Sumo: Muti Sechinoumba Utongi Hworuzhinji hweAmerica

Mhiko yapurezidhendi yebasa inomirira mumwe wemiitiro inogarisa neinoguma iripo zvikurusa muAmerica. Makore mana ari ose (apo anotevedzana nemhaka yorufu, kurega basa, kana kuti kubviswa) purezidhendi purofesa anomira pamberi porudzi uye anotaura mashoko akarongeka muChikamu II cheU. Constitution. Uyu mutambo wakapfava asinoukoshi unoratidza kuchinjwa kune rugare kwesimba uye kusungirwa pachena kumutemo wenheyo wenyika. Nepo chinoitika chacho chinowanzorangarirwa nerefu regamuchidzanwa nechitarisiko, midzi yacho yebumbiro remitemo inodzika, kuratidzira gadziriro yamaune yokuita kuti vatsigire mutoro mukuru panzvimbo pezvinzvimbo zvokuvimbika kwomunhu oga. Kunzwisisa izvi kunokosha nokuda kwokunzwisisa kuti kunoitwa sei kuvimbisa zvose zviri pamutemo uye kuzvipira kunokosha.

Mhiko yacho haisi muitirowo hawo; murayiro webumbiro remitemo unonyandura chiremera chakazara chapurezidhendi ndokuisa basa rinosungisa kudzivirira Bumbiro remitemo. Nyaya ino inonzvera mavambo enhau, rugwaro rwapamutemo, zvinhu zvikuru, mhindumupindu yemhiko, uye revo inogarisa yemhiko, inokweverwa pamanyuko makuru, kunzvera dzidzo yenyanzvi, uye nhambo dzinooneka munhau yokuvamba. Kupfurikidza nokunzvera nheyo dzebumbiro remitemo remhiko yapurezidhendi, tinowana nzwisiso muchiratidzo chevarapyramendur resimba rechiremera uye nheyo dzinogara dzinopfuurira kutungamirira nzvimbo yehurumende yorudzi.

Mamiriro Ezvinhu Ekare Enhau Echikamu chaPurezidhendi

Kugadzirwa kweOath Claus

Kubatanidzwa kwemhiko chaiyo yapurezidhendi kwakanga kusati kuri mhedziso yemhedziso yakatemwa mukati meConstitution yeBumbiro reMitemo ya 1787. Zvirongwa zvapakuvamba zveBumbiro reMitemo zvakanga zvisina chinodikanwa chemhiko nokuda kwomutungamiriri, uye nhau yacho yakakurukurwa sorutivi rukuru rwekurukurirano pamusoro pesimba revakuru vakuru, rehurumende, uye ukama pakati pamapazu. Vainyatsoziva kuti vaigona kukunda, vachangobva kurwa hondo namambo uyo aizviti ane chiremera chakakwana. Vakatsvaka kuumba mukuru mukuru mukuru aizova akasimba zvakakwana kutungamirira asi achimanikidzirwa nomutemo uye kuzvidavirira kwakakurumbira.

Chikamu chemhiko chakabuda muDare paManuni, iro raiitirwa basa nokunatsa mutauro weBumbiro reMitemo. James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, uye dzimwe nhume dzakataura kuti kuda purezidhendi kupika kuti achengetedze, dzivirira, uye kudzivirira Bumbiro reMitemo zvaizobatira sevimbiso yavose nechinhu chepamutemo chehofisi. Pasina mhiko yakadaro, pakanga pane funganyo yokuti purezidhendi womunguva yemberi angataura chirevo kunze kwegadziriro yebumbiro remitemo. Mutauro wokupedzisira, unogamuchirwa nekurukurirano duku, wakabatanidza zvose zviri zviviri mhiko nebvumirano yapamhiko yechitendero (nokureva avo vane kuramba kworudzidziso kupika), kuratidzira musengwa wechisarudzo chorudzidziso.

George Washington Neath Yokutanga

Mhiko yokutanga yapurezidhendi yakapiwa kuna George Washington pana April 30, 1789, pavharanda reFederal Hall muNew York City. Mupikicha Robert R. Livingston weNew York akaraira mhiko, uye Washington akawedzera mashoko egamuchidzanwa zvino "Naizvozvo ndibetserei Mwari" pamugumo, kunyange zvazvo nhau dzapanguva ino dzisinganzwisisiki pamusoro poudzame uhu. Chisarudzo chaWashington chokuisa ruoko rwake paBhaibheri uye kutsvoda pashure pokunge mhiko yagadza muenzaniso wakateverwa nomutsivi ari wose. Kutanga kwakanga kuri chinoitika chakagadzirirwa nokungwarira kururamisa hurumende itsva uye kuratidzira chinjo ine rugare kubva kunguva yechinjo yokutonga.

Washington’s amene dudziro yemhiko yakaumba kariro dzapakuvamba. Muchiito chake chokutanga Inaugal Address, akataura nezve "basa kuunani hwesimba rangu, kuchengetedza, kudzivirira, uye kudzivirira Bumbiro reMitemo reUnited States," kudzokorora zvakananga chipikirwa. Akabata mhiko sechakavimbika hutsvene, uye zviito zvake zvakagadza mupimo woruvimbiko urwo purezidhendi vakatevera vakayerwa. Nhau yenhau yemhiko yaWashington yakaitwa panguva apo Bumbiro reMitemo remitemo rakanga richiri kutenderwa uye hurumende yehurumende yehurumende yakanga isati yaedzwa.

Masangano Ebumbiro Remitemo: Chikamu II, Chikamu 1, Claus 8

Mashoko Akarurama Nesimba Rawo Rapamutemo

Hwaro hwebumbiro remitemo hwemhiko yapurezidhendi hunowanwa muChikamu II, Chikamu 1, Clause 8 cheBumbiro reMitemo reU.S.

Asati apinda pakuitwa kweHofisi yake, achatora chinotevera Oath kana kuti Chirevo:] Ini ndinopika zvakakomba (kana kuti ndinosimbisa) kuti ndichaita nokutendeka Hofisi yaPurezidhendi weUnited States, uye ndichasvika pakanakisisa pasimba rangu, kuchengetedza, kudzivirira nokudzivirira Bumbiro remitemo reUnited States..

Mutauro uyu wakarurama uye une revo dzakananga dzapamutemo. Chitsama chemashoko chinoti "Asati apinda pakuitwa kweHofisi yake" chinoita mhiko chinodikanwa kukushandisa masimba apurezidhendi. Kusvikira mhiko yaitwa, purezidhendi asarudza haagoni kupa mirairo yavakuru vakuru, kuraira mauto, kana kuti kupinda muchiito chipi nechipi chapamutemo savakuru vakuru. Ichi chinodikanwa chinosimbisa kuti mhiko haisati iriwo zvayo gamuchidzanwa.

Shoko "rokupika" rinoratidza mativi makuru evimbiso, nepo mubereki achiva "kana kuti atsive" achigovera chimwe chinhu nokuda kwaavo vane zvitendero zvorudzidziso kana kuti zvomunhu oga zvinovadzivisa kupika mhiko. Kushandiswa kwe "kusimbisa" kwakanga kuri nzvimbo yamaune nokuda kweQuakers namamwe mapoka orudzidziso aishora kupika. Chipikirwa /to chechinovimbisa(*to "kuita nokutendeka" uye ku "dzivirira, dzivirira nokudzivirira" Bumbiro remitemo. "Kutendeseka kunopa misero yokutendeseka, kushingaira, uye kunamatira kumutemo, nepo kudzivirira, nepo "dzivirira, dziviriro" kunopfuura kudika zviito zvinongoda kubatira zvinopesana nezvityisidziro zvebumbiro.

Nharo PaKokorodzano Yebumbiro reMitemo

Chinyorwa cheConstitution chinoratidza kuti chitsama chemhiko chakanga chisina kupokanidzwa zvikuru, asi chakanga chiri rutivi rwekurukurirano huru pamusoro pemhiko dzose. Vamiriri vakadai saGeorge Mason naElbridge Gerry vakataurira mhiko dzokuvimbika dzakakura nokuda kwevakuru vakuru vehurumende, nepo vamwe vakatya kuti mhiko dzakawanda dzaizopfupikisa zvadzo. Rugwaro rwokupedzisira rwakanga rwuri kubvumiranisa: mhiko imwe nokuda kwapurezidhendi, nenzwisiso yokuti vamwe vakuru vakuru venyika vaizosungwa nemhiko dzakarongwa nomutemo. Vamiririri vama vakarangarirawo kana mhiko yacho yaifanira kupiwa nomutongi mukuru mukuru wehurumende kana kuti mukuru mukuru mukuru, pakupedzisira achisiya udzame. Chiratiso cha 1789 chakasarudzwa cheDare gurusasa rinotonga seripo, tsika yakachengetwa neboka shomanene.

Kubatanidzwa kweshoko rokuti "defend" kwakanga kune revo zvikuru. Panguva yacho, Bumbiro reMitemo rakanga riri gwaro idzva nerisingatani kukuvadzwa, uye vagadziri vaida kuti purezidhendi ave nezvose zviri zviviri basa nechiremera kudzivisa kuedza kurishatisa. Rutivi urwu rwokuzvidzivirira rwemhiko rwakadudzwa mukurukurirano pamusoro pesimba rechiremera munguva dzehondo nedzinorumwe rudzi, namapurezidhendi achitaura kuti mhiko inovagombedzera kuita zviito zviri madikanwa kudzivirira murairo kunyange apo zviito izvozvo zvinosundira miganhuro yomutemo.

Zvinhu Zvinokosha Zvemarara Muudzame

Kutendeka Kubumbiro Remitemo

Musengwa mukuru wemhiko yacho ndiwe Bumbiro reMitemo pacharo, kwete kurudzi, vanhu, kana kuti mubato upi noupi wezvamatongerwe enyika. Musiyano uyu unotambudza. Nokupika kutsigira Bumbiro reMitemo, purezidhendi anoziva mitemo nenheyo zvinoganhurira kungwarira. Bumbiro remitemo rinoronga chimiro chehurumende, rinoronga masimba, uye rinodzivirira kodzero dzomunhu oga. Naizvozvo mhiko inoumba ukama hwevatano pakati papurezidhendi negadziriro yebumbiro remitemo. Ivimbiso kushanda mukati memiganhuro yakagadzwa uye kudzivisa mirangariro ipi neipi yokushanda kunze kwayo, kunyange mukuronda nharidzano dzakakurumbira kana kuti chengeteko yorudzi.

Nyanzvi dzakaitirana nharo kana mhiko yacho ichiisa basa romunhu oga, renhau kana kuti mupimo wapamutemo. Murangariro wakapararira, unotsigirwa nezvisarudzo zveDare Rapamusorosande zvakadai se United States v. Curtiss-Woright Rhweba ngaphandle. [1936], ndeyokuti mhiko haisati ichikudza masimba apurezidhendi asi panzvimbo pezvo inosimbisa musengwa wokugara mukati mawo. Mhiko haisi manyuko echiremera asi anodzvinyirira chiremera. Icho chinoyeuchidza purezidhendi kuti Bumbiro reMitemo remitemo rakakwirira risingagoni kutsaurirwa parutivi nomutemo wehurumende.

Kuchengetedzwa uye Kudzivirirwa

Zviito "dziviriro" uye "dziviriro" ndedzemhatsa asi dzinowirirana. Kuchengeta zvinoreva kuchengeta kana kuti kuchengeta mugariro wakanaka, nepo kudzivirira kunoreva kudzivirira kuvadziko. Pamwe chete, zvinoda purezidhendi kuti zvose zviri zviviri atsigire gadziriro dziripo dzeBumbiro reMitemo uye kuidzivirira nokushingaira padenho, dzingava dzomukati kana kuti kunze. Iri basa rakakumbirwa napurezidhendi kururamisa zviito zvakadai sokudzivisa kupesana, kusimbisa mutemo wenyika mukurwisana nehurumende, uye kunyange kushandisa mauto kudzivirira murairo webumbiro remitemo patyisidziro dzokunze.

Mienzaniso yenhau yeichi chiito inobatanidza mhinduro yaAbraham Lincoln kunjodzi yeSasession, yaakaronga sebasa rokuchengetedza Union neBumbiro reMitemo. Lincoln akataura kuti mhiko yaida kuti aite matanho anoshamisa, kubatanidza kumisa habeas corpus uye kuvhara zviteshi zvengarava zvokumaodzanyemba, nokuti kukundikana kuita chiito kwaizobvumira Bumbiro remitemo kuparadzwa. Nenzira yakafanana, Franklin D. Rooselt akadudza mhiko yake pakukumbira masimba makuru enguva yehondo kubva kuDare reNyika II. Kuchengetedzwa uye kudzivirirwa nokudaro kunobatira sehwaro hwemitemo yebasa roukuru munguva dzenjodzi, nepo zvichiyeuchidzawo purezidhendi kuti mabasa avo anofanira kubatira pakupedzisira Bumbiro remitemo, kwete munhu oga.

Kuitwa Kwehofisi Nokutendeka

Chitsama chamashoko chinoti "Hofisi yaPurezidhendi weUnited States inotonga nokutendeka" inoita basa. Kunoda kuti purezidhendi aite mabasa ehofisi nokutendeseka, kushingaira, uye maererano nomutemo. Iyi yave iri nhau yezvipikirwa, zvikurukuru mumhaka yaRichard Nixon, uyo akapomerwa kudzosa ruramisiro nokushandisa zvisina kufanira simba rake (mazamu anopokanidza mhiko yake yokuputsa basa nokutendeka). Andrew Johnson naBill Clinton vakatarisanawo nemhosva yokupomera kuputsa mhiko dzavo, kunyange zvazvo mhosva dzakati dzosiyana.

Nyanzvi dzemitemo dzinocherekedza kuti "kuuraya nenzira yokutendeka" zvinobatanidzawo purezidhendi kuti angwarire kuti mitemo ipedzerwe nokutendeka, chitsama chinowanwa muChikamu II, Chikamu 3. Mhiko neNzvimbo yokutarisira Claus zvinoshandira pamwe chete kutanga basa guru rokusimbisa. Purezidhendi haagoni kufuratira mitemo kana kuti kuishandisa mukutenda kwakaipa pasina kuputsa mhiko. Uyu musengwa unotambanukira kumitemo yose yehurumende, kwete iyo bedzi inotsigira, uye inogovera hwaro hwemitemo yokutonga zviito zvoukuru.

Mhindumupindu Yeshoko Romukoko

Kubva Pakushanda Zviri Nyore Kuenda Kuzvinhu Zvinonakidza

Mumakore apakuvamba eRepublic, mutambo wemhiko wakanga uri nhau pfupi, ine mwero. Kutsaurirwa kwokutanga kwaGeorge Washington kwakatora maminiti mashomanene bedzi, uye mhiko yacho yakaitwa pachikuva chakapfava. Sezvo rudzi rwacho rwakakura uye kuva purezidhendi kwakava kwokufananidzira zvikuru, mutambo wakakura. Pakasvika zana ramakore rechi 19, kutsaurirwa kwaibatanidza kufora, bhora, uye kero refu. Mhiko yacho imene, zvisinei, yakaramba isina kuchinjwa, pamutemo yakagadzwa pakati pemagamuchidzanwa anoshandura.

Kumwe kuwedzera kunocherekedzwa kwakaitika muna 1865 apo Abraham Lincoln akapa hurukuro yake yechipiri yokutanga pashure pokuita mhiko, hurukuro zvino inorangarirwa seimwe yenhau hurusa yeAmerica. Nzvimbo yemhemberero yacho yakatosiyanawo (_kutsaurirwa kwakawanda kunoitika paWest Front yeU.S. Capitol, asi pashure pomutambo wa1982 wakaendeswa kuWest Front nokuda kwokuwana kwavose kuri nani. Mamiriro okunze akamanikidzira panzvimbo yetsika, sa1985, kutsa kutsauriro yechipiri yaRonald Reagan uye 2009 nokuda kweBhack Oma's paakatanga kuitirwa pasi pechikamu chikuru chenhau yeWest Frost.

Maoath Mishaps Nenzvimbo Dzinobhadharwa

Rugwaro rwebumbiro remitemo rwave ruchioma pane dzimwe nguva nokukanganisa kwevanhu. Muna 2009, Mutongi Mukuru John Roberts naPurezidhendi Barack Obama vakagumburwa neshoko rakarongeka panguva yemhiko, zvichitungamirira kukuvakwazve kusina kumboitika muWhite House zuva rinotevera kuti vadzivise kusava nechokwadi kwapamutemo pamusoro pemavambo eupurezidhendi. Nenzira yakafanana muna 1961, Mutongi Mukuru Earl Warren akakanganisa hazvo mhiko, kunyange zvazvo pasina redo airangarirwa kuva madikanwa. Zviitiso izvi zvinosimbisa ukoshingamira kunyorwa chakananga: nemhaka yokuti mhiko yacho idikatapuko yemitemo, kunyange zvazvo matare achimutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pokuva kwayo, kunyange zvazvo airangarira zvakafanana kuti zvikanganiso zviduku hazviidzisi kutapura purezidhendi.

Zvikurukuru, mibvunzo yakamuka pamusoro pokuti mhiko yacho inogona kuitwa nomumwe munhu kunze kwoRuramisiro Huru. Nepo gamuchidzanwa richitaura kuti Mutongi Mukuru anoshandisa mhiko, Bumbiro reMitemo harisati richidudza kuti ndiani anofanira kuita saizvozvo. Muna 1963, pashure pokuuraya kwaJohn F. Kennedy, Mutongi Sarah T. Hughes weNorthern District akapika mhiko kuna Lyndon B. Johnson ari muAir Force One, nguva yokutanga uye bedzi mukadzi anenge ashandisa mhiko yapurezidhendi. Chipikirwa ichocho hachina kutongodenhwa, kusimbisa kuti chiziviso chomukuru mukuru mukuru wehurumende anotonga hachina kunyorwa nenzira yepamutemo.

Kududzira Mutungamiriri weHurumende uye Oath Senheyo Inodzora

Mabatiro Akaita Mapurezidhendi Mazita EOath

Munhau yose, purezidhendi vakadudza mhiko yokururamisa mhatsa huru yezviito, kuvambira pakusaina mutemo kusvikira kukutanga mabasa ehondo. Thomas Jefferson akashandisa mhiko kumisa uzivi hwake hwokuvaka hworumano, achisimbisa kuti yakamubatanidza kutevera bedzi masimba akapiwa nenzira yakajeka muBumbiro remitemo. Woodrow Wilson akaikumbira kukwikwidzanira mhaka Chinzwano chaMarudzi, achitaura kuti kuchengeta Bumbiro reMitemo raida kuchinjira kuzvinhu zvitsva zvamarudzi ose. Misi ichangobva kupfuura iyi, mapurezidhendi vakanongedzera kumhiko mumirairo yehurumende pamusoro pezvibvumirano zvehurumende pamusoro pezvitamiko, chengeteko zvorudzi, uye dare rokutarisira.

Mhiko yacho inoshandawo sechishandiso chisingapinduri munguva dzenjodzi yorudzi. Pashure pekudenha kwechi11 September, Purezidhendi George W. Bush aiwanzotaura kuti mhiko yake yokuti "chengetedzei, dzivirirai nokudzivirira" Bumbiro reMitemo raimumanikidza kuita matanho akasimba mukurwisana nougandanga, kubatanidza kuongorora kusina pamutemo uye matare ehondo. Vatsoropodzi vakataura kuti zviito izvi zvakatyisidzira Bumbiro remitemo, zvichizivisa kuoma kuri mumutauro mukuru wemhiko. Kutaurirana kunopfuurira pamusoro pesimba rapurezidhendi kunowanzodzokera kudiviso yemhiko yacho, kuchiiita gwaro ripenyu rinopfuurira kuumba tsika yepamusoro.

Muhara Nokuparadzana Kwesimba

Chibvumirano chemhiko nokuparadzana kwemasimba chakaoma. Kunomanikidza purezidhendi kuremekedza mabasa eCongress nedare redare, asi kunopawo hwaro hwokudzivisa kupindira pachiremera chehurumende. Somuenzaniso, purezidhendi angataura kuti mutemo unokarakadzwa unoputsa Bumbiro remitemo uye naizvozvo haagoni kuurawa nokutendeka, zvichitungamirira kukumanikidza kana kuti kuramba kumanikidza. Nenzira yakafanana, mhiko yave ichishandiswa kutsigira murangariro wakasimba weropafadzo yechiremera, seapo mapurezidhendi anonyima mashoko kubva kuDare kuti adzivirire kuchengetedzwa kwenyika kana kuti aite chisarudzo chomukati.

Zvisarudzo zveDare guru zvakanongedzera panhambo nenhambo kupika mukurondedzera mabasa avakuru vakuru. Mu Clinton v. Jones (1997), Dare rakaziva kuti musengwa wapurezidhendi woku "ita nokutendeka" hofisi haina kugovera dziviriro pamhosva dzapachivande. Professing shopu yeMown perse & Lamp; Tube. v. Sawyer[ [1952], Dare rakarova Purezidhendi wesimbi mukati mehondo, rikaisa muganhuro yedare rokudzivirira dare mukati , rikabata murwiyo yedare mukati , richiita kuti chipikiso chisairwe simba rokubvisa simba kupfurikidza nomutevedzero mukuru. Izvi zvinoenzanisira zvinotaura chibvumirano:

Mugumisiro: Kukosha Kusingaperi Kwechibharo

Zvisakiso zvebumbiro remitemo zvemhiko youpurezidhendi yehofisi zvinozivisa mutoo wamaune noune uye une simba wokuvimbisa kuzvidavirira. Kuvambira pamavambo azvo muConvention yeBumbiro reMitemo kusvikira kuutanhamari hwayo hwetsika dzazvino uno, mhiko yacho yabatira sevimbiso yavose iyo inopfuura zvamatongerwe enyika zvinopesana nevavariro yomunhu oga. Inobatanidza purezidhendi mumwe nomumwe kugadziriro imwe cheteyo yenheyo yakatungamirira rudzi kwamazana maviri amakore: kuitwa kwokutendeka kwemabasa, kuchengetwa kwezvivako zvebumbiro remitemo, uye dziviriro yehurumende pavavengi vose.

Kunzwisisa mamiriro ezvinhu ekare enhau, rugwaro rwapamutemo, uye kududzira mhindumupindu zvinobetsera vagari vemo kunzwisisa ukoshi hwenguva apo purezidhendi mutsva anoisa ruoko paBhaibheri ndokudzokorora mashoko eChikamu II. Mhiko hachisi chisaririra chenguva yakapfuura asi chibvumirano chipenyu chinoumba chiito chiri chose chebazu guru. Sezvo rudzi runotarisana nedenho itsva (8) kubva pakuchinja kweruzivo rwesayenzi yezvenyika neProfetias) inoramba iri chiyeuchidzo chenguva dzose chokuti purezidhendi inzvimbo yoruvimbiko pasi pomutemo. Nokuda kwaavo vanotsvaka kunzwisisa mutemo weAmerica, mhiko yepurezidhendi anopa windo rakajeka muchiono chavavambikishina uye kurwisa kupfuurira kuwirirana nesimba remitemo.

[[[FT:0] Mabatanidzo:[