Kunzwisisa kuti mitemo inoitwa sei kunokosha sei nokuda kwevose vari vaviri vadzidzi navadzidzisi zvakafanana. Iyi nhungamiro ichakufambisa mugadziriro yomutemo nomutoo wakananga, kuchikuita kuti kuve nyore kunzwisisa kuoma kwokuita mutemo. Muitiro uyo mutemo unova nhevedzano yakasanorongwa yenhano dzinovimbisa kurangarira, kurukurirano, uye kubvumirana. Pano tinowedzera pachikamu chimwe nechimwe, tichipa mashoko akapoteredza akawedzerwa uye udzame kubetsera varavi kunzwisisa kuti Dare reU.S. rinochinja sei pfungwa kuva mitemo inodzika mitemo.

Chii Chiri Gadziriro Yomutemo?

Muitiro wemitemo ndiwo mutoo uyo mitemo inokarakadzwa, inozivikanwa sezvikwereti, inokurukurwa uye inotenderwa nedare remitemo. MuUnited States, muitiro uyu unoitika zvikurukuru muCongress, iyo ine makamuri maviri: Imba yavamiriri neDare. Bumbiro reMitemo rinopa Congress masimba ose emitemo, anopiwa tendero yapurezidhendi kana kuti dare. Muitiro wacho wakaoma noune urongwa kudzivisa mutemo unokurumidzira kana kuti unorangarirwa zvisina kunaka uye kubvumira kuiswa kwevatengi vazhinji vakasiana- siyana.

Mutengo unogona kuvamba munzvimbo dzose dziri mbiri, asi zvikwereti zvemitero nokushandisa zvinofanira kutanga muImba. Kunyange zvazvo kamuri rimwe nerimwe rinotevera mitemo yaro rimene namagamuchidzanwa, nhano dzehwaro(nziyo dzekare), kuhwirudzurwa kwedare, kurukurirano youriri, kuvhota, kuyanana pakati pemakamuri, uye chiito chapurezidhendi (inozivikanwa navose. Kunzwisisa idzi nhano kunopa hwindo mashandire gadziriro yeAmerica yecheki nedzikano.

Matanho Mune Mitemo Yokudzika Mirairo: Kufamba Kwakazara

Pano tinowedzera nhano imwe neimwe nemashoko okuwedzera, kusanganisira mienzaniso, mavhesi, uye mitemo inokosha.

Kugadzira Bhirogiramu

Muitiro wokuita mutemo unovamba nokunyorwa kwepepa. Ikoku kunogona kuitwa nenhengo yeGarhendreade Congress, dare, kana kuti kunyange nemugari wemo kana kuti boka rourongwa. Mutemo wacho unofanira kunyorwa zvakajeka uye nenzira inonanga kuivimbisa kuti inogona kunzwisiswa uye kukurukurwa. Kudzokororwa kunowanzoyamurwa neHofisi yeLegislative Council Council, magwetation asingabvumirwi anobetsera kubetsera kushandura mifungo mumutauro wapamutemo. Mifungo mizhinji yemitero inobva kumitengo, mapoka ezvibereko, kana kuti masangano ebazu. Chibvumirano chinonatswa chinobatanidza musoro mupfupi, rugwaro runotsanangura mashoko makuru, uye gadziriro dzakajeka. Chibvumirano chinofanirawo kuziva kuti chii chiripo, kana kuti chipi chinenge chaitwazve. Chirango ichi chinogona kunyorwa nemhaka yemigumisiro yakashana pashure pejinga.

Vagadziri vanorangarirawo “mugadziri” wepepa racho — rinofanira kuva mutongo wakapfava (H.R. kana kuti S.), chisarudzo chakabatana, chisarudzo chakabatana, kana kuti chisarudzo chakapfava. Mutemo wakawanda wokupa pamutemo unoda chimiro chepepa kana kuti chisarudzo chakabatana (chapashure chine simba romutemo pashure petendero yapurezidhendi).

Kusuma Bhirojeni

Kana mutezo wacho wangonyorwa, unosumwa muImba yeVamiririri kana kuti Dare. Mutezo unosuma mutezo wacho unozivikanwa somutsigiri. Mimwe mitezo ingakumbanira seco procespons kuti iratidze tsigiro yavo. MuImba, mutezo unosuma pamutemo kupfurikidza nokuuisa mu “post" — bhokisi padesiki raMabhaundi. MuDare, sumo inoziviswa nomutengi pauriri. Mari inogoverwa nhamba (e., H.R. 1. 100) uye yakadhindwa nokuda kwokuparadzirwa. uko kusingasimbisi chiito chamabhiri chinoziviswazve; zviuru zvemari zvinosumwaniswa neBhoro yeCarsard (nhambo yegore yegore ra2) asi pamutemo duku bedzi. Chibvumirano chinova chinyorwa chinochengetwa cheBhiri kwamapepa chinonzi [F.F.]

Basa romutsigiri rinokosha: bhoti ine bipartisan coąsponorship ingaratidzira ndokuwedzera mikana yayo yokufambira mberi.

Kuongorora kweDare

Pashure pesumo, dare rinonongedzerwa kudare rinoona nezvenhau yechikwereti. Dare rinohwirudzura chikwereti chacho, dare rinotonga, uye ringaita chinjo kana kuti kugadziridza pamberi pokuvhota kuti chiende kuuriri nokuda kwekurukurirano. Matare anowanzodanwa kuti “mabhiza okushanda” eDare nemhaka yokuti anoita kunzvera kune udzame kwokuti kurukurirano youriri haigoni kuita. Murongi angaenda kudare rimwe kana kuti, nokuda kwemitero inobatanidza miganhu mizhinji, kumatare anoverengeka (ane chokuita kana kuti akakamu akakamukana).

Kune marudzi anoverengeka amatare: matare akamira (masangano akaenzana naJudiary, Appropriations, Admittee), sarudza matare (echinguvana kana kuti donzo chairo), matare akabatana (akabatanidzwa emitezo yose iri miviri yeImba neDare), uye matare edare (akadzidza kuyananisa misiyano pakati peNhare neDare). Matare anokamuranisazve kuva masangano maduku anobata nzvimbo dzakamanikana. Padare, bhii rinogona kugadziriswa, “kunyorwa,” uye kushumwa zvakanaka, kana kuti pasina rumbidzo. dare rinogonawo kuva nechinovharo chepfurati kupfurikidza nokusaita chinhu chigamuchi — jambwa chakarovedzorwa nokuda kwezvikarakadzo zvizhinji. Kana dare rikakundikana kushuma, vatsigiriki ku“ kubudisa bhiripo kuuriri, ” asi rakaoma kuita.

Kutonga rutivi rwakakomba rwenzvero yedare. Zvinobvumira nyanzvi, vakuru vakuru vehurumende, uye vanhu kupupurira. Zvapupu zvingakokwa nechigaro kana kuti mutezo wapamusoro, uye marekodhi anova rutivi rwechinyorwa chewirirano. Government Publiship Office (GPO) inobudisa mapepa edare anonzwa; ona GovInfo.gov nokuda kwokupinda.

4. Kukakavadzana Pamaburi

Kana dare rikabvumira mari yacho, rinotamira pauriri hweImba kana kuti Dare kuti rikakavadzane. Mitezo inokurukura zvakakodzera uye ingakarakadza kugadziridzwa kwezvekuwedzera. Iyi idanho rinokosha umo chikwereti chinogona kuva nechinjo huru pakavakirwa pamhinduro nekurukurirano. Mitemo inodzora uriri inosiana zvikuru pakati pemakamuri.

MuImba, gakava rinodzorwa zvikuru. Mitemo Committee inowanzobudisa “ruviko” (chisarudzo chaicho) chinogadza urefu hwekurukurirano, marudzi ezvigadziriso zvinobvumirwa, uye nhevedzano yokuvhota. Mutemo unogona kuvharwa” (hazvitsigiso),“kuvhura” (chinochinja) kana kuti“chirongwa chakarongwa" (chinobvumira kugadziriswa). Chivako ichi chinobvumira vatungamiriri vazhinji kuti vabate zvakanaka. MuDare, gakavara rinoza zvikuru nemhaka yegamuchidzanwa raro risina kuganhurirwa. Mutevengi inova inova nesimba zvikuru nokuda kwenharo. Asina dare rinotogona kupedza nguva refu seiri kuda. Kunyange zvazvo risingabviri kubvumira murwi mukuru.

Pamunenge muchikakavadzana pauriri, nhengo dzinowanzoita “colloquis” (kuchinjana) kuti dzijekese chinangwa kana kuti dzitange nhau yemitemo.

5. Kuruma

Pashure pekurukurirano, mutero wacho unoiswa kuvhota. MuImba, kuvhota kunogona kuitwa nenzwi, neboka, kupfurikidza nokudanidzira kwemazita (electronic). Chinozivikanwa zvikurusa ivhoti yenzwi, asi danidzo yakanyorwa inoshandiswa apo inokumbirwa. MuDare, vhota kazhinji kazhinji inoitwa nokurira kwokurongeka (mhinduro imwe neimwe yedare iripo) yakakwana. MuDare, “yeya,”“ kana kuti “paripo”. Kana mitezo mizhinji ivhotera munya (kuvapo), mutongo unopfuura kamuri iroro. Muimba, voruzhinji vakapfava (inovhotera iripo) vakakwana. MuDare, mutemo mumwe chetewo unogona kudzorwa. Kana bhishopuretsi rikapoka, kana rikapokasagona kudzorwa nenzira ikodzera kana kuti yakazoitwazve.

Zvinokosha kuziva kuti bhiri racho sezvarinopfuudzwa mune imwe kamuri ringasiyana zvikuru neshanduro yaro yokutanga nemhaka yokugadziridzwa kwemashoko. Shanduro ye “engrossed” — rugwaro rwokupedzisira serwapfuudzwa — igwaro rinotumirwa kune imwe kamuri.

Kutumirwa Kune Imwe Dare

Kana mutengo wacho unopfuura nekamuri rimwe, ipapo unotumirwa kune rimwe kamuri (Imba kana kuti Dare) nokuda kwokurangarira. Kamuri rechipiri ringadzokorora mutoo mumwe chetewo wehwirudzuro hwedare, kurukurirano, uye kuvhota. Kamuri rechipiri ringapfuudza chibvumirano pasina chinjo, kuchipfuudza nemhesano, kana kuti kurasha. Kana rikapfuudza nokugadziriswa, rugwaro runodzokera mukamuri rokutanga nokuda kwokurangarira kurukurirano. Iri jira nergrandrong rinozivikanwa se “ping.” Kazhinji kazhinji kacho imba yemavambo ingabvumirana nedzosi, papfundo racho rakagadzirirwa kunyoresa. Kana risingagoni kubvumirana, imba ingakumbira musangano kana kuti kungofa. Mite yomutemo yacho inobvumira kuti itsaure rimwe nerimwe racho basa, asi rugwaro rwokupedzisira.

Dare Romusangano 7.

Kana makamuri ose ari maviri akapfuudza zvimiro zvakasiyana zvechibvumirano. dare remusangano rinoumbwa kuyananisa misiyano. Mitezo inobva mudzimba dzose dziri mbiri. inodanwa kuti “vasonganiri” inoshanda pamwe chete kugadzira shanduro yokupedzisira yomutemo unogona kubvumiranwa. Vapi navapi ndivo mitezo yakatanhamara yedare raibata pamutemo. Vanogadzwa neAdexter yeImbar neMajoni Mutungamiriri weDare. Dare remusangano rinoshanda seri kwemasuo akavharwa uye rinobudisa “mushumo wetsika” unobatanidza rugwaro rwakapesana namashoko akabatana. Musangano unofanira kutenderwa nemakamu ose ari maviri muchimiro chakafanana, uye hapana kumwe kutenderwa. Uyu muitiro une simba nemhaka yokuti unorega muitiro wenguva dzose uye masimba anodzorwa. Zvisinei, kana kuvhotera kutadza kubatira bvumirano.

Chinotsiva musangano wegamuchidzanwa kushandisa “tsinhano yokugadziridza” apo kamuri rimwe nerimwe rinopfuudza shanduro yaro richibva ravhota pazvinogadziridzwa zverimwe. Muitiro uyu unogona kuva wokukurumidza asi usingashandisi tsika.

Kutora Basa Revakuru Vehurumende

Kana makamuri ose ari maviri angobvumirana bedzi pashanduro yokupedzisira (“pepa rakapetwa” rinosainwa neSpeaker neVice President), mutezo unotumirwa kuPrezidhendi. Purezidhendi ane zvisarudzo zvinoverengeka:

  • Chiratidzo mumutemo. Mutungamiriri wehurumende angasaina chibvumirano ndokubudisa mashoko anotsanangura donzo racho kana kuti kupikisa gadziriro chaidzo (mashoko okusaina, asina simba rapamutemo asi anogona kupesvedzera kududzira).
  • Kudzosera kumutemo. Kana Purezidhendi akadzokera kuCongress nokuramba. Congress inogona kukurira kuvhota nembiri tatu muimba imwe neimwe. Kana ikabudirira, muromo wacho unova mutemo pasina siginicha yaPurezidhendi. Kana dhesi ikundikana, vasto vanomira.
  • Usaita chiito kwamazuva gumi (kuwedzera maSvondo) apo Congress iri murusando. Muchinoitika ichocho, muromo wacho unova mutemo pasina siginicha. Ichochi chinonzi “sigini yemapiki.
  • Regai kufa kupfurikidza nokusaita chiito kana Congress ikadzoswa (kufa kwechinetso). Irori rinozivikanwa se “papukoti .” Mutemo hausati uchizova mutemo, uye Congress haigoni kudzora nemhaka yokuti haisati iri murusando.

Purezidhendi angasarudzawo kubudisa “papocket veto” mukati mokuparadzana kwechikamu cheintraà system kana Congress isina kugovera mumiriri wokugamuchira mashoko — asi ikoku hakuwanzoitiki. Simba reveto ichenjeri huru pasimba remitemo.

Kupfuura Matanho Makuru: Magariro Okuwedzera uye Kusiyana Kwetsika

Muenzaniso wenhambwe sere unobatsira kuderedza, asi muitiro chaiwoiwo wokutonga unobatanidza zvimwe zvinhu zvakawanda.

Marudzi Ezvisarudzo Nezvisarudzo

Hadzisi rondedzero dzose dzemitemo dzinotevera nzira imwe cheteyo. Zvisarudzo zviri nyore (H.Res. Res.) kubata zvinhu mukati mukamuri rimwe (mutomo, kutevera mitemo) uye kusada imwe kamuri kana kuti Purezidhendi. Zvisarudzo zveConmor (H.Con.Res. kana kuti S.Confects.) zvinoda mirangariro miviri yeimba imwe neimwe uye haine simba romutemo. Zvisarudzo zvemanzwi. (H.J.Res. Res.) zvinenge zviri zvikwereti zviito zvikuru kana zvichitenderwa uye zvasainwa. Mitemo yemitemo inoda mahrents eimba imwe neimwe uye marati matatu egore rimwe nerimwe.

Zvikwereti zvokudzosera (kupeta zvikwereti) zvinotevera muitiro mumwe chetewo asi zvinodzorwa nemitemo chaiyo, yakadai seByrd Raume muDare (iyo inoganhurira nhau yomuzvarirwo mumabhiri okuyananisa). Kuyanana muitiro unokurumidza unoshandiswa kugadziridza kupedza mari nemari kusvitsa zvipfuro zvemari; haigoni kudzivirira kuvanagabhuster asi haigoni kubatanidza gadziriro dzisina kubatanidzwa ne867b digetary.

Basa Redare Rinodzora

House Proving Committee nderimwe ramatare ane simba zvikurusa nemhaka yokuti rinosarudza kuti mutemo uchakurukurwa sei pauriri hweImba. Inogona kuronga mitemo inoganhurira kugadziriswa kwenguva, ganhurira kurukurirano, uye kunyange kuronga nhevedzano yamavhoti. “mutemo unovharwa” unodzivisa gadziridzo ipi neipi, unomanikidzira vhoti inovhota pashanduro yedare.“ kutonga kwokuvhota kwokunze” kunobvumira mutezo upi noupi kugovera jambwa. Zvikwereti zvikuru zvinogamuchira mutemo wakarongwa unobvumira kugadziriswa kwezvimwe zvinhu. Dare reMitemo rinobvumira kudzorwa kwakaipa bedzi.

Dare Nechiso

Chinoumba chisakiso chechienzi cheDare rinobvumira mutevedzeri kana kuti boka ravasandendi kunonotsa kana kuti kuvhara vhoti kupfurikidza nokukurukura nokusaguma. Kugumisa ngurumu, vatatu vamapereti eDare (zvikurukuruva 60 senator) vanofanira kuvhota nokuda kwokuruma. Chinoganhuriro cheganhuriro kumaawa 30 okuwedzera uye ipapo kumanikidza vhoti. Mutengi wedaibhuro haashandiswi pachikwereti chose nemhaka yokuti anononotsa bhizimisi; vatungamiriri vazhinji kazhinji kazhinji vanotsamira pa “kubvumirana narongedzero.". Zvibvumirano zvokuronga. Chinetsikidzo chakachinjwa nokuda kwamarudzi akati emitemo (g. g., ganhuro yetsaidzo inodzo inoreswa). Kunzwisisa chidivi chitsarudzo hachishati kuti chive nei chirevonei chitsamabhiri muzvikwereti zvizhinji zvedare.

Dare Romusangano uye “Mitemo Yomutungamiriri Wezvinhu Yakagadziriswa ”

Matare esangano anoshanda mumirayiridzo yakakomba. Mitezo haigoni kuwedzera nhau itsva — inogona bedzi kuyananisa misiyano iri pakati peshanduro dzeImba neDare. Mushumo unovapo somusangano kazhinji kazhinji ibvumirano yakagadzirwa nokungwarira iyo ingabatanidza mitauro inobva mumakamuri ose ari maviri. Pane dzimwe nguva mushumo wacho une gadziriro idzo dzakanga dzisiri mushanduro ipi neipi asi dzinorangarirwa kuva dziri madikanwa kupedza misiyano (idzi dzinonzi “kugadziridza zvimiro zvedare”. Kana imba ikaramba mushumo wacho, mushumo unogona kudzokera kumusangano kana kuti kufa. Kushandiswa kwamatare emisangano kwakaderera mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya, nokutsamira pakutsinhanhamisa.

Basa Reboka Revanhu Nevanofarira

Muitiro wemitemo hauiti muchinhu chakashata. Vagari vanogona kupesvedzera kupfurikidza nokuonana navamiririri vavo, vachipupurira pakunzwa, vachironga nhimbe dzemichero, kana kuti kuvhota. Mapoka efariro, akadai sesangano rezvebhizimisi, masangano evashandi, uye masangano ezvemitemo, vatsigiriwo kuti vatsigire kana kuti vashore zvikwereti. Kudzivirira kunodzivirirwa neFirst Amendment uye kunogona kugovera unyanzvi hunokosha, asi kunosimudzirawo kunetseka pamusoro pepesvedzero isakafanira. Mutemo wokupinza kupfurikidza nemitemo yakadai seLobbaving Discove Discive Act unotsvaka kuva nechokwadi chokuva nechaoneka. Vacherekedzo yavose inodavira kuti muteshina mabhiri yedare rokunzwa, apo dare rinotaurwa namashoko rinogona kudzorawo mitezo yedare renzanga yenzanga nehoro yehoro yenzvimbo dzamataundi.

Kukosha Kwegadziriro Yomutemo

Muitiro wemitemo unokosha nokuda kwokuva nechokwadi chokuti mitemo inoratidzira zvinodikanwa nezvinokosha zvenzanga. Inobvumira kuiswa kwemitemo yavose, kurukurirano, uye gadziridzo, ichiiita fandesheni yokudzora kwedemokratiki. Kufamba kwemaune, nhano yegadziriro yacho inova nechokwadi chokuti mirangariro mizhinji inorangarirwa musati wava mutemo. Kunyange zvazvo muitiro wacho ungava unononozesa nokukangaidza, wakarongedzerwa kuita mutemo wakarongwa nokungwarira zvikuru. Chinodikanwa nokuda kwetendero chebidaral nechisaini chapurezidhendi (kana kuti ave mukuru) chinodzivisa simba uye kudzivirira mutumbi upi noupi kuti uite uri woga. Vadzidzi navadzidzisi vanonzwisisa muitiro uyu vanokwanisa zviri nani kutora rutivi muupenyu hwenzanga, kutevera zviitiko zvazvino, uye kutsigira chinjo dzinodavirira.

mhedziso

Kunzwisisa kuti mitemo inoitwa sei kunoshongedzera sei vadzidzi navadzidzisi nezivo kupinda mukurukurirano dzavose. Kupfurikidza nokutevera nhano dzakarongwa muiyi nhungamiro, vanhu vanogona kunzwisisa zviri nani hudzo neukoshi hwegadziriro yomutemo. Kuvambira pachinyorwa chokutanga chepepa kusvikira kusita yegore rokupedzisira yaPurezidhendi, nhano imwe neimwe inobatanidza kurangarira kwokungwarira, kutaurirana, uye kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira. Nepo muitiro wacho ungaratidzika kuva unotyisidzira, uchiuputsa kuva zviito zvisingadzoreki zvikuru uye unozivisa mikana yakawanda yokutora rutivi. Kuziva kuti mutemo unova sei bedzi pamusoro pegadziriro yenzwisiso yehurumende — kunobatanidza kunzwisisa kuti isu, senzanga, unoita sei.