakarega kodzero yokuvhota, asi panzvimbo pezvo yakarambidza ganhuriro yayo. Iyi rondedzero yakaganhurirwa yakabvumira hurumende kushandisa miitiro yakasiana - siana yokubvisa upanziritarisi iyo yakabudirira muAfrican American Revotation.

Mutezo Wechigumi Nechipfumbamwe: Kudzorwa Kwavakadzi

Chibvumirano che 19 chePramende, chakasimbiswa muna 1920, chakapa vakadzi veAmerica maruramiro okuvhota. Iyi gadziridzo yakanga iri mugumo wamakumi amakore okuda kuita chiito kupfurikidza navapfuri avo vakarwira vasinganeti mamiriro ezvinhu echinzvimbo echiHindu evakadzi. Hondo yavakadzi yakanga iri refu, inobatanidza zvizvarwa zvavachinji vane ushingi vaikwikwidziridza nokuda kwechinjo munyika, hurumende, uye mwero womunzvimbomo.

Sangano ravakadzi rokusada kuvhota rinomirira kumwe kwokuwedzera kunokosha zvikurusa kwokutora rutivi kwehurumende yeruzhinji munhau yeAmerica, nenzira inobudirira richipeta kaviri chiverengero chavagari vemo chokuvhota uye richiziva vakadzi sevatori rutivi vakazara vezvamatongerwe enyika mumuitiro wehurumende yehurumende.

Kugadziridzwa Kwechimakumi Maviri Nezvina: Kubvisa Mitero Yetsvina

Mitero yezvokutengeserana yakanga yave iri imwe yemhinganidzo dzemari dzinoverengeka dzakagadzirirwa kudzivisa vagari varombo, zvikurukuru vagari veAfrica, pakushandisa kodzero yavo yokuvhota. Nokuda kubhadharwa kwemitero iyi kubvisa zvinobudirira vaya vaisagona kubhadhara.

Kubviswa kwemitero yokuvhota kwakanga kuri nhano inokosha mukubvisa mhinganidzo dzemari kukuvhota nokuva nechokwadi chokuti kodzero yokuvhota yakanga isingatsamiri pamugariro wemari.

Mutemo Wamakumi maviri neMitanhatu: Kuderedza Nguva Yokufara

Musi we 26 Amendment, wakasimbiswa muna 1971, wakaderedza zera rokuvhota nokuda kwesarudzo dzose kuva 18. Uku kugadziridzwa kwakasundwa zvikurukuru negakava rokuti kana vanhu vaduku vakanga vakura zvakakwana kuti vapiwe udzori ndokurwa muHondo yeVietnam, vanofanira kuva vakuru zvakakwana kuti vavhote.

Mutemo Wekodzero Dzevanhu Wenyika Yepasi Pose wa1965: Mutemo Wemitemo

Nepo kugadziridzwa kwebumbiro remitemo kwakagovera gadziriro yedziviriro yamaruramiro okuvhota, kuchengetwa kwakaramba kuri denho inokosha. Pasinei zvapo nechipikirwa cheFinute Amendment yechi 15, hurumende dzinoverengeka dzakagadzira mitemo yairamba kana kuti yakaganhurirwa mikana yokuvhotera vagari vemo vechiBrack, yakadai semitero yokuvhota nokunzvera kurava nokunyora. Urongwa ihwo hunosekesa kana kuti kubvisa simba rezvamatongerwe enyika renzanga dzevatema, kunyange uko vakanga vari voruzhinji vavagari vemo.

Nzira Yokuchinjira Kuchiito Chokupa Kodzero

Kupfuudzwa kweVoing Rights Act kwakanyandurwa nezvinoitika zvinoshamisa musangano ravagari vemo. Kudenha kusina kudenhwa pana March 7, 1965, namauto pavafambi vane rugare vanoyambuka Edmund Pettus Bridge muSelma, Alabama, vachienda kuCapitol yehurumende muMontgomery, vakapesvedzera Purezidhendi naCongress kukurira kuramba kwemitemo yekodzero dzevondi yeSouthern Geomment. Chiitiso ichi, chinozivikanwa se "Brody Shonday," chakakatyamadza nyika uye chinotsigira mutemo wekodzero dzokuvhota.

Pana 6 August 1965 Purezidhendi Lyndon B. Johnson akasaina Voting Rights Act mumutemo, achidana zuva kuti "kukunda nokuda kworusununguko kukuru sorukundo rupi norupi rwati rwambowanwa pahondo ipi neipi. Mutemo wakasvika mwedzi minomwe pashure pokunge Martin Luther King akatanga nhimbe yeSouthern Christian Leadership (SCC) yakavakirwa muSelma, Alabama, nechinangwa chokumanikidza Congress kuti ape mutemo wakadaro.

Gadziriro Huru Dzomurayiro Wokupa Kodzero

Mukuwirirana neBato reRuramisiro reUnited States, Mutemo wacho unorangarirwa kuva chikamu chinobudirira zvikurusa chomutemo wekodzero dzavagari vemo wa 1965.

Mutambo wacho une urongwa hunoverengeka hwakagadzirirwa kudzivirira kodzero dzokuvhota:

Chikamu 2: Chikamu 2 igadziriro inorambidza hurumende nehurumende yomunzvimbomo kuisa mutemo upi noupi wokuti "kuisa murambi kana kuti kunyorwa kwekodzero yevagari vemo vapi navapi yokuvhota nemhaka yedzinza kana kuti ruvara" kana kuti mitezo muboka romutauro muduku. Iyi gadziriro inoshanda munyika yose uye inobvumira vanhu kudenha miitiro yokuvhotera nomutemo kupfurikidza nokuvhota.

Chirango cheZvishandiso zvokusagona kuvhota: Dzimwe gadziriro dzokuedza kurambidza kunyora nokunyora nokunyora dzakashandiswa kare kubvisa marudzi maduku. Chiratidzo cheKodzero che1965 chakabvisa kuedza kunyora nokunyora nokuvhota zvakagadzirirwa kubvisa vatema kuti vasabvunzi uye kupa hurumende chiremera chokutora vhoti mumatunhu mavarakanwa.

Kuisa 5 Preclarance: Chinodikanwa chikuru chinodikanwa cha5 pamberi pokurongwa, icho chinodzivisa mativi akati kuti kuti asashande chinjo ipi neipi inotapura kuvhota pasina kutanga kugamuchira tsigiro inobva kuDare reRevolyumu reU.S. kana kuti Dare reRefuredhi reD.C. kuti chinjo yacho haisati ichitsaura muboka rakadzivirirwa. Iyi gadziriro yakanga ine simba zvikurukuru mukudzivisa chinjo dzokuvhotera isati yagona kushanda.

Ruyamuro rwemitauro: Zvinodikanwa nokuda kwamamwe madzoro kugovera betsero yomutauro kuvavhoti munzanga umo mune kuwanda kwavagari vemo vasina unyanzvi muchiNgezi kutora rutivi nokushingaira mumuitiro wekusarudza. Urongwa uhwu hwakawedzerwa kuVoting Rights Act muna 1975.

Kubatsira Kunoita Kupa Vanhu Kodzero

Voting Rights Act yakava netapuro yapakarepo neyakatanhamara pakunyoresa nokutora rutivi. Pakasvika mugumo wa 1965, chikamu chimwe muzvina chemirioni chitsva chavavhoti vechiBlack chakanga chanyoreswa, chikamu chimwe chetatu navanonzvera vehurumende. Pakasvika mugumo wa 1966, zvina bedzi munyika dzokumaodzanyemba 13 dzeAfrica zvakanga zvine 50 muzana yakanyoreswa kuvhota.

Mumakore akatevera kutora kwapashure kweChibvumirano chekodzero, kusiyana kwemwero yokunyoresa pakati pemwero yavachena navatema vakavhota kwakaderera kubva pa30 muzana mukuvamba kwama 1960 kusvikira ku 8 muzana mativi gumi chete gare gare. Uku kuderera kunoshamisa mumukaha wedzinza mukunyoresa kwevota kunoratidzira kushanda kwemiitiro yokuchengeta Act.

Iyi dziviriro yave iri nhoo inobudirira zvikuru pakudzivisa zvirongwa zvinoganhurira kana kuti kuderedza simba rokuvhota renzanga nenhau yokuderedzwa.

Dzimwe Dzinochengetedzwa Nekodzero Dzevanhu

Kupfuura Lotion Act, Congress yakaita mumwe mutemo kuti idzivirire uye irerutsire kodzero dzokuvhota.

Murayiro Wokunyoresa Wezvibvumirano Zvorudzi

National Voter Briedition Act ya 1993, inozivikanwa navose se "Mutengi," yakagadzirirwa kuita kuti kunyoresa kwomuvhoti kusvikire zvikuru kuAmerica yose. Mutemo uyu unoda kuti nyika dzipe mikana yokunyoresa muvhoti apo vanhu vanokumbira kana kuti vamutsidzirazve marezenisi avo, kunyorera rubatsiro rwavo, kana kuti kushandira pamwe nehofisi dzebasa rinorema. Act inovavarira kuwedzera mwero yokunyoresa kupfurikidza nokuita kuti muitiro wacho uve wakakodzera zvikuru uye usvikike.

Nokubatanidza kunyoresa kwomuvhoti mumabasa ehurumende enguva dzose, National Voter Britage Act yakabatsira mamiriyoni evanhu vokuAmerica kunyoresa kuti vavhote avo vangadai vakatarisana nezvipingamupinyi zvokunyoresa.

Kubetsera kwakaitwa neAmerica

Apfuudzirwa muna 2002 mukupindura kusarudzwa kwapurezidhendi wenhau kwakaitwa muna 2000, Help America Vote Act (HARVA) yakagadza mipimo miduku nokuda kwegadziriro dzokuvhota nokutungamirira vhota. Act yakagovera mari yehurumende kuti itsive zvishandiso zvokuvhota, yakaita Ecomtion Application Commission kuti ibatsire hurumende mukuita zvinodiwa naHaVA, uye yakatanga miitiro yokuvhota kuti ivake kuti vasaruki vane mazita asingaonekwi pamapepa okunyoresa vanyorese anogona kuisa mabhora achaverengwa kana kukwanisa kwavo kutenderwa gare gare gare kusimbiswa.

HAVA akarairawo kuti anotaura kuti kunochengeta mapepa okunyoresa ehurumende yose yehurumende uye kwakatanga zvinodikanwa zvokuzivisa muvhoti nemiitiro yechokwadi.

Kodzero Dzevagari Vomunyika Imwe Chete Dzinoita

Kudzivirira uku kwakatanga kurongwa neChibvumirano chekodzero dzevanhu cheChivil Rights cha1970 uye kwakazogadziriswa gare gare. Chibvumirano cheCivil Rights Act cha1957 neChibvumirano cheChibvumirano Chekodzero Dzevanhu cha1960 chaivawo negadziriro dzaiva nechinangwa chokudzivirira kodzero dzokuvhota, kunyange zvazvo zvakanga zvisingakwanisi kukunda kurambwa kwakarongwa kwaiitwa munyika dzakawanda.

Zvipingamupinyi Zvenhau Zvokupa Kodzero

Kunzwisisa kuti kodzero dzokuvhota dzinovimbiswa sei nhasi kunoda kunzvera nzira dzakasiyana - siyana idzo munhau dzakashandiswa kuramba kana kuti kuganhurira kusvika kwokuvhota. iyi miitiro yokusarura yakarongedzerwa kudzivisa dziviriro yebumbiro remitemo ndokudzivisa mapoka akati, zvikurukuru vaAmerica veAfrica, kushandisa maruramiro avo okuvhota.

Kuongorora Kudzidza

Kuedza kurava nokunyora kwakanga kuri chimwe chezvishandiso zvakarovedzeka zvikurusa zvakashandiswa kubvisa vavhoti. Uku kuedza kwaida vangavhota kuratidzira unyanzvi hwokurava nokunyora, kazhinji kazhinji kupfurikidza nenzvero dzokuzvidira nedzenhau. Vakuru vakuru vechisarudzo vaiva nokungwarira kukuru mukushandisa idzi nzvero uye kazhinji kazhinji vaidzishandisa kusakwanirisa vavhoti veAfrica nepo vachibvumira vavhoti vechena kupfuura, pasinei zvapo nemwero yavo chaiyoiyo yokugona kurava nokunyora.

Kunyange vanhu vokuAmerica vakadzidza zvikuru vaigona kukundikana kuongororwa nevakuru vakuru vesarudzo vaiva nerusarura.

Mitero Inoshatisa

Mitero yaishambadza yaida kuti vagari vemo vabhadhare mari kuti vavhote.

Sekuru Claus

Vavhoti vazhinjisa vevatema navaTeach White vazhinjisa vakarambwa nemitero yokuvhota nokunzvera kurava nokunyora, pakati pedzimwe mhinganidzo dzokuvhota, umo vavhoti vechichena vaihedheni vaihesvurwa nezvikamu zvasekuru. Mitsetse yaSekuru yakabvumira vanhu vamwe navamwe kuvhota kana vanasekuru vavo vakanga vakakodzera kuvhota, nenzira inobudirira vachisunungura vavhoti vachena mukunzvera kurava nokunyora nokuvhota apo vakanga vachiri kushandisa izvi zvinodikanwa kuAfrica vanasekuru vavo vakanga vapinzwa muuranda.

Mari Yechena

Gadziriro yavachena netyisidziro yamasimba masimba yakaitwa naDemocrates kupfurikidza neKu Klux Klan (KKK) yakadzvinyirirawo kutora rutivi kwavatema. Vachena vaibvisa vaAmerica vomuAfrica mukutora rutivi musarudzo huru, iyo muimwe yenzvimbo yeSouth yakareva nenzira inobudirira kubviswa mumakwikwi akasarudzwa bedzi ane revo.

Masimba Masimba Nokutya

Masimba masimba omuviri, kutsiva mune zvoupfumi, uye kutyisidzira zvakashandiswa nenzira yakarongwa kuodza mwoyo vagari vomuAfrica kuti vasaedza kunyoresa kana kuti kuvhota.

Kumanikidzwa Kupiwa Kwakaitwa Kodzero Nhasi

Masangano akasiyana - siyana uye mabasa akasiyana - siyana anoshanda pamwe chete kuti pave nechokwadi chokuti mitemo yokuvhota inotsigira kodzero dzevoti inotsigirwa uye kuti kuputswa kwekodzero dzehurumende kunofanira kugadziriswa.

Kushanda Pamwe Chete

Department of Justice yeUnited States inoita basa guru mukusimbisa mitemo yekodzero dzokuvhota. Department’s Civil Rights Division ine mutoro wokufeyafeya nhevedzo dzekuputswa kwekodzero dzokuvhota, kuparira kukwikwidza mhaka kupesana nemitemo inoputsa mutemo womubatanidzwa, uye kuongorora vhoti mune dzimwe hurumende kuti pave nechokwadi chokuti dzinowirirana nekodzero dzokuvhota.

Iyi gadziridzo inopa chibvumirano cheCongress nehurumende yehurumende simba rokuita kuti dziviriro dzekodzero yokuvhota kupfurikidza nomutemo — iyo iri Dare ramasimba rakashandiswa. Iri simba rokuita kuti zvinhu zvive nesimba rinokosha kuti pave nechokwadi chokuti dziviriro dzebumbiro remitemo hadzisi dzerondedzero chete asi dzinoshandiswa nokutsigirwa nokushingaira.

Kodzero Yako Yechiito

Chikamu 2 chomutemo chinobvumira vanhu kukwirira mhaka — zvimwe nokuda kwavo vamene kana kuti nebetsero yeBato reRuramisiro — kubvisa mitemo iripo nemiitiro izvo zvingaramba mukana wakaenzana wezvamatongerwe enyika wokuvhota kuti vasarudze vada kuzvisarudzira. iyi kodzero yapachivande yechiito inopa simba vanhu namasangano ane kodzero dzavagari vemo kudenha miitiro yokuvhota noutsotsi kupfurikidza nematare.

Masangano ekodzero dzevanhu akadai seNACP Legal Defense Fund, American Civil Liberenies Union, uye Brennan Center for Justice anogara achipa kodzero dzokuvhota kuti apikire mitemo nemiitiro yaanodavira kuti inoputsa kudzivirira kwehurumende.

Nyika uye Kutarisirwa Kwezvirongwa Zvomunzvimbomo

Nepo mutemo wehurumende uchigadza mipimo midukusa uye uchirambidza miitiro yakati yokusarudza, vakuru vakuru vehurumende nevomunzvimbomo vane mutoro wokutarisira zuva nezuva kwesarudzo. Ava vakuru vakuru vanofanira kushandisa dziviriro dzekodzero dzevota dzehurumende nepo vachiwiriranawo nemitemo yesarudzo yehurumende.

Vakuru vakuru vevhoti vane mutoro wokuchengeta zvinyorwa zvokuvhota zvakarurama, vachivimbisa kuti nzvimbo dzokuvhota dzinosvika, vachigovera betsero yomutauro iri madikanwa, vashandi vevhotaro, uye kukurukura nhau dzipi nedzipi dzinomuka paZuva Rokusarudza. Zvisarudzo zvavo zvinogona kutapura zvikuru mano avavhoti okushandisa maruramiro avo.

Vacherechedzi Nevaoni Vako

Kuvapo kwevacherechedzi vehurumende kunogona kubetsera kuva nechokwadi chokuti sarudzo dzinoitwa zvakanaka uye kuti vavhoti havatyisidzirwi kana kuti havasaruri.

Zvinetso Zvenguva Ino Pakupa Vanhu Kodzero

Nepo fambiro mberi inokosha yakaitwa mukudzivirira maruramiro okuvhota, zvinoitika zvemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi zvakamutsa itiro hanya pamusoro pokuderera kweiyi dziviriro.

Shelby County v. Hoker (2013)

Dare reSangano reSangano rePropercenta rakapa mutongo muShelby County watyora mutemo weSangano reRevoting Rights. Dare rakamisa urongwa hunokosha hunosanganisira kutungamirira hurumende mitemo yokuvhota munyika pfumbamwe.

Pashure pechisarudzo chacho, inotaura kuti kusati kuchafanira kuwana tendero yehurumende yemitemo yokuvhota itsva yakaparira nhevedzano yemitemo yakakuita kuti kuve kwakaoma zvikuru kuvhota. uye nzvero yeBrennan Center yakaratidza kuti mukaha wedzinza mumuvhoti wakura mumativi akafukidzwa kare neChikamu 5.

Brnovich v. Democratic National Committee (2021)

Muna 2021, Dare reHurumende reDhemocratic Committee Supreme rakadudzirazve Chikamu 2 cheVoting Rights Act ya1965, kuchinetesa zvikuru. Chisarudzo chakadudzira "kukwana kwemigariro" mutauro weChikamu 2 kureva kuti hachisati chichidzivisa kazhinji kazhinji mitemo yokuvhota iyo inoparadzanisa mapoka ayo yaitsvaka kudzivirira.

Mukutonga kwayo 2021 muBrnovich v. Democratic National Committee, Dare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa rakakuita kwakaoma zvikuru kuunza kukwirira mhaka muChikamu 2. Ichi chisarudzo chakakuita kuti kuve kwakaoma zvikuru kudenha ganhuriro dzokuvhota idzo dzinotapura nomutoo usingaenzaniswi vavhoti vashomanene.

Kudikanwa Kwokuramba Takasvinurira

Mukushayikwa kwezvinodikanwa zvakafanorongwa, mapoka amaruramiro avagari vemo akada kutsamira zvikuru pakutaura muchikamu 2 kuti arwise rusaruro mugadziriro yezvamatongerwe enyika, asi kukwirira mhaka kwokubvisa iyi mitemo isina kururama kwose kuri kuviri kunodhura uye kunotora makore — mukati macho kusarudza kunopfuurira. Uku kuchinja kuenzana kwokudzivisa kukudzivirira maruramiro okuvhota nenzira inobudirira.

Kupa Kodzero Dzehurumende Dzinodzivirira

Nepo mutemo wehurumende uchigadza dziviriro yekodzero dzokuvhota, nyika dzakawanda dzakagadza mitemo yadzo dzimene iyo inogovera dziviriro dzokuwedzera kana kuti kuwedzera kusvika kwokuvhota.

Dziviriro Dzebumbiro reMitemo reHurumende

Mitemo yakawanda ine dziviriro dzakajeka dzekodzero yokuvhota. Dzimwe nyika dzakachinja mitemo yadzo kuti dzidzorere kodzero dzokuvhota kuvanhu vane zvitendero zvokusabvumirana, kukudza mikana yokuvhota nokukurumidza, kana kuti kugadza masangano okuzvimirira anodzivisa kuvhota.

Kutanga Kuwana Voter

Nyika dzine uchenjeri hwakati kuti mumaitirwo adzo asarudzo, uye dzakawanda dzakashandisa mitemo yakagadzirirwa kuita kuti kuvhota kuve nyore kuwana.Idzi dzinobatanidza kunyoresa kwokuvhota kwoga, kunyoresa kwezuva rimwe chete, kusaregwa kwekuvhota, nguva dzokuvhota nokukurumidza, uye gadziriro dzevhoti netsamba.

Izvi zvinhu zvehurumende zvinogona kuwedzera zvikuru kusvika kweroti ndokukuita kuti kuve nyore zvikuru kuti vagari vemo vakwaniriswe kutora rutivi musarudzo.

Basa Rematare Mukudzivirira Kupiwa Kwekodzero

Apo kakavadzano dzinomuka pamusoro pokuva pamutemo kwemitemo yokuvhota kana kuti miitiro, matare anobatira senzvimbo yokupedza idzi rwisano.

Zvinetso Zvebumbiro Remitemo

Nhau dzekodzero dzinowanzobatanidza mibvunzo yebumbiro remitemo pamusoro poukuru hweMitemo yeKinayi neDifiti, dzikamo yesimba pakati pehurumende dzehurumende nehurumende, uye mwero weganhuriro dzinobvumirwa kuvhota. Matare anofanira kudzikamisa fariro dzehurumende mukutungamirira sarudzo nekodzero huru yavanhu vamwe navamwe yokuvhota.

Kududzira Mashoko Anokosha

Dare rinodudzirawo mitemo yekodzero dzokuvhota, richisarudza kuti ndeipi miitiro inoputsa Mutemo weVoting Rights kana kuti mimwe mitemo yehurumende.

Kutanga Nhau Mukubudisa Kodzero

Sezvo ruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu uye nzanga zvinochinja, dzimwe nguva zvinhu zvinonetsa uye mikana mitsva zvinovapo pakodzero dzokuvhota.

Kuziva Zvinodiwa Kuti Uve Nemashoko Anokosha

Mitemo yakawanda yakagadza mitemo inoda kuti vavhoti vape zvizivikanwo vasati vaisa shoo.

Matare akasvika mhedziso dzakasiana - siana pamusoro pokuva kwebumbiro remitemo yemitemo yemavhoti akasiyana - siyana, achirangarira zvinhu zvakadai semarudzi okuzivikanwa anogamuchirwa, kuvapo kwemadhigirii akasununguka, uye ufakazi hwechitsotsi chomuvhoti.

Kuchengetedza Mazai

Zvisinei, kubviswa kwokudenha kwemabhuku anovhota kunogona kuguma nokubviswa kwevavhota vakakodzera munhamba dzokunyoresa, zvichibvira kuvadzivisa kuvhota.

Kuwana dzikamo yakarurama pakati pokuchengeta zvinyorwa zvakarurama zvavavhoti nokudzivirira vakafanira pakubviswa kusina kururama kunoramba kuri chinetso chinopfuurira.

Kuderedza Nokuderedza Magariro

Kushandiswa kwemiganhu yeruwa inosarudzwa kungaita kuti kodzero dzokuvhota dzinyatsokosha uye kumiririrwa kwezvematongerwe enyika zvishandiswe.Gerrymandering(kushandiswa kwemiganhu yeruwa nokuda kwebetsero yezvematongerwe enyika) kunoderedza simba rokuvhota redzimwe nzanga, zvikurukuru vashoma vemadzinza.

Mubatanidzwa wenhau weVoing Rights Act wave uchishandiswa kudenha gadziriro dzokugadzirisa idzo dzinosarura vavhoti vashoma, kunyange zvazvo zvisarudzo zveDare Gurusa zvemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi zvakaganhurira ukuru hweizvi zvinetso.

Chengeteko Yechisarudzo Noruzivo Rwokugadzira Zvinhu

Sezvo gadziriro dzokuvhota dzinova dzekombiyuta dzinowedzera, kuva nechokwadi chokuchengeteka nokuperera kwesarudzo kwazova itiro hanya huru.Kudzikamisa kudikanwa kweruzivo rwokuvhota rwakachengeteka, rwakavimbika nokuwana uye kuoneka kunopa zvinetso zvinoramba zvichimuka nokuda kwavatarisiri vesarudzo.

Kuwana Zvinhu Munguva Yemakurumidziro

HONDO yeCOVID-19 yakasimbisa kudiwa kwokuvhota kunochinja - chinja uko kunobvumira vagari vemo kuvhota zvakanaka panguva yenjodzi dzoutano. Nyika dzakawanda dzakawedzera kuvhota tsamba uye kuvhota kwokukurumidza panguva yedenda racho, zvichimutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pokuti ndechipi chezvinjo idzi chinofanira kuva zvinhu zvokupedzisira zvedare rinovhota.

Kukosha Kwokubatanidzwa Muchibvumirano Chokuberekana

Nepo mitemo nemasangano zvichigovera gadziriro yokudzivirira maruramiro okuvhota, kuvimbisana kwehurumende kwokushingaira kunokosha kuti pave nechokwadi chokuti idzi kodzero dzinochengetwa ndokushandiswa.

Dzidzo Yezviyo Zvepasi

Kunzwisisa kodzero dzokuvhota uye nzira yokuzvishandisa nayo zvinokosha kuti zvibudirire mune zvematongerwe enyika.

Kungwarira uye Kuita Zvinhu

Kukura kwekodzero dzokuvhota munhau yose yeAmerica kwakasundwa nokusasarura nokutsigira.Varwi vakarwira kodzero dzokuvhota dzevakadzi kusvikira kuvanorwira kodzero dzevanhu vaifora muSelma, vanhuwo zvavo vakaita basa rinokosha mukufambisira mberi kodzero dzokuvhota.

Masangano anofambira mberi okusasarura anopfuuridzira iyi tsika, kuongorora sarudzo, miitiro inodenha youdzvinyiriri, uye kuvavarira mitemo inowedzera kusvika kuvhoti.

Kutora Rutivi Mugadziriro Yedemocratic

Pakupedzisira, kodzero dzokuvhota dzine revo bedzi apo vagari vemo vanodzishandisa. Mwero yakakwirira yokutora rutivi inosimbisa hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu uye inovimbisa kuti vakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa vanozvidavirira kuvanhu vavanomirira.

Maonero Anoita Nyika Dzose Pakodzero Dzevamwe

Kunzvera kuti dzimwe hurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzinodzivirira sei uye kuti kuvhota kunogona sei kugovera nzwisiso inokosha yokusimbisa dziviriro dzekodzero dzokuvhota muUnited States.

Kunyoresa Kunozviitira

Nyika dzakawanda dzinongoerekana dzanyoresa vagari vose vakakodzera kuti vavhote, dzichibvisa kunyoresa semhinganidzo yokutora rutivi. dzimwe nyika dzeUnited States dzakagamuchira gadziriro dzokunyoresa dzinongoerekana dzaitwa, idzo dzakaratidzwa kuwedzera mwero yokunyoresa zvikuru.

Zuva Rokusarudza Sezororo

MuUnited States, sarudzo dzinoitwa paChipiri, izvo zvinogona kukonzera zvinetso kuvavhoti vanoshanda maawa akawanda kana kuti vane zvirongwa zvisingachinjiki.

Kuruma Kunomanikidzirwa

Ubati ushe hwoutongi hunosarudzwa navanhu hushomanene, kubatanidza Australia neBelgium, hune mitemo yokuvhota yokumanikidzira inoda kuti vagari vemo vakakodzera vaise mavhoti.

Zviwanikwa Zvevatambi Vemari

Zviwanikwa zvakawanda zvinowanika kuti zvibatsire vagari vemo kunzwisisa uye kushandisa kodzero dzavo dzokuvhota.

Mari Inoshandiswa Nehurumende

Dare reNzvimbo dzeKuvhota rinogovera mashoko pamusoro pemiitiro yokuvhota uye kudzorwa kwevhoti. Hurumende nehofisi dzesarudzo dzomunzvimbomo zvinopa mashoko pamusoro pemisi yokunyoresa, nzvimbo dzokuvhota, uye zvinodikanwa zvokuvhota zvakananga kuhurumende imwe neimwe. Website yeUSA.gov pa HTTPs/www.gov/votion[

Masangano Asiri Okuparidha

Masangano akadai seLeague of Women Voters, Rock the Vote, uye Vote.org anogovera mashoko asina kusipatikira pamusoro pokunyoresa muvhoti, miitiro yokuvhota, uye vanoda kusarudzwa.

Kubatsira Mumutemo

Kana uchidavira kuti kodzero dzako dzokuvhota dzakaputswa, rubatsiro rwepamutemo ruripo. Sangano dzakadai seACLU, Dare Rekodzero Dzevagari vemo Pasi poMutemo, uye Sangano Rokudzivirira Rokuvhota rinotsigira zviri pamutemo vavhotera kana kuti vamwe vanotarisana nemhinganidzo dzokuvhota.

Kutarira Mberi: Nguva Yemberi Yokupa Kodzero

Sezvo zvinetso zvitsva zvinovapo uye nzanga zvichichinja, gadziriro yepamutemo yokudzivirira kodzero dzokuvhota inofanira kugadziridza kuti pave nechokwadi chokuti vagari vose vakakodzera vanogona kutora rutivi zvizere mukutongwa kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu.

Mitemo Yehurumende Yakakarakadzwa

Izvi zvinosanganisira kuedza kudzorera urongwa hwakajeka hweConing Rights Act, kutanga mitemo yenyika yokunyoresa muvhoti uye kutungamirira matare okuvhota, uye kutaura nezvengozi dzinomuka dzokuvhota.

Kubudirira kweidzi nhamburiko dzomutemo kuchatsamira pachido chezvamatongerwe enyika netsigiro yavose nokuda kwokudzivirira nokuwedzera kwamaruramiro okuvhota.

Kuchinja Kwezvigadzirwa Zvesayenzi

Kunyoresa paIndaneti kwakaita kuti zvive nyore kuti vanhu vanyorese mavhoti avo, asi kunetseka kuti mavhoti acharamba akavimbika pakombiyuta uye pasarudzo kunoramba kuchidiwa.

Kungwarira Kunopfuurira

Nhau yekodzero dzokuvhota muAmerica inoratidza kuti kudzivirira kodzero dzokuvhota hakungoerekani kwaitika.

mhedziso

Kodzero dzokupa dzinovimbiswa kupfurikidza negadziriro yakaoma yegadziridzo dzebumbiro-mitemo, mutemo wehurumende, mitemo yehurumende, uye miitiro yokudzikamisa inoshanda. Kuvambira pakurambidza kwe 15th Amendment pakusarura rusaruro mukuvhota kusvikira kudziviriro yakakwana yeVoting Rights Act, mutemo weAmerica wakavamba kukudza nokudzivirira france.

Zvisinei, vimbiso yekodzero dzokuvhota haisati iri yokuzviparadza. Kunoda kuzvipira kunopfuurira kunobva mumitengo yose yehurumende, kutora rutivi kwokushingaira kunoitwa navagari vemo, uye kungwarira pakuedza kuganhurira kusvika kumuvhoti. Kunzwisisa kuti kodzero dzokuvhota dzinodzivirirwa sei (/nerwisano dzenhau dzakatungamirira kudziviriro dzazvino uno) kunokosha nokuda kwomugari ari wose anokoshesa kutora rutivi kwedemocracy.

Kodzero yokuvhota inokosha kuhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti iyi maruramiro anowanika kuvagari vose vakakodzera kunoramba kuri chimwe chedenho dzinokosha zvikurusa dzinotarisana nenzanga yeAmerica. Kupfurikidza nokunzwisisa dziviriro dzapamutemo dziripo, nzira idzo dzinoshandiswa nadzo, uye tyisidziro dzinopfuurira dzokuvhota, vagari vemo vanogona zviri nani kutsigira mitemo inosimbisa utongi hunosarudzwa navanhu uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti inzwi riri rose rinonzwiwa mumuitiro wokusarudza.

Nokuda kwamashoko akawanda pamusoro pekodzero dzako dzokuvhota uye nzira yokunyoresa nayo kuvhota, shanyira U.Euplot Application Commission kana kuti website yesarudzo yehurumende yako. Kudzidza zvakawanda pamusoro penhau nemamiriro ekodzero dzokuvhota zvinodzivirira, Brenan Center for Justice inogovera nzvero huru nenzvero panhau dzekuvhotera.