Kuumbwa Kwoutongi hweAmerica: Kutarisisa Kwakazara Pamasangano, Hurumende, uye Simba Romunzvimbomo

Hurumende yeUnited States inoshanda kupfurikidza nokukamuranisa chiremera kwakasanorongwa pakati pemwero nhatu dzakasiana: dzehurumende, uye dzomunzvimbomo. Iyi tsika, yakavakirwa muBumbiro remitemo reU.S. namazana amakore okududzira kwapamutemo, inovimbisa kuti simba rinoparadzirwa uye rakadzikama. Nokuda kwavagari vemo, vadzidzisi, vanonzwisisa chaizvoizvo icho mwero mumwe nomumwe unogona (uye) haigoni kugona kunzwisiswa kuti mitemo inoitwa sei, mabasa anopiwe sei, uye kodzero dzinodzivirirwa. Nyaya inowedzera pamasimba makuru ehurumende imwe neimwe, inonzvera mitoro yayo inogoverana, uye inonzvera kufambidzana kunoshanda uko kunoumba upenyu hwezuva nezuva.

Masimba eHurumende Enyika: Chiremera Chorudzi Nemitemo

Hurumende yehurumende inowana chiremera chayo muBumbiro reMitemo reU.S., iro rinoipa masimba akananga anodudzwa. Aya masimba akagadzirirwa kubata nhau dzinotapura rudzi rwose, dzichivimbisa kufanana nokutsinhirana mumitsetse yehurumende. Chikamu chechiremera chehurumende chakura zvikuru munguva kupfurikidza nokugadziridzwa kwebumbiro remitemo, Dare Rapamusoro, uye kushandiswa kwamasimba anorehwa pasi peChinodikanwa neChikafanira Claus.

Simba Rakatangwa Nemakona

  • Kudzora mamiriro ebhizimisi enyika nerokumwe: The Commerce Claus (Mutengo I, Chikamu 8) inopa Congress simba rokudzora kutengeserana pakati pehurumende namamwe marudzi. Iri chiremera chakashandiswa kutanga chinhu chiri chose kubva kumipimo yebasa kusvikira kumiraudzo yemhoteredzo iyo inotapura mabhizimisi anoshanda mumativi enyika.
  • Kubatanidza nhau dzokumwe nechibvumirano chinoitwa: Purezidhendi anotaurirana nezvibvumirano nezano nemvumo zveDare, uye hurumende inodzora ukama hwemibatanidzwa, inomirira U.S. mumasangano amarudzi ose, uye inopedza nhau dzakadai sezvibvumirano zvebhizimisi neyamuro dzokumwe.
  • Kuzivisa nokuda kwedziviriro yorudzi: Congress ine simba rokuzivisa hondo, kusimudza nokutsigira mauto, kugovera nokuchengeta mauto ehondo, uye kudzora mauto ane zvombo. Department of Defense, pamwe chete namasangano akachenjera, rinoshanda pasi pechiremera chehurumende kudzivirira chengeteko yenyika.
  • Kudhinda nokudzora mari: Hurumende yehurumende inodzora mari yemari, inodzora ukoshi hwayo, uye inoisa muitiro wemari kupfurikidza neFederal Reserve System. Ikoku kunobatanidza kubudisa mari yeU.S., kugadza mwero yezvitsama zvemari, uye kutarisira gadziriro yebhangi.
  • Mitemo yokutama nokubereka: Hurumende yehurumende bedzi inogona kusarudza kuti ndiani anopinda munyika, anova mugari wemo, uye mumigariroi ingagara kana kuti kushanda muUnited States. Iyi mitemo inodzorwa namasangano akadai seImmigration neCFORTment (ICO) neU.S. Citizenship and Immigration Service (USCIS).
  • inopa matare ehurumende nokurondedzera simba rawo:[[FLT: 1] Congress inogadza matare ehurumende epasi uye inosarudza marudzi enhau dzainogona kunzwa, kubatanidza idzo dzinobatanidza mutemo womubatanidzwa, mibvunzo yebumbiro remitemo, uye makakatanwa pakati pehurumende.
  • Kudzivirira zvinhu zvoungwaru: Hurumende yehurumende inopa zvivakiso zvekodzero nekodzero dzokuita zvinhu kuti itsigire zvitsva nokuronga zvinhu, simba rakarongwa zvakajeka muBumbiro remitemo.

Masimba Anoshandiswa Naari Madikanwa

Kupfuura masimba anoverengwa, Nesarudzo neFact Claus (Nheyo yeI, Chikamu 8, Claus 18) inopa Dare chiremera kupfuudza mitemo inodikanwa kuita mitoro yaro inodudzwa. Iyi ndima yave iri hwaro hwezviito zvehurumende zvinovambira pakugadza bhangi renyika kutungamirira pfuti nokugadza mutemo wezvoutano. Dare rapamusoro redare mu Mcloch. Maryland[FLT:]] [18]) inosimbisa kuti Dare ringagona kushandisa masimba anorehwa kuita mabasa aro.

Federal Supremacy uye Kuedzwa

Kupesana kwaClaus [Mazita] (Mazita VI) kusimbisa kuti Bumbiro remitemo, mitemo yehurumende inoitwa kuti izivikanwe, uye zvibvumirano mutemo mukurusa wenyika. Apo mitemo nehurumende inorwisana, mutemo wehurumende unowanzokurira . Zvisinei, Remendement yaMasimba eTenth Reformmendement haigoverwi kuhurumende yehurumende kana kuti vanhu, inoparira kuoma kukuru uko matare anowanzofamba.

Masimba eHurumende: Vatongi Vakasiyiwa Nemasimba Emapurisa

Hurumende dzinoshanda pasi pe Amendment , iyo inochengeta kuhurumende masimba ose asingapiwi zvakananga kuhurumende yehurumende kana kuti kurambidzwa kunyika. Iyi nzvimbo yakafara inobatanidza simba re [[[FLT:]] jvuru rokusimudzira utano hwavanhu, chengeteko, tsika, uye garikano. Masimba ehurumende akura uye anotapura zvikuru upenyu hwezuva nezuva hwavagari vemo.

Mabasa Anokosha Ehurumende

  • Kudzora kutengeserana kwenyika: mibato yebhizimisi inodzora bhizimisi zvinoitika chose chose mukati memiganhu yayo. Ikoku kunobatanidza nyanzvi dzokutengesa (vatambi, magweta, vagetsi), kutungamirira inishuwarenzi, uye makambani anotarisira uye zvikwata.
  • Kuzivisa nokutarisira hurumende dzomunzvimbomo: nyika dzinogadzira zviverengero, miganhu, mataundi, uye maruwa chaiwo kupfurikidza namabumbiro adzo emitemo nemirau. Dzinotema masimba, zvivako, uye miganhu yaaya masangano omunzvimbomo, ayo anowanzonongedzerwa kwazviri se "kusikwa kwenyika.
  • Sarudzo dzinobatanidza: United States inotarisira hurumende, hurumende, uye sarudzo dzomunzvimbomo, kubatanidza kugadza zvinodikanwa zvokuvhota, kuumba maruwa okuvhota, uye kuzivisa miuyo yesarudzo. Nepo mitemo yehurumende yakagadza mipimo yehwaro hwehwaro, masangano ane rusununguko runokosha mumiitiro yesarudzo.
  • Kuisa nokusimbisa mitemo youtsotsi neyovagari vemo: Hurumende inoita mitemo yechirango, mitemo yemigwagwa, mirau yeroorano nechatanuro, uye mitemo yebvumirano. matare ehurumende anopikisa nharo dzapamutemo zvikurusa, kubatanidza nhau dzemhuri, kutaura nezvezvinhu, uye mhaka dzekuvadziko yomunhu oga.
  • Dzidzo yavose inopiwa:[ Hurumende yeTenth Amendment nebumbiro remitemo zvinoisa mutoro mukuru wedzidzo munyika. Mabhodhi edzidzo ehurumende anogadza mipimo yedzidzo, zvinodikanwa zvomudzidzisi, uye zvirongwa zvokupinzwa mari zvezvikoro zvavose K-12.
  • Kuona zvinhu zvomusikirwo norudzi rwemhoteredzo: nyika dzinodzora maruramiro emvura, mafuta negasi, migodhi, hove, uye kuvhima mukati mendima dzadzo. Nyika zhinji dzine masangano adzo amene edziviriro yemhoteredzo ayo anogombedzera mipimo yemhepo nemvura yakanaka, pane dzimwe nguva zvinopfuura zvinodikanwa zvomubatanidzwa.
  • pamutemo weroorano nemitemo yemhuri: nyika dzinorondedzera roorano, kurera mwana wokurera mwana, uye mitemo yenhaka, kunyange zvazvo kuzivikanwa kwehurumende kweroorano youtevedzeri humwe cheteyo (Obergefell v. Hodges, 2015) kuenzanisira kuti matare ehurumende anogona sei kukurira rondedzero dzehurumende.

Basa Remitemo yeHurumende

Hurumende imwe neimwe ine bumbiro rayo rimene remitemo rinogona kupa maruramiro makuru kupfuura Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S. somuenzaniso, mamwe mabumbiro emitemo anovimbisa zvakajeka maruramiro edzidzo, kuva oga, kana kuti dziviriro yemhoteredzo. Zvikwereti zvehurumende zvamaruramiro kazhinji kazhinji zvinowedzera dziviriro nokuda kwavanhu vari kupfuura mwero wehurumende. Ichi chirongwa chehurumende chinobvumira masangano kubatira se mabasa ehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu [[, kutevera mitemo ingagamuchirwa norudzi.

Masimba eHurumende Yomunzvimbomo: Chiremera Chenharaunda Namashandiro

Hurumende dzomunzvimbomo(kubatanidza maguta, mataundi, misha, uye maruwa chaiwo) zvinobatanidza masimba adzo kubva kuhurumende dzenyika. Haadudzwi muBumbiro reMitemo reU.S., uye chiremera chadzo chinorondedzerwa nomutemo wehurumende. Uhu ukama, hunodzorwa ne DALP], hunoita kuti hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzishandise masimba iwayo bedzi anotaurwa nenzira inotaurwa nehurumende kana kuti sezvinobvira kubva kumitero iyoyo. Zvisinei, nyika dzakawanda dzakapa chiremera chakafara chomutemo wepamusha kubhirioma dzadzo, kuchidzibvumira kuchinjika kukuru.

Mibato Inokosha Yomunzvimbomo

  • Kudzosa mirau yomunzvimbomo: Maguta nenzvimbo dzinogona kuisa mitemo paruzha, kuvaka, mipimo yokudzora mhuka, uye zvinonetsa nzanga. Iyi mirau inotakura zvirango uye inomanikidzirwa namapurisa omunzvimbomo navakuru vakuru vanotarisira kuchengetwa kwemitemo.
  • Mabasa avose: Hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzinogovera zvinhu zvinokosha zvakadai segove remvura, kurapa kwetsvina, miunganidzwa yetsvina, uye zvifambiso zvavose.
  • Zvikoro zvehurumende zvomunzvimbomo: maruwa ezvikoro, kazhinji kazhinji akazvimirira muguta kana kuti hurumende yeruwa, anoshanda achitarisirwa nehurumende. Mabhodhi ezvikoro omunzvimbomo anopinza vatarisiri, anobvumira bhajeti, anogadza purogiramu dzechikoro, uye anotarisira nzvimbo nemirairo yehurumende zvinoumba nenzira inowedzera zvisarudzo zvavo.
  • [ Kudzora kushandiswa kwevhu nokubudirira: Mitemo inodzorwa inogona kuvakwa uko((matunhu, mabhizimisi, maindasitiri, kana kuti mapuranga. Masangano okuronga uye mapuranga ezvirongwa zvokugadziridza kugadziridza, nhau mvumo, uye kumanikidzira mirau inoshandiswa munyika.
  • Gadziriro dzoutano hwenzanga nekotsekano: Madhipatimendi outano omunzvimbomo anopa nhomba, nzvero yehosha, uye dzidzo youtano. Madhipatimendi omwoto, mabasa ezvokurapa anokurumidzira, uye madhipatimendi emapurisa anopa kotsekano yavose pamwero wenzanga.
  • Kugovera sarudzo pamwero womunzvimbomo: Nyika dzichigadza mitemo yesarudzo, vakuru vakuru vesarudzo vomunzvimbomo vanotarisira nzvimbo dzokuvhota, kunyoresa kwomuvhoti, uye kuverenga nokuda kwesarudzo dzose mukati mesimba ravo.
  • Kuzivisa mabasa enzanga: Hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzinowanzoita mapurogiramu anogamuchirwa nehurumende akadai semabasa anodzivirira vana, yamuro isina misha, uye tarisiro yakakwirira, kunyange zvazvo nhungamiro dzemari nemitemo zvichibva kumwero yakakwirira.

Kutonga kwoMusha kunopesana. Kutonga kwaDillon

Zvitendero zvakasiyana muuwandu hwekuzvitonga kwazvinopa nzvimbo. Hurumende dzomumusha dzine simba rokuita pachinhu chipi nechipi chisina kurambidzwa nomutemo wehurumende, nepo Dillon's Relarence [ Hurumende inogona kuita bedzi zvinobvumirwa zvakajeka. Somuenzaniso, guta rinotonga remusha ringapfuvura mutemo womunzvimbomo kana kuti bhegi repurasitiki, nepo guta reDillon's Roul raizoda murairo kuti ripedze chiremera ichocho. Chimiro chendangariro chave chiri pamusoro pomutemo unokura, asi mamiriro ezvinhu anoramba ari anozivikanwa.

Simba Rinogoverana uye Rinorova Zvikuru: Kubatira Pamwe Nerwisano

Chaizvoizvo, mitsetse iri pakati pemasimba ehurumende, ehurumende, uye omunzvimbomo nguva dzose haisati yajeka.Nzvimbo zhinji dzemiitiro dzinobatanidza mwero yose mitatu inoshanda pamwe chete (kana kuti pane dzimwe nguva kukwikwidzana. Kunzwisisa aya masimba akagoveranwa kunokosha nokuda kwokunzwisisa kuti mabasa okudzora azvino uno sei.

Mitero Nemari Yainotangirwa

Mwero mumwe nomumwe unoisa mitero yawo umene, asi kazhinji kazhinji unowirirana. Mutero wemari yemari yemari unovapo pamwe chete nomutero wemari yehurumende munyika zhinjisa (kunze kwaavo vasina mutero wemari). Hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzinotsamira zvikuru pamitero yenzvimbo, mitero yokutengesa, uye mitero. Intergovernmentali dzinopa (yakadai semari yehurumende nokuda kwemigwagwa mikuru kana kuti yamuro yehurumende yemari nokuda kwezvikoro). Simba remitero igoverano, asi harina kuganhurirwa, chiremera; ganhuriro dzemitemo inoshanda pamwero imwe neimwe.

Kumanikidza Mutemo Neruramisiro Youtsotsi

Masangano eFederal (FBI, DEA, ATF) anonzvera mhaka dzinodarika miganhu yehurumende kana kuti kuputsa mutemo wehurumende. Mapurisa ehurumende anotenderera migwagwa uye mitemo yehurumende. Mapurisa omunzvimbomo anobata utsotsi hwezuva riri rose munzanga dzawo. Kutonga kunoitika pamwero yose(vachuchisi vemhosva dzeruwa) mumatare eruwa, magweta ehurumende, uye vachuchireri vemo mumatare ehurumende. Kuwirirana kupfurikidza namasimba ebasa uye kugoverana mashoko kunoitwa munzanga dzavo. Asi gakavaro dzoruwa dzinogona kumuka.

Kugadzirwa Kwezvinhu uye Zvekufambisa

Migwagwa mikuru inowanzovakwa nemari yehurumende, inochengetwa namadhipatimendi ehurumende ezvokufambisa, uye yakabatanidzwa kumigwagwa yomunzvimbomo inoitwa namaguta kana kuti mabhadharo. Nhepfenyuro dzendege, zviteshi, uye gadziriro dzokufambisa vanhu vose kazhinji kazhinji zvinogamuchira mari inobva mumitengo yose mitatu. Mutengo weIntertegow System [ muenzaniso mukuru webatira pamwe yehurumende, nemipimo yehurumende, kuvaka, uye kutarisira kwomunzvimbomo kwetsinhano.

Utano Hworuzhinji Nemhinduro Yekurumidziro

Hurumende yehurumende inogadza nhungamiro kupfurikidza namasangano akafanana neCDC uye inogovera mari nokuda kwamadhipatimendi ezvoutano enyika. United States inoshandisa mapurogiramu akadai seMedicaid, uye madhipatimendi omunzvimbomo outano anopa mabasa akananga. Mumigariro yakakomba(_njodzi dzomusikirwo, zvirwere, kana kuti njodzi dzoutano dzavanhu) mwero yose inobatana mugadziriro seStafford Act neNational Incident Managent Management System. CHOVID yakasimbisa zvose zviri zviviri simba nenhamo dzeiyi gadziriro ino inogoverana.

Kudzivirirwa Kwemhoteredzo

Environmental Protection Agency (koredal) inogadza mipimo yenyika nokuda kwomugariro wemhepo nemvura, asi nyika dzinowanzoshandisa mipimo iyoyo kupfurikidza nepurogiramu dzinopiwa. Hurumende dzinogonawo kuita mirau yorumano. Hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzinobata kuiswa kwetsvina yakasimba, kuputika kwemvura yemafungu, uye zvisarudzo zvokushandisa nyika izvo zvinotapura mhoteredzo. Chinjo yemamiriro okunze anobatanidza mwero yose, kubva kumitengo yamarudzi ose kusvikira kugadziriro dzokuderedza maguta.

Kushanduka - shanduka Kwenhau Nezvinetso Zvazvino Uno

Ganhuriro yamasimba yakashanduka kupfurikidza nemitemo yechiratidzo, mirau yedare, uye chinjo dzenzanga. New Development yakakudza chiremera chehurumende pamusoro pokutengeserana negarikano yenzanga. Chivil Rights Movement chakasimbiswa simba rehurumende kudzivirira maruramiro avanhu parusaruro rwehurumende. Mubato weDevolution wema 1990 wakadzorera mitoro kuhurumende, yakadai sokugadziridza garikano mugadziriro yeSearter Consolation for Veresy Families (TEF). Nguva pfupi yapfuura, nharo dzehurumende pamusoro penhau dzoutano, kudzorwa kwapamutemo kwembanje, kudzorwa kwemipimo yedzidzo.

Zvinetso zvazvino uno zvinobatanidza shata dzehurumende.]

Mashoko Anoshanda Nokuda Kwevagari Vacho

Kunzwisisa mwero wehurumende ine chiremera panhau yakati kunopa simba vagari vemo kuti vatsigire nenzira inobudirira. Mugari anoitira hanya pamusoro pezvikomba zvebasa rehurumende anofanira kunyorerana nedhipatimendi renyika yomunzvimbomo, kwete nedare rehurumende. Munhu anoda kuchinja mitemo yeroorano angabatanidzwa navaiti vemitemo yehurumende. Mugari wemo anotsvaka kupesvedzera mutemo wokumwe anganangidzira ngwariro paCongress naPresident. Nokuziva mwero wakarurama, vanhu vanogona kuranganisa kubatanidzwa kwavo kwenzanga, kukurukura navamiririri, kana kuti kupinda misangano yavose.

Iyi gadziriro yakavharwa inorevawo kuti kodzero namabasa zvinogona kusiana nenzvimbo. Rusununguko rwokuroora mumwe munhu wevatano imwe cheteyo zvino rwakafanana munyika yose, asi zera rapamutemo rokunwa, ganhuriro dzekumhanya, uye mimwe mitemo yakawanda inosiana muhurumende nehurumende. Mitemo yomunzvimbomo panhambo pfupi, ruzha, kana kuti kuva nezvokudya zvinopfuyirwa zvinogona kutosiyana mukati meruwa imwe cheteyo. Vagari vemo vanofanira kuramba vachiziva mitemo yakananga inoshanda kunzanga yavo.

mhedziso

Masimba ehurumende dzehurumende dzehurumende dzehurumende, dzehurumende, dzemo, uye dzemo dzinoumba gadziriro yakaoma asi inowirirana yakagadzirirwa kudzikamisa chinzwano nemhatsa. Hurumende yehurumende inobata nhau dzorudzi nedzemarudzi ose, nyika dzinotarisira nhevedzano yakafara yemiitiro yedzimba, uye hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzinopa mabasa enzanga. Mitoro yadzo inogoverana munharaunda dzakadai semitero, kudzikamisa mutemo, uye zvirongwa zvemasangano. Munhu upi noupi anotsvaka kuronga upenyu hwehurumende, kunzwisisa izvi zvakasiyana zvichiri zvichiri zvichiri zvedzidzo yazvo, hakungori kungokoshairwa kwougari hwemo hunobudirira. [[FLT:] Mapazu ehurumende kana kuti maongororo adzore [FLT:] chibvumirano chakazara [FFLT] nokuda kwenzwisiso yapamutemo.