Kunzwisisa kuti mitemo inoitwa sei kunokosha kuti kutevedzere nheyo dzehurumende. Muitiro wemitemo unoshandura pfungwa kuva mitemo inoumba nzanga, inodzivirira kodzero, uye inoisa zvinhu. Iyi rwendo kubva pakunamba kuenda kuratidzira runobatanidza matanho akawanda, imwe neimwe yakagadzirirwa kuva nechokwadi chokurangarira nokungwarira, mubatanidzwa wavose, uye nzvero nedzikamo. Nepo magirafu akafara akafanana mugadziriro dzedemocracy, udzame hunosiana nevhu. Nyaya ino inonzvera nzira chaiyo inotora muimba yomutemo yebhiyameral, kubva pakutanga kukuita puregitari kupfurikidza netendero yokupedzisira yavakuru vakuru vakuru. Kupfurikidza nokuisa nhanho imwe neimwe, vagari vanogona kubatana zviri nani navamiriri vavo uye vatsiridziridziri zvinobudirira nokuda kwokuchinja.

Kupfuudzira Gadziriro Yomutemo

Gadziriro yomutemo igadziriro yakarongwa kupfurikidza nayo mitemo inokarakadzwa, inonzi mabhiri, inotangwa, inonzverwa, inokakavadzana, uye pakupedzisira inotangwa kana kuti kurambwa. Nepo mitemo yakananga iri pakati pehurumende dzamarudzi (yakadai seUnited States Congress, UK Paramende, kana kuti Paramende yeIndia), mwero mikuru inoramba isingachinji. Iyoyi inobatanidza:

  • Kunyora mutongo wacho kunoitwa nevaiti vemitemo, mapoka ezvirongwa zvezvirongwa, kana kuti masangano anotungamirira
  • Kutanga mukamuri rimwe redare romutemo
  • Ongorora uye rumbidza nedare rimwe chete kana kuti akawanda
  • Kukakavadzana kwemaruva uye kuvhota kwazvakabva
  • Kurangarira uye kupfuura nekamuri rechipiri
  • Chisarudzo chemisiyano pakati pemakamuri (kana aripo)
  • Kupiwa kwavakuru vakuru nokuda kwetendero kana kuti seveto

Nhambo imwe neimwe inogovera mikana yokugadziridza, kutaurirana kwevanhu, uye kukurukurirana kwezvematongerwe enyika, ichivimbisa kuti mutemo wokupedzisira unoratidza kubvumirana kukuru uye uchideredza migumisiro isingakarirwa.

Danho 1: Kugadzirisa Bhiro racho

Upenyu hwomutemo hunotanga kare husati hwatangwa.Dafting ibasa rokuchinja pfungwa yemitemo kuva mutauro wapamutemo wakananga. Iri basa hariwanzoitwa nomuiti wemitemo mumwe chete. Panzvimbo pezvo, rinobatanidza kushandira pamwe kwevatambi vakasiyana - siyana:

Ndiani Anodhirowa Mabhiri?

  • [ Vashandi vepamutemo nezano remitemo - Mitezo yeCongress kana kuti paramende inoshandisa yamuro dzemitemo namagweta avo vanodzidzira mirau inonyora. Idzi nyanzvi dzinovimbisa kuti mutengo wacho wakajeka, usingachinji, uye wakajeka.
  • [ Masangano ebazu anoshanda [ – Mapato eHurumende kazhinji kazhinji anokarakadza mutemo kuronga misiyano kana kuti gadziriro inoshandiswa. Somuenzaniso, Department of Transportation yeU.S. inganyora chibvumirano chokuvandudza mipimo yekotsekano yomumugwagwa.
  • Mapoka makurusa namasangano okushambadza - NGOS, masangano ezvokutengeserana, uye kufunga mabhiri emienzaniso anowanzoitwa nevanogadzira mitemo anogona kutora kana kuti kugadziridza. Mienzaniso inozivikanwa zvakanaka inobatanidza mapoka ezvokuchinja mamiriro okunze anobatanidza mitemo kana kuti masangano ebhizimisi okugadzira mitemo yemichina.
  • [ vagari vemo nanyanzvi - Mune dzimwe nyika, vagariwo zvavo kana kuti nyanzvi dzedzidzo vanogona kutumira zvikwereti zvokunyoresa kupfurikidza nemiitiro yokutanga yorudzi kana kuti kupfurikidza nokukumbira mumiriri wavo.

Kukosha Kwokugadzira Zvokungwarira

Zvikwereti zvakashata zvinonyorwa zvinogona kuparira kusajeka, zvisaririra, kana kuti miuyo isingakarirwa inosekesa donzo romutemo. Somuenzaniso, mutemo unoitirwa kuganhurira miitiro yakati yebhizimisi nenzira yokusaziva ungarambidza mibato inobetsera kana rondedzero dzakanyanyofara. Naizvozvo, kunyora kunobatanidza hwirudzuro yakakomba nenyanzvi dzemitemo, kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji mumahofisi akadai se Office of the Legislative Reance [ muU.S.Congress.

Danho 2: Kutanga Mumutemo

Kana bhoti rangonyorwa chose chose, rinofanira kutangwa nenzira yapamutemo. Iyi nhano inoratidzira mavambo epamutemo egadziriro yemitemo. Mugadziriro dzebicameral, gweta racho rinogona kusumwa mungava imba yakaderera (mutoo, House of Adventiers, Lok Sabhaha) kana kuti imba yapamusoro (muchib., Dare, Raja Sabhaha), pamwe chete nemimwe mitengo yemari yemari inofanira kutangira mukamuri rapasi.

Kutanga Kwacho

Mutezo wedare remitemo (kana kuti pane dzimwe nguva boka remitezo) unotsigira bhiridha. Mutsigiri anonyora bhii racho nomunyori weimba, anorigovera nhamba yakasiyana nedzimwe (zvikurukuru, H.R. 1234 muImba yeU.S., S. 567 muDare). Mutengi wacho unoraviwa kwenguva yokutanga – kazhinji kazhinji kurava musoro wedare rakakodzera rakavakirwa panhau. Mumaparamende akawanda, sumo inobatanidzawo kutaura kupfupi kunobva kudimuro pfupi inobva kumipiro yebhiripi yedare racho nea.

Kubatanidza uye Kuparadzira

Kuratidzira tsigiro yakafara, vatsigiri kazhinji kazhinji vanowana vakumbaniri. Nhamba yavakosi vanogona kupesvedzera simba regweta. Mukuwedzera, sumo inoita kuti vatepfenyuri vasarudze zvirevo, izvo zvinogona kukwezva ngwariro yavose navanomanikidza kuti vaite chiito. Chikamu ichiwo ndicho apo chinyorwa chehurumende chinovamba, kuronda kugadziriswa kuri kwose uye kuvhota kuti pave nokujeka.

Nhano 3: Kuhwirudzura kweDare

Matare ndimabhiza anoshanda eimba yomutemo. Anoita nzvero ine udzame zvikurusa yemitemo inokarakadzwa, kubvisa zvikwereti zvisina kururama uye kusimbisa zvinovimbisa.

Basa Redare Muudzame

  • Kunzwa[-Matare anoita kuti nyaya dzitongwe navose kuunganidza ufakazi hunobva kunyanzvi, vakuru vakuru vehurumende, mapoka ezviwanwa zvemhindu, uye vagari vemo vanotapurwa. Idzi nzwi dzinobudisa chinyorwa choufakazi hunozivisa kuita zvisarudzo. Somuenzaniso, dare rinorangarira pamutemo wemamiriro okunze ringanzwa kuna masayendisiti, vakuru vakuru vesimba, uye vamiriri venzanga.
  • Zvikamu zveMarkup - Pashure pokunzwa, dare rinosangana kukurukura uye kuvhota padzosero dzegweta. Ikoku kunozivikanwa sechipo. Mitezo inogona kukarakadza chinjo dzokunatsa bhiri, kero, kana kuti kuvaka kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira. Muitiro wokupa mari unogona kuchinja zvikuru ukuru hwechibvumirano chisati chasvika pauriri.
  • SSUBCOTEE Review - Matare mazhinji anokamuranisa basa rawo pakati pemitezo miduku inonangidzira ngwariro pamisoro mitete. Makomiti edziviri anoitisa kurukurirano dzokutanga navanopa, ipapo anoshuma zviwanwa zvawo kudare rakazara. Ichi chivako chine nhiviro chinobvumira unyanzvi hukuru zvikuru.
  • Kushuma Bill – Kana dare richitendera mutengi wacho, rinoshuma mutongo kunzvimbo yakazara pamwe chete nomushumo wakanyorwa uchitsanangura chinangwa chayo, kurangarira kwedare, uye mirangariro ipi neipi inopesana. Chibvumirano chinokundikana kuwana tendero yedare chinourawa nenzira inobudirira; chinogona kumutsidzirwa bedzi kupfurikidza namatanho esimba sechikumbiro chakabudiswa.

Chikonzero Nei Matare Achikosha

Matare anobatira sechisefa, achidzivisa uriri kukurirwa nezviuru zvemabhiri rusando rumwe norumwe. Anosimudzirawo kuiswa pachena: vatengi vemitemo paDare rePuriculture, somuenzaniso, vanokudziridza zivo huru yemiitiro yepurazi. Iyi unyanzvi inovandudza kunaka kwomutemo uye inoderedza ngozi yemigumisiro isingakarirwi. Kunzvera kune udzame pamusoro penzira iyo matare anoshanda nayo muU.S. Congress, ona [[FL:0] Congress] Consorle.gov's reconficiation reculture

Danho 4: Kukurukurirana Nokutaura

Chikamu ichi ndicho chinenge chiri dare rinenge rasarudza vanhu vose kuti vaende kunzvimbo yaro kuti vakurukure nyaya yacho uye kuti vasarudze vokupedzisira.

Mitemo Yenharo

Kamuri rimwe nerimwe rine mitemo yaro rinodzora kuti gakava ringagara kwenguva yakareba sei uye kuti kugadziriswa kunogona sei kupiwa. MuImba yavamiririri yeU.S., gakava rinoganhurirwa nemitemo yakarongeka yakagadzwa neDare reMitemo, iro rinodudza ganhuriro dzenguva uye ndedzipi dzinobvumirwa. MuDare, gakava rinowanzova risina kuganhurirwa kutoti kana kukumbira kubviswa; ikoku kunobvumira vana vamafilicbuster, apo vatendi vanogona kutaura kwemaawa kuti vanonose kana kuti vavhare vhoti. Chibvumirano chinoda muganhu chezvikamu zvitatu zvezvikero zvikuru (60) kugumisa kurukurirano.

Kuchinja Kwakaita Maruva

Panharo dzapauriri, mitezo inogona kukarakadza chinjo dzokuchinja mutengo. Kumwe kugadziridza kungava kwakananga (kune chokuita zvakananga nenhau yegweta) apo dzimwe dzingava dzisiri bhirimani (vatakuri) dzinobatanidza chinjo dzemiitiro. Vatasvi vakapararira zvikuru muDare reU.S. Nharo nemwero yekugadziriswa zvinogona kupararira mumazuva kana kuti kunyange mavhiki, zvikurukuru nokuda kwemitemo inomutsa nharo kana kuti yakaoma.

Mibato Yokuita Zvinhu

Pakupera kwekurukurirano, mavhoti enzvimbo. Nzira dzokuvhota dzinosiyana: mavhota enzwi (ye/nay), mavhoti eboka (kumira), mavhoti akarekodwa (kuvhota kana kuti foni), kana kuti vhoti dzemupinduriro. Voti zhinjisa dzemitezo iripo dzinowanzodikanwa nokuda kwokutora, kutoti kana kuti mitemo yebumbiro remitemo ichida mutezo wakakwirira zvikuru (g., nokuda kwemitemo yemitemo inodzorwa). Kana mutengo wacho wapfuura, unotumirwa kune imwe kamuri kuti urangarire.

Danho 5: Kutenderwa Nevamwe Vavakidzani

Mudare remitemo rebhimeral, mutemo unofanira kupfuura makamuri ose ari maviri muchimiro chakafanana usati wagona kuva mutemo.

Misiyano Nokuyanana

Kazhinji kazhinji kacho kachipfuudzira shanduro yakasiana nepepa renzvimbo yokutanga. Apo ikoko kunoitika, mutengo haugoni kupfuurira zvakananga kumukuru mukuru. Panzvimbo pezvo, makamuri anofanira kupedza misiano yawo. Mitoo inozivikanwa navose inobatanidza:

  • Conferences komiti – dare rechinguvana rinoumbwa nemitezo inobva mumakamuri ose ari maviri kukurukura shanduro inobvumiraniswa pane zvisina kufanira. Mushumo unovapo wemusangano unofanira kutenderwa namakamuri ose ari maviri pasina kumwe kugadziriswa.
  • Mibatanidzwa pakati pemakamuri – imwe kamuri inogona kugamuchira kugadziriswa kweimwe, kana kuti kutumira bhiri racho nezvimwe kuchinja mumuitiro weping-pong kutozosvikira chibvumirano chasvika.
  • Kugamuchirwa kuri nyore – Kana kamuri rechipiri rikapfuudza mutengo chaizvoizvo sokutumwa kwarakaitwa mukamuri rokutanga, chikwereti chinonyoreswa ndokutumirwa kumukuru mukuru.

Ichi chinodikanwa chebvumirano yebhiyaral chinovimbisa kuti mutemo unosanoumbwa nemiviri yakasiana nemitemo yakasiana. Dzidza zvakawanda pamusoro pegadziriro yebimeral pa tsananguro yeNational Archives yeU.S. Constitution.

Danho 6: Kutenderwa naPrezidhendi Kana Kuti Kutenderwa Nehurumende

Kana kamuri dzose dziri mbiri dzangobvumira mari yakafanana, inonyoreswa ndokupiwa kumukuru mukuru wehurumende — purezidhendi pamwero wenyika kana kuti gavhuna pamwero wehurumende. Basa romukuru mukuru icherekedzo yokupedzisira pasimba romutemo.

Sarudzo Nokuda Kwechikuru

  • Chiratidzo mumutemo [ - Mukuru mukuru anoratidzira muganhu, achiuita mutemo wapamutemo. Uyu ndiwo muuyo unozivikanwa zvikurusa.
  • Mutengo - Mukuru mukuru anodzosera mutengo wacho kunzvimbo yake yamavambo neshoko reveto rinotsanangura zvirambidzo. Mutemi wemitemo anogona kuedza kukurira vhato nevhoti huru (inowanzova matatu maviri mumakamuri ose ari maviri).
  • Regai mutemo kuva mutemo pasina kusaina - Mumativi akawanda, kana mukuru mukuru asingashandisi kana kuti asingapi miromo mukati menhamba yakati yamazuva (apo dare rinotonga rinenge riri murusando), pamutemo wacho unova mutemo. Irori rinozivikanwa sehomwe kana chibvumirano chemitemo chichidzorwa mukati menhambo iyoyo, richiuraya muromo.
  • Mutsetse-inhuru wiveto - Vamwe vatongi venyika vane simba rokupinza rondedzero dzakananga kana kuti zvinhu mukati megweta pasina kuramba mutemo wose. Purezidhendi weU.S. haana mutsetse wechinhu chimwe; Dare Rapamusoro-kamurasa muganhu webumbiro renyika-kanzuru

Veto Inodzosera Kudzorwa

Kana mukuru mukuru akabvisa musengwa, bhora rinodzokera kudivi redare. Kupfuura vheto, kamuri rimwe nerimwe rinofanira kupfuudza mutongo kupfurikidza nemukurumbira mukurusa — zvinowanzova zvikamu zviviri zvemitezo iripo. Iyi bhawa rakakwirira rinovimbisa kuti vapfumi havawanzova vasingataurwi. Somuenzaniso, Dare reU.S. rinokunda pasi pe 5% yemabhirifeyafeyareji. Muitiro wokurefeta unosimbisa kuparadzana kwemasimba negadziriro yechekero nechiyero.

Kunyatsotarisirwa uye Kusawirirana

Nepo nhano dziri pamusoro apa dzichirondedzera nzira yomutemo yakafanira, misiyano inoverengeka iripo:

  • .Unicameral commission - Mamwe madzorerwe (musati Nebraska muU.S., maparamende enyika akasiana-- siyana akadai seQueensland, Australia) ane kamuri rimwe, kubvisa kudikanwa kweyananiso yebungaral.
  • Kutanga nokupa mashoko echinzvimbo - Mudzimwe nyika, vavhoti vanogona kudarika chose chose chibvumirano chomutemo kupfurikidza nokuisa mitemo kupfurikidza nemikumbiro nemipimo yakananga. Uyu muitiro, unozivikanwa sedemocracy yakananga, unowedzera nzira yokuita mitemo.
  • mutemo wekudzoreka - Mukati menjodzi, masangano emitemo angakurumidza kubhadhara zvikwereti kupfurikidza nemiitiro inogadziridzwa, achiganhura kurukurirano negadziridzo kuti zvipindure nokukurumidza. Zvisinei, miitiro yakadaro inoda tsigiro huru kana kuti kubvumirana.
  • Zvibvumirano zvehurumende – zvibvumirano zvamarudzi ose zvinoda tendero yemitemo (kazhinji kazhinji mavhoti maviri namatatu muDare muU.S.), asi zvibvumirano zvokutungamirira zvingaitwa pasina kubvumira kwemitemo.

mhedziso

Rwendo rwechibvumirano kubva kupfungwa kuenda kumutemo rwakaoma noune, rwakagadzirirwa kudzivisa kukurumidza kana kuti kurangarirwa kwomutemo. Nhanho imwe neimwe — kubva pakunyora nokuhwirudzura nokuhwirudzura dare kusvikira kukurukurirano youriri hwepasi netendero yavakuru vakuru — inobatanidza miitiro yokunzvera, yezvipinzwa navanhu vose, uye kubvumira. Kunzwisisa iyi nzira inoshongedzera vagari vemo kuti vaite ruzivo rwehurumende, kana kuti kupfurikidza nokuonana navamiririri vavo, kupupurira vanzwi, kana kuti kuvhotera vatendi vanowirirana nemipimo yavo. Nokuda kwaavo vanotsvaka kutevera mutemo muUnited States, nzvimbo yepamutemo Canforn. inogovera nzira chaiyoiyo yezvikwereti, mav, mav, mapepa edare. Kushanda kwemitemo hakungoshandisiswi; inongovawo mumiteverotootooto yezvishandi muupenyu hwedu.