NYIKA DZAKASIYANA - SIYANA

Republic igadziriro yehurumende umo uchangamire hunogara navanhu, uye simba rinoshandiswa navamiriri vakasarudzwa nechiremera chapamusoro chinodzorwa nebumbiro remitemo. Shoko rinobva muchiLatin rinopa vanhu.

Nhasi, inopfuura hafu yenyika dzinozvirondedzera dzimene senyika dzinoparwa nokurerekera kunyika, bva revo chaiyoiyo inosiyana zvikuru. Papfundo radzo, uparabhuriki hunoramba kutonga kwenhaka nesimba roudzvinyiriri, huchitsiva uchangamire hwakakurumbira uye utongi hwomutemo. Kunzwisisa zvisakiso zvemumiriri zvinodzora (hwhebricisms) zvinoshanda, uko dzakabva, uye denho dzahunadzo dzinotarisana nadzo nokuda kwomugari upi noupi akavimbisa. Nyaya ino inobvisa nheyo idzodzo, ichishandisa mienzaniso yenhau, mavambo ouzivi, uye zvishandiro zvazvinoshandisa zvazvino uno.

Mativi Amarudzi ERepublic

Kunyange zvazvo nyika dzinotonga nyika dzichiuya muzvimiro zvakawanda, dzinogoverana mativi anoverengeka anodzisiyanisa nehurumende dzemadzimambo, dzoudzvinyiriri, uye hurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu zvakananga.

Uchangamire Hwakakurumbira Nemireza

Hurumende inomiririra hurumende inobvumira hurumende yehurumende kuti iite chisarudzo chinoshanda zvakanaka uye inoita kuti boka renyanzvi dzemitemo ridzidze mibvunzo yakaoma. Zvisinei, rinopawo simba revhota, uye rinopa muvhoti wevamiririri vehurumende yehurumende yegutsaruzhinji.

Kutonga Mutemo Neganhuriro Dzebumbiro Remitemo

MaRepublic anodzorwa nebumbiro remitemo +_rokunyorwa kana kuti kusanyorwa. Chirongwa chemitemo chinodzivisa kutonga kwoutongi kwoutongi uye chinogovera miitiro inodenha zviito.

Kudzivirirwa Kwekodzero Dzokuwana Maruramiro Maduku

Nheyo huru yerepublicism ndeyokuti kuda kworuzhinji kunofanira kudzikamiswa nedziviriro nokuda kwezviduku navanhu vamwe navamwe. Pasina dziviriro dzakadaro, mutemo wakawanda unogona kuva “mudzvinyiriri woruzhinji.” MaRepublic anowanzovimbisa rusununguko rwokutaura, rwokuungana, rwechitendero, uye rwomuitiro wakafanira (madiro anoramba achishanda kunyange apo anenge asingafarirwi. Kuzvipira kuuzhinji nokushivirira ndechimwe chezvinokosha zvikurusa zvemifungo yeRepublic.

Kuparadzana Kwesimba uye Kuchinja uye Kudzikamisa

Kudzivisa bazu ripi neripi kuunganidza simba rakanyanyowanda, republic inokamuranisa chiremera pakati pamapazu ecoplain akaenzana. Mumuenzaniso wakakurumbira, mugadzi wemitemo anoita mitemo, mukuru mukuru anoigombedzera, uye mutongi anoidudzira. Bazu rimwe nerimwe rine mano akati okuganhurira kana kuti kunzvera mamwe (muenzaniso), mukuru mukuru angaisa mutemo, mutemi wemitemo angasimbisa vatongi, uye vatongi vangaparadza mabasa asina kurongwa. Iyi gadziriro inokurudzira kurangarira nokubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira.

Mavambo Enhau Nemhindumupindu

Pfungwa yeRepublic haina kuumbwa zvizere kubva muKuvhenekerwa; midzi yakwo yakasvika zvikuru kunguva yekare.

Girisi Yekare neRoma

Kunyange zvazvo Athens yaishandisa chimiro chehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu zvakananga, yakanga iri Roman Republic (5092-27 BCE) iyo yakagovera muenzaniso mukuru wemasangano anomirira. Roma yakasarudza vamiririri vaviri gore negore, Dare rakaumbwa navakuru vepatricia, uye magungano akakurumbira akapfuudza mitemo. Bumbiro remitemo reRiphabliki, kunyange zvazvo risina kunyorwa, rakaparira dzikamo inodzoka yakakomba neyakakurumbira. Kuputsika kwaro pakupedzisira pasi poukombiso yehondo yavagari vemo nevavambi vehurumende kwakapa nhevedzo gare gare pamusoro pengano pamusoro petsika yehurumende yeRepublicracy.

Pakuvamba, guta reGreece nharaunda dzakadai seSparta neCarthage rakaedzawo mativi akavhengana ehurumende — anoumba madzimambo, zviremera, uye ehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu.

Kuchinja Kwenguva Yemberi

Pashure pokuwa kweRoma, urpabhuriki hwakanyangarika zvikurukuru muEurope kutozosvikira pakupera kweMiddle Ages, apo maguta ari kuchamhembe kweItaly akamutsidzira umene Hurumende. Venice, Florence, Genoa, uye vamwe vakava marepabhuriki nezita, kunyange zvazvo vaiwanzodzorwa nemhuri dzeRoma dzinogara dzichidzorwa. Florentine anofunga kuti Niccolâvel Machiavelli, mu [FLT:] Piosches paLivy, akanzvera masangano eRoma republiccan ndokutaura kuti mwero wokutora rutivi kwakakurumbira, runako rwenzanga, uye rwisano rwapa nguva nenguva yaigona kuchengetedza rusununguko. Basa rake rakapesvedzera vavaki vemari renyika dzazvino uno.

Nheyo Dzakajeka

Mazana amakore echi 17 nerechi 18 akaona wedzero murondedzero yehurumende, yakasundwa navazivi avo vakatsvaka kururamisa kuramba madzimambo akakwana.

John Locke [1689] [1689]) yaibvumirana Zvibvumirano zviviri zveHurumende [ iyo hurumende yapamutemo inotsamira pamvumo yavadzorwi uye kuti vagari vemo vanochengeta maruramiro omuzvarirwo kuupenyu, rusununguko, uye zvinhu. Kana mutongi akaputsa maruramiro iwayo, vanhu vangapandukira nenzira yakarurama.
Baron de Montesquieu [1748], Mudzimu weMitemo [, akanyevera kuti pasina kuparadzaniswa kwamasimba, rusununguko runorasika. Akayemura tsika yeBritain (yaakaona nenzira yenhema serartite) uye akareverera nokuda kwomukuru mukuru mukuru wehurumende, chibvumirano, uye kuzvimirira. Gadziriro yake yakanyorwa muBumbiro remitemo reU.S.
JEAN JEACques Rousseau [1762]) akapa chiono chikuru zvikuru mu Contract yenzanga, achiramba kuti uchangamire ndohwevanhu seboka re “chido.” Nepo Rousseau akasavimba hurumende inomiririra, pfungwa dzake pamusoro pouchangamire hwakakurumbira dzakanyandura Hurumende yeFrance.

Ava vafungi, pamwe chete noruzivo rwokuzviwanira runoshanda rweDutch Republic neEngland Commonwealth, vakapa vakavamba United States neFrance mubatanidzwa mukuru werondedzero umo kuumba mabumbiro emitemo azvino uno.

Kumukira kweAmerica neFrance

United States yakatanga republic huru hurusa yokutanga munguva yazvino uno.Bumbiro reMitemo ra 1787 rakagadzira repurezidhendi wehurumende nesimbiso yakasimba pamacheki nedzikamo.Bill of Rights yakawedzera dziviriro dzakajeka nokuda kwerusununguko rwomunhu oga, kubatanidza rusununguko rwokutaura, kutsikirira, uye rudzidziso.

France’s First Republic (1792-1804) yakanga ine nyongano zvikuru, ichibatanidza pakati pehurumende yegutsaruzhinji nehurumende inodzvinyirira. Bva Chinjo yeFrance yakaparadzirawo pfungwa dzeRepublic(liberty, uenzani, kuwirirana) kupote nyika yose, uye Mutemo weNapoleonic gare gare wakabatanidza nheyo dzakawanda dzemitemo yeRepublic.

Marudzi ERepublics

Kurongwa kunozivikanwa zvikurusa kwakavakirwa paukama huri pakati pomukuru mukuru nedare rinotonga.

MaRepublic aPurezial

Mugadziriro yapurezidhendi, purezidhendi akasarudzwa zvakananga anobatira vose vari vaviri mutungamiriri wehurumende nomukuru wehurumende, akazvimirira padare. Shoko rapurezidhendi rinogadziriswa, uye mutezo wedare haugoni kubvisa zviri nyore mukuru mukuru mukuru. United States muenzaniso mukuru; dzimwe mari yehurumende yakatanhamara inobatanidza Brazil, Argentina, Mexico, uye South Korea. Iyi gadziriro inopa ruramiso nokuzvidavirira kwakajeka asi inopinza mungozi mukuru mukuru mukuru anonyengera uye anodzorwa neapo purezidhendi nemuteo wemitemo zvichibva kumapoka anoshora.

Mareparera

Murepabhuriki yeparamende, mukuru mukuru wehurumende ndiye purezidhendi (kazhinji kazhinji ane mabasa etsika), nepo mukuru mukuru wehurumende achizvidavirira kuparamende. Mutungamiriri wehurumende nedare inhengo dzehurumende uye anogona kudzingwa nevhoti yekusavimba. Germany, India, Italy, irepabhuriki. Iyi gadziriro inochinjika zvikuru uye inokurudzira chivako chemubatanidzwa, asi inogona kutungamirira kuchinjo dzehurumende kazhinji kazhinji uye kudzoresa kwakananga zvishoma kudzora mukuru mukuru wehurumende.

Semilandidhales Republics

Mamwe marepublic anobatanidza zvinhu zvezvose zviri zviviri. France, Russia, Egypt, uye Taiwan ane purezidhendi akasarudzwa zvakananga anogoverana masimba anodzora nemutungamiriri wehurumende. dzikamo yesimba inotsamira pagadziriro yebumbiro remitemo negadziriro yesangano.

Federal Republics

Nyika inokamuranisa uchangamire pakati pehurumende yepakati nehurumende dzomunharaunda kana kuti maruwa. Mwero mumwe nomumwe une masimba awo umene anovimbiswa nebumbiro remitemo. United States, Germany, India, Brazil, uye Australia inyika dzinoparwa mari dzehurumende.Federal inobetsera kutarisira ndima huru, dzakasiyana - siyana kupfurikidza nokubvumira udzori hwenharaunda munhau dzakadai sedzidzo, mapurisa, uye kushandiswa kwenyika, nepo hurumende yepakati ichibata dziviriro, mutemo wokumwe, uye mari.

MaRepublic echiIslam

Nyika shomanene, dzakadai seIran nePakistan (dzose dziri mbiri nyika dzeIslam dzepamutemo), dzinobatanidza mutemo wechiIslam (sharia) mugadziriro dzawo dzemitemo dzichichengeta masangano akasarudzwa. Gadziriro yeIran yakaoma zvikuru, nomutungamiriri mukuru worudzidziso (Guardian Jurist) ane chiremera chikurusa pamusoro pomukuru mukuru, mutungamiriri wehurumende, uye mutongi wehurumende. iyi yemienzaniso yakavhengana inotarisana nenyanduko pakati pehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu uye uchangamire hworudzidziso.

Basa Revagari vomuRepublic

Vanhu vanotongwa nehurumende vangabvumirwa muumambo, asi republic inoda kuti vanhu vanoshingaira vatsigire hurumende yavo.

Kushambadza uye Kusarudza

Mune republic, kusarudzwa kwenguva dzose uye kwakarurama ndiko kuratidzwa kunoitwa vanhu kuti vave uchangamire.Vavhoterwa vanosarudza vamiririri vachataura zvavanofarira, mitemo yekurukurirano, uye vanotarisira mutungamiriri. Muvhoti akaderera anozvidza kumiririra uye anogona kubvumira vanhu vashomanene vakasakwaniswa kuti vatonge.

Dzidzo Yechibvumirano Nehurukuro Yavose

Republic haigoni kushanda kana vagari vemo vasingazivi masangano ayo nenheyo. Zvikoro, zvinobudisa nhau, uye masangano omunzanga zvose zvinoita basa mukudzidzisa mashandire anoita hurumende, icho vagari vemo vane maruramiro, uye nzira yokuyera nayo kutaura kwokukwikwidzana. (jenase) pfungwa yokuti vagari vemo vanofanira kurangarira pamwe chete pamusoro penhau dzavose (hvupenyu hunorangarira mhoteredzo umo maidi anoremekedzwa, mirangariro inosiana inorangarirwa, uye kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira kunokosheswa. Kukwira kwediviti yediction neractration relice makamuri anodzo inoisa tyisidziro yakananga kuiyi donzo.

Kunyengera, Kupindira Muchiito, uye Rudzi Rwehurumende

Kubva pakusarudza, vagari vemo vanogona kupesvedzera muitiro kupfurikidza namapoka okushandisa zvibvumirano, zviratidziro, uye kuonana navamiriri vawo. Masangano enzanga avagari vemo((union, machechi, masangano ezvemari), masangano enyanzvi) anoshanda pakati pavanhu nehurumende. Anopa nzvimbo yezviito zveboka, anoona basa rehurumende, uye anobetsera anoita kuti vatungamiriri vehurumende vane muuyo.

Basa reJury Nekubatanidzwa Munzanga

Nyika dzinopa mibatanidzwa yehurumende dzinoda kuti vagari vemo vabatire pamatare edare, vachivimbisa kuti vanhuwo zvavo vane basa rakananga mukutarisira ruramisiro.Mabhodhi ehurumende yomunharaunda, matare ezvikoro, uye misangano yehoro yomutaundi zvinopa mikana yokuwedzera yokutora rutivi. iyi midzi youswa inosimbisa batano pakati pavagari vemo nehurumende uye inovaka chivimbo mumasangano avose.

Zvinetso Zvinosangana Nenyika Dzazvino Uno

Pasinei nezvakanaka zvadzinoita, nyika dzinogara dziri munyika dzinotarisana nematambudziko akakura anogona kukanganisa chivimbo chevanhu uye kuderedza vamiririri.

Kuchinja Kwematongerwe Enyika uye Kuvhakacha

Mumarepabhuriki akawanda, mapoka anoparadzanisa akawedzera kusvika kupfundo apo kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira uye kugadzirwa kwemitemo kunotambura. Hyperāpitastanism inogona kutungamirira kukumiswa kwehurumende, hondo dzokutonga, uye kuderera kwechivimbo. Apo vagari vemo vanoona masangano avo sezvishandisowo zvazvo zvehondo dzokurwisa, vangabva mune zvematongerwe enyika chose chose, kuchiparira nhevedzano yakaipa.

Uori Nokubatwa

Uori (-8) kushatiswa kwebasa rehurumende nokuda kwemhindu yomunhu oga) Kunopa chiremera cheripabhuriki ipi neipi. Inogona kuva chimiro chepfumbamuromo, kutengesa, tsvimbo, kana kuti mipiro isiri yapamutemo. Kupfuura kupesana kwapamutemo, “kubata kusingabvumirwi nomutemo,” apo vanhu vakapfuma kana kuti masangano anoshandisa simba guru pamusoro pomutemo kupfurikidza nokudzosa, kubhadharwa kwenzvimbo yemusha, uye kuva muridzi wezvinobudisa nhau. Mitengo inotonga mipimo inodzo inodzorwa, uye mitemo yemari inorevesa chinhu chinokosha.

Kudzora Kupfuura Kwoudzori Nokutsigira Kwehurumende

Makumi amakore achangobva kupfuura aya akaona muitiro unonetsa wavatungamiriri vakasarudzwa vanopa simba pakubhadhara mitemo yehurumende, matare, uye mapepanhau.Achishandisa kutaura kwechipopulist, vangadenha masangano anozvimirira, kusekesa kuvimbika kwevhoti, uye kuganhurira rusununguko rwevanhu. Uyu muitiro we “democratic recuriation” unogona kuchinja republic kuva purocracy apo inoramba ichichengeta facial of saruvatation. Nyika dzakadai seHungary, Poland, uye Turkey dzakawana kuderera kuzivikanwa kwetsika dzehurumende.

Kusawirirana Nokupindirana Kwekunze

Kukurukurirana kwemazuva ano kunoita kuti nyaya dzenhema dzikurumidze kupararira uye dzive dzekuita kuti pave nenharo yakaoma.Vatambi vekunze kwenyika vangaedza kukonzera kusarudza kana kuti kusawirirana.Republics inofanira kuisa mari mumabhuku okuverenga nokunyora, kutsigira kubudisa nhau kwadzinogara, uye kuita kuti pave nedziviriro dzokuzvidzivirira pakombiyuta kuti dzidzivirire kuperera kwenharaunda yavose.

Kusakendenga Nokuderera

Vagari vemo pavanofunga kuti vhoti dzavo hadzina basa kana kuti kuti vose vezvamatongerwe enyika vakafanana, vangarega kutora rutivi. Muvhoti anodzorwa, zvikurukuru pakati pezvizvarwa zviduku, anonetesa kumirira hurumende uye anogona kusiya muitiro uchidzorwa nechiverengero chavanhu chakwegura, chakapfuma. Reformation dzakadai sokunyoresa kwokuzvidira kwomuvhoti, kuvhota kwechinzvimbo, uye kuita sarudzo zuva rezororo kunogona kubetsera kushandura iyi komba.

mhedziso

MaRepublic anomirira imwe yenhamburiko dzinogara zvikurusa dzavanhu dzokubatanidza utongi hwakakurumbira norusununguko rwakarairwa. Kuvambira paDare reRoma kusvikira kugadziriro dzamabumbiro emitemo anhasi, gamuchidzanwa reparabhuriki rakavandudzika kusangana nemigariro mitsva nepo richichengeta nheyo huru: uchangamire hwavanhu, kutonga kwomutemo, dziviriro yekodzero, uye kuparadzana kwamasimba. Bva idzi nheyo hadzisi idzo dzimene dzinobatanidza; dzinoda ngwariro yenguva dzose, kunaka kwehurumende, uye kungwarira kwesangano. Savagari venyika venyika inowirirana, tine zvose zviri zviviri banza nomuse mukwano yokunzwisisa gadziriro yedu, kutora rutivi mumasangano ayo okusakendenga nokutonga. Munguva yechinjo nechinodenha chenyika yose.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, ona [[FLT: 0] kupinda kweEncyclopedia Britannica pariphabliki, [[FLT] Encyclopedia yeFilosofi on republicism, uye [FLT] kunzvera kweEconomist tyisidziro dzemanyuko .