Table of Contents

Nhaka Isingaperi Yokusarudza Mumutemo weMitemo yeAmerica

Pfungwa yokusarudza inoshanda kwete bedzi kuDare rekodzero asi kuhurumende dzomunzvimbomo. Iyi dzidziso yapamutemo, yakatangwa kupfurikidza nezvisarudzo zvinokosha zvedare reAmerica. Yakagadziridza ukama pakati pehurumende yehurumende nehurumende kupfurikidza nokuva nechokwadi chokuti dziviriro dzakaiswa muBhiill of Rights dzinoshanda kwete bedzi kuDare asi kuhurumende. Iyi dzidziso yapamutemo, yakatangwa kupfurikidza nenhevedzano yezvisarudzo zvinokosha zveDare guru redare, yakaparira nzvimbo yorudzi yerusununguko urwo pasina nyika inogona kuputsa. Kunzwisisa kushanduka dzvara kwayo kunokosha kunzwisiswa kuti idzivirire sei vagari vehurumende pamwero uri wose.

Nguva Yapamberi Pekutongwa: Bhuku Rekodzero Dzevanhu seFederal Shield

The Original Understanding and Barron v. Baltimore

Kwamakumi amakore anoverengeka okutanga erepabhuriki yeAmerica, Bill of Rights yakanzwisiswa kuva inoshanda chose chose kuhurumende yehurumende. Dare rapamusoro rakasimbisa nenzira yakananga iyi nheyo mu [FLT: 0] Barron v. Baltimore (1833). Mutongi mukuru John Marshall, achinyorera Dare rinobvumirana, akarangarira kuti ganhuriro yeFith Amendment yokutora nzvimbo yapachivande nokuda kwokushandisa kwavose pasina muripo bedzi inoshanda kuhurumende yehurumende yehurumende, kwete kuhurumende. Chisarudzo chacho chakavakirwa parugwaro nerangariro yeBumbiro reMitemo: kugadziriswa kwekodzero dzemitemo yakaitwa seganhuriro yeChibvumirano chichangobva kuumbwa, uye mumutauro wavo hapana chinhu chakataurwa kusimbisa donzo rokubatanidza nyika.

Iyi dudziro yakasiya mabumbiro emitemo ehurumende sedziviriro bedzi pakushaiwa kodzero. Nepo mabumbiro emitemo akawanda aiva nedziviriro dzakafanana, ukuru nokuchengetwa kwaaya maruramiro kwaipesana zvikuru munyika yose. Vagari vomuimwe nyika vangafarikanya dziviriro dzakasimba dzorusununguko rwokutaura, nepo avo vari mune imwe vaigona kutarisana neganhuriro dzakakomba. Kushandiswa kwekodzero dzekodzero kwakaparira mukaha mukuru mugadziriro yemitemo yeAmerica, mukaha waisazokurukurwa kutozosvikira pashure peHondo yeChivirimu.

Machikiyo eHondo uye Hurumende Yenyika Dzakatonga

Kuiswa kwe 13th, 14th, uye 15th Amendments kwakashandura zvikurukuru nzvimbo yebumbiro remitemo. Iwenath Amendment, yakagamuchirwa muna 1868, yakanga ine revo zvikuru. Guta rayo Gutsikano yeChiitiko Claus rinopa kuti hakuna hurumende icha "nomunhu upi noupi woupenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu, pasina muitiro wakafanira womutemo. Maropafadzo kana kuti Immunites Claus, panguva ino, inozivisa kuti "no Hurumende ichaita kana kuti ichaita kuti itsigire mutemo upi noupi uchadzivisa ropafadzo kana kuti kudzivirira vagari veUnited States." Izvi zvakaratidzika kuva zvirongwa kuti azarure suo nokuda kwedziviriro yehurumende yekodzero dzavanhu pahurumende panzvimbo imwe neimwe.

Zvisinei, Dare Gurusa rakavhara suo iroro Suo Risingabvumirwi muNhaka yeNhaka (1873). Dare rakabudisa kuraviwa kwakapfupika kwemaropafadzo kana kuti maImmunituni Clause, richiva rakadzivirira bedzi kodzero dzakaganhurirwa dzakatorwa kubva kuvagari vemo vehurumende, zvakadai sekodzero dzokukumbira Congress kana kuti kodzero yokupinda mumatare ehurumende. Ruzhinjisarudzo rwavagari vemo rwakaramba ruchidzorwa nehurumende. Iyi chisarudzo nenzira inobudirira chakabvisa maropafadzo kana kuti maImmunio Claus semotokari nokuda kwokubatanidza uye Dare kumanikidzira kutsvaka kune imwe nzvimbo nokuda kwehwaro yemitemo yokushandisa Bill Regionss kumaruwa.

Kuchinja Kwechigumi Negumi Negumi Nokutanga Kwechisarudzo

Kushandiswa kwaClaus Sechikamu Chomukurumbira

Nemaropafadzo kana kuti maImmunitute Claus akapiwa zvikurukuru, Dare Rapamusoro rakatendeukira kuChiteshi cheChibvumirano chaManeti Clausse semutoo mukuru wokubatanidza. Rondedzero yakanga iri yokuti "kutya" kwakadzivirirwa neChengetetion Claus yakabatanidza maruramiro makuru akadudzwa muBill of Rights. Kana kodzero yainzi inokosha kutsika yeruramisiro yeAmerica, Gwero Claus yaida kuti iremekedze.

Uyu mutoo hauna kuitika kamwe chete. Kwamakumi amakore pashure peSaughter - House Cases, Dare rakadzivisa pfungwa yokuti chinodikanwa chikuru chedare chepadare che145 Demendment chaibatanidza gadziriro ipi neipi yakananga yeBill of Rights. Mu Hurtado v. California [1884]), Dare rakatonga kuti dare reFindmendement redare reSand Recontext raisashandisa kumitemo. Nenzira yakafanana, mu Maxwell v. Dow [1900], Dare rakarangarira kuti rudyi weSahlulero yeSahlulero yakanga isina kudzosa. Maro akanga akapararira kuti Ecoult Claus adaingodzodzo bedzi dzakadateedzerwa nenzira yakakodzera, pasineidzo dzoukwadzo dzemakwakero dzeMarurame.

Nguva Yokuchinja: Gitlow v. New York

Nguva yazvino uno yokusarudza yakavamba ne Gitlow v. New York (1925). Benjamin Gitlow akawanirwa mhaka mumutemo wenyongano yetsotsi weNew York wokuparadzira mapepa anotsigira kuparadzwa kwehurumende. Dare Gurusa, mumurangariro naMutongi Edward Sanford, rakasimbisa kupwiswa asi rakaita ziviso yakakomba: "Nezvinangwa zvazvino tingazviwanira uye tinorangarira rusununguko irworwo rwokutaura nerwenzeve — runodzivirirwa neFirst Amendment kubva kuparation neDare reMitemo — iri pakati pekodzero dzinokosha ne'mitemo yakadzivirirwa nemuitiro wapamutemo weDelladendermerced kubva kuMadokerwe e 1450 okushaisi yakabva kuManyika."

Kunyange zvazvo Gitlow akarasikirwa nemhosva yake nemhaka yokuti Dare rakawana kuti kutaura kwake kwakaputsika kunze kwedziviriro dzeFirst Amendment, kurangarirwa kwokuva akakwana kwakanga kuri nguva yakapedzwa. Kwenguva yokutanga, Dare rakaziva zvakajeka kuti gadziriro yeBill of Rights yaigona kushanda kuhurumende kupfurikidza neGuer Proces Claus. Ikoku kwakazarura magedhi ezvikamu zvenguva yemberi nokuda kwenharo dzenguva yemberi.

Chitendero cheNhengo Yokusarudza: A Case-by-Case Aspect

Kuedza Kodzero Dzinokosha

Dare Rapamusoro-soro harina kugamuchira mutoo "sezviri zvose", ungadai wakashandisa Bill of Rights kuMasande makuru. Panzvimbo pezvo, yakaronda mutoo "kusarudza kubatanidzwa", kunzvera maruramiro mamwe namamwe pahwaro hwenhau nekese kuti ione kana wakanga uri wehwaro hunokosha kumurangariro weAmerica werusununguko rwakarairwa. Uku kusvika kwakajekeswa neMutongi Benjamin Cardozo mu[FL:0] Palko v. Connecticut[FF:1]

MuPalko, Dare rakarangarira kana dziviriro yenjodzi yeFindt Amendment yakapetwa kaviri yaishanda kunyika. Justice Cardozo akatsanangura kuti kodzero idzodzo bedzi dziri "dzinowirirana nepfungwa yorusununguko rwokurayira" dzinofanira kubatanidzwa. Iye akasiyanisa pakati pekodzero dzinongoitwawo zvadzo nedziya dziri `dzemazano okuda kudzorwa." Kururama kwadzo kwakanga kuchikosha, Cardozo akanyora, kana kutyora kwadzo kwadzo kwaizo "kudzosaidzosa mupomeri kunhamo yakakomba kwazvo uye kunotyisa zvokuti kutendeka kwedu kungasazotsungirira. Muiyi muedzo, Dare rakaramba kubatanidza njodzi yakapetwa kaviri panguva iyoyo, kunyange zvazvo kwaizochinja nzvimbo yaro.

Vatsoropodzi vakaedza Palko kuti pave nemupimo wakapfava, wakabvumira Dare kubatanidza maruramiro mukuchinja, kuchinjira kuchinjo kutsika dzavanhu nenzwisiso dzapamutemo. Vatsoropodzi vakapikisa kuti muedzo wacho wakanga wakanyanyova wakaderera uye vakapa vatongi chisarudzo chikurusa chokusarudza kuti ikodzero dzipi dzakanga dzinokosha. Vatsigiri vakapikisa kuti rakachengeta dzikamo yakafanira pakati poutarisiri hwehurumende nehurumende nepo richingodzivirira rusununguko runokosha.

Kusiyana Pakati Pekodzero Dzetsika Nedzisiri Dzomubatanidzwa

Kusarudza kwakatanga gadziriro yakarongwa yekodzero. Dzimwe kodzero, dzakadai serusununguko rwokutaura, rusununguko rwezvinobudisa nhau, kodzero yokupa zano, uye kudzivirirwa pakutsvakwa kusina musoro nepfari, zvakaonekwa sezvinokosha uye zvakashandiswa kuhurumende. Dzimwe kodzero, dzakadai sechikamu chikuru cheFindmerment chedare reFindmer chedare uye kodzero dzeSavender Amendment kudare revagari vemo, hadzina kubatanidzwa uye kuwanikwa nehurumende kusvikira nhasi.

Kuda kweDare kubatanidza kodzero kwakakura zvikuru munguva. Nepo zvisarudzo zvapakuvamba zvakanga zvakangwarira, Dare reWarren (1953 - 969) rakapupurira kuputika kwemitemo yokubatanidza. Dare rakashandisa nomutoo wakarongeka miitiro mizhinjisa yedziviriro yeBill of Rights kuhurumende, kuchinja zvikurukuru gadziriro dzemitemo yehurumende yeutsotsi mumuitiro. Uku kukura kwakaratidzira bvumirano inokura yokuti zvibvumikiso zvakati zvemitemo zvakanga zvichikosha kurapwa kwakarurama mudare ripi neripi reAmerica, pasinei zvapo nehurumende.

Chiratidzo cheNyika Nhau dzeDare Gurusa Mukusarudza

Kudzikamiswa Kwokutanga: Kutaura, Kubudisa Mashoko, uye Rudzidziso

Pashure peGitlow, Dare rakakurumidza kubatanidza dzimwe dziviriro huru. Nearbor v. Minnesota[FL:1] (1931), Dare rakashandisa pepanhau rapachena kuvimbisa nyika, kudzika mutemo wehurumende wakabvumira kudzorwa kwemapepanhau. Cantell v. Connecticut[FL:3] [1940] (1940) yakabatanidza Free Exect Clause, uye [FLT] Everson v. Dare reDzidzorowa reDzo[FL:] [FLT] [1947]) rakasimbisa kugadzwa kwaClaus. Izvi zvakasimbisa kuti Chechi yokutanga yePregist nedziviriro yaidzo-magasimu.

Kudzikamiswa Kwechina: Kutsvaka Nokuzvidzora uye Kutonga Kwokugumisa

Kubatanidzwa kweFreendment yeChina kwakanga kuri muitiro wapashoma napashoma. Mu Wolf v. Colorado (1949), Dare rakaramba kuti dziviriro yeGaramende yeChina inodzivirira kunzvera kusina mufungo nepfari yaishandiswa kunyika, asi yakaramba kuda matare ehurumende kubvisa ufakazi hunowanikwa mukuputsa kugadziriswa kwechinjo. Ihwo hwakachinja zvikuru mu [[FLT:]] Map v. Ohio [1961], apo Dare raidzora Wolf Wolf uye raibata mutemo unoshanda kuzvinhu. Tom Clark, anonyora voruzhinji, akarangarira kuti pasina mutemo, Amenzi wechikadzikwa, angaita "as rechinyakare, uye mapu yemitemo inomanikidzwa.

Kuchinja Kwechishanu: Kuzviparadzanisa Nokuzvipinza Mungozi Kaviri

Chisarudzo cheshanu cheFirstment chakabatanidzwa mu Malloy v. Hogan (1964). Chisarudzo ichi chakagadzirira nzira Manda v. Arizona [196] [196], yaida mapurisa kuti azivise kuti ane kodzero yokuramba akanyarara uye kodzero yavo yokupa zano. Kurambidza kwakapetwa kaviri, kwakatanga kurambwa muPalko, gare gare gare gare kwakabatanidzwa [FLT:]. [FLT] Benton. Mary v[FL:] [5] [696], kupedza kushandiswa kweGeneGeneGeneGeneGenetic], kupedzerwa kwechidziro.

Kuchinja Kwechitanhatu: Kodzero Yezano, Kutongwa, uye Kupopotedzana

[FLT: 0] Powell v. Alabama (1932) yaida zano mumhaka dzerufu, asi yakanga iri Gideon v. Wainr [1963] yakasimbisa kodzero yezano mumatare ose ehurumende. Dare Repamusoro rakataura kuti zano rakakodzera kutongwa zvakanaka. Gidheoni, chikumbiro chakanyorwa nomuromo kubva kumusungwa weFlorida, chakachinja dare retsotsi dzetsono reAmerica uye chinoramba chiri chimwe chezvisarudzo zvinonyanya kuzivikanwa mumutemo wemitemo.

Chibvumirano chechitanhatu chamaruramiro kumuedzo wakakurumidza kubatanidzwa mu Klopefer v. North Carolina (1967), maruramiro ekutongwa kwavose mu muRever[[[FLT:] [198]] [198], kodzero yedare risingasaruri mu [FLT] pa [FLT].[FLT][FLT:] [[6] [196], uye kodzero yokumanikidzirwa mumuitiro [[FLT:].[5]

Kugadziridzwa Kwechipiri: Muganhu Wazvino Uno

Kwemakumi amakore, Mutemo weChipiri weChinesesisimende wakanga usati waiswa nemhaka yokuti Dare reChikurusa rakanga risati raziva kodzero yomunhu oga yokutakura zvombo. Iyo yakachinja mu Diveration of Columbia v. Heller (2008), iyo yaidavira kuti Simplimende yeChinesence inodzivirira kodzero yomunhu oga yokuva nepfuti nokuda kwechipfumo chaiye amene mumusha. Mubvunzo wokubatanidza wokuzvibatanidza wakapindurwa makore maviri gare gare gare gare gare [FLT:] McDonald v. City of Chicagow[[FLT:] [20] [20]] [20]), apo Dare reChimbidziro rina raitiramisi yemitemo inobatira kupfurikidza nechisarudzo chibvumirano chinenge chikai.DNcromedro chakavaramisiro yemitemo yeChiccagon uye chikadzo chapano chenyika inobvumira kupfurati chipenyu chinenge chinenge chinogara chinenge chinenge chino chinenge chinenge chinenge chinenge chinenge chi

Kuchinja Kwezvisere: Utsinye uye Chirango Chisiri Chomuzvarirwo

, iyo yakaputsa mutemo wehurumende unoita kuti kupindwa muropa nemirimo kuve mhaka. Kuiswa kweMitemo inorevedza maFace Finefic Claus kwakasimbiswa munguva pfupi yapfuura TIMS v. Indiana (2029), iyo yairangarira kuti muganhu wacho unoshanda kuzvinhu. Timbs muenzaniso wakanaka wesimba rinopfuurira rekusarudza, sezvawakatambanudzira gadziriro yeChikodzero cheRevo.

Mupimo Wokusasarura: Kuedza Kodzero Kukuru Mumuitiro

Nheyo Yorusununguko Yakarongwa

Mupimo mukuru wokusarudza ndiro kana kodzero iri huru kugadziriro yeAmerica yeruramisiro kana kuti "inotsigira pfungwa yorusununguko rwakarairwa". Mupimo uyu, wakajekeswa muPalko uye wakanatswa munhau dzinotevera, unoda kuti Dare riongorore midzi yakadzika yenhau yekodzero nebasa raro rinokosha mukudzivirira rusununguko rwomunhu. Kuedza kwacho kunochinjika noune, kuchibvumira Dare kuchinjika kukuwirirana nemipimo yenzanga nenzwisiso zvapamutemo.

Mupimo Wakadzika Midzi

Munhau dzemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi, Dare rakabvunzawo kana maruramiro ari "akadzikwa zvikuru munhau yerudzi negamuchidzanwa". Uyu mupimo, wakabva kuWashington v. Glucksberg (1997), wakanangidzirwa zvikuru munhau kupfuura muedzo werusununguko wakarairwa. MuMcDonald, Dare rakashandisa mipimo yose iri miviri, richiwana kuti maruramiro okuchengeta nokutakura zvombo zvoga zvoga akanga akavakirwa zvikuru munhau yeAmerica uyewo chinokosha kuraira rusununguko. Kubatana pakati peiyi miedzo miviri kunoramba kuri nhau yekurukurirano yenyanzvi, neruramisiro inotendera mumwe pamusoro peimwe inotsamira parudyi panhau.

Zvisina Kubatanidzwa

Pasinei zvapo noukuru hwekusarudza, gadziriro shomanene dzeBill of Rights dzinoramba dzisina kubatanidzwa. Chirambidzo cheThird Amendment pamauto anotora zvikamu zvina hachina kumboshandiswa kunyika dzacho, kunyange zvazvo nhau yacho isingawanzomuka. Chinodikanwa chikuru cheFindrence Conference copyractive chokupora mhosva dzedare redare reFindrefur hachina kubatanidzwa, uye inenge hafu yenyika panzvimbo pezvo inoshandisa kutongwa kwokutanga kana kuti mashoko anopomerwa. Gemendement ikodzero yekodzero yokutonga vehurumende haisi imo, inopa mitemo inochinja zvikuru mugadziriro yevagari vemo vemo. Kurambidza kweSevenment Amend Reformtion pabheil yakanyanyisa hakuna kubatanidzwa, kunyange zvazvo matare akaderera pane dzimwe nguva akawana kushanda kwayo.

Pession Wechipiri maruramiro okutakura zvombo, nepo zvino yakanyoreswa muMcDonald, inopfuurira kuparira rondedzero pamusoro poukuru hwemirairo inobvumirwa nehurumende. Chisarudzo cheDare mu New York State Rifle & Pistol Association v. Bruen[FLT] [2022] [22]) yakatanga muedzo mutsva wenhau wokuongorora zvinetso zveSandmendment, izvo zvingatungamirira kukuvandudzazve kushandiso yokurudyi kumasangano.

Tapuro Yechisarudzo Chekushandira Panzvimbo Yechibharo cheAmerica

Kuumba Rudzi Rworudzi Rwekodzero Dzevanhu

Kusarudza kwakatanga uriri hwerudzi hwekodzero idzo nyika yose inofanira kuremekedza. Mugari weTexas ane dziviriro imwe cheteyo yeFirst Amendment yakasununguka somugari wemo muCalifornia. Mukwiridzirwi muFlorida ane maruramiro mamwe chetewo okupa zano somukwiridziridziri muNew York. Uku kubatana kunovimbisa kuti kodzero dzinokosha hadzitsamiri pamitemo yehurumende kana kuti zvamatongerwe enyika zvomunzvimbomo. Uriri hwenyika hunogovera dziviriro yapasi, nepo nyika dzichiramba dzakasununguka kupa dziviriro huru zvikuru mumirayiro yadzo dzimene kana kuti mitemo.

Kudzikamisa Simba Renyika Nehurumende

Mutoo wakasarudzwa wokubatanidza nokungwarira chiremera chehurumende nekodzero dzehurumende. Kupfurikidza nokubatanidza maruramiro pahwaro hwenhau nekereke, Dare Gurusa rakadzivisa kubatwa kwehurumende kwemuitiro woutsotsi nemitemo yavagari vemo. Hurumende dzinochengeta rusununguko runokosha mukuumba kwadzinoita matare adzo, kutungamirira, uye kudzikamisa mitemo, chero bedzi dzisingaputsi dziviriro dzakabatanidzwa. Uku kudzikama kwakabvumira sangano renyika kuchengeta tsika yaro inovara zvakanaka nepo dzichiri kuvimbisa kuti rusununguko rwadzo rwayo rwakakomba runodzivirirwa chose chose chose.

Vatsoropodzi vokubatanidza vanosarudza vanotaura kuti kunopa simba rakawanda redare rehurumende kuzvisarudzo zvehurumende yechipiri uye kuti nhau nenhau kumativi ose inoparira kusapanikira nokupindurirwa. Vatsigiri vanopindura kuti kuchinjika kwedzidziso yacho kunobvumira Bumbiro reMitemo kushanduka nemigariro inochinja uye kuti tarisiro yedare iri madikanwa kudzivirira kodzero shomanene pakubatwa zvisina kufanira. Kukakavadzana pamusoro poukoshi hwakafanira hwokubatanidzwa kunopfuurira kubatira dzidzo yemitemo nemirangariro yedare.

Basa Remitemo yeHurumende

Kusarudza kuisa mitemo yenyika hakuna kuita kuti ive isina basa. Mukupesana, matare ehurumende akatanga mutemo webumbiro remitemo wehurumende wakazvimirira, kazhinji kazhinji achigovera dziviriro huru zvikuru kupfuura yehurumende. Uyu muitiro, pane dzimwe nguva unonzi "hurumende itsva," unobvumira masangano okuedza kodzero dzakawedzerwa apo Bumbiro remitemo rehurumende rinogovera uriri. Somuenzaniso, mamwe matare ehurumende akadudzira mamiriro avo enyika akasununguka anovimbisa zvikuru kupfuura Kuchinja Kurefumura, kana kuti kunzvera kwavo kwehurumende uye gadziriro dzokudzivirira kupfuura Kudzosera kwechina. Iyi muganhu wehurumende nomutemo wemitemo wehurumende unopfuumbika unowedzera dziviriro yose yorusununguko rwomunhu.

Nhau Dzazvino Uno Nenguva Yemberi Yokusarudza

Urongwa Husina Kubatanidzwa uye Kuchinja Kungangovapo Munguva Yemberi

Kunyange zvazvo vakawanda veBill of Rights vakabatanidzwa, gadziriro shomanene dzinoramba dzakazaruka nokuda kwokurangarirwa kwomunguva yemberi. Chikamu cheRehendrencet Reconstruct chingagona kubatanidzwa muchiitiko chakakodzera, zvikurukuru kupa ngwariro inokura kukuchinja nokuchengetwa kwapamberi pedare. Third Amendment, nepo munhau dzakaitika, ingagona kumuka mumugariro unobatanidza hurumende kana kuti chiito chehurumende yomunzvimbomo. Chisarudzo cheDare muTibs chinokarakadza kudisa kupedza gadziriro yeRegamendero negadziriro yekodzero negadziriro.

Dare reChipiri Refutunuko rinopfuurira kuparira rondedzero inokosha, uye ukuru hwokushandiswa kwaro kumitemo yepfuti neyomunzvimbomo sezvingabvira huchanatswa mumakore ari kuuya. Kuedza kwenhau muBruen kwakaparira mibvunzo mitsva pamusoro pemiraudzo inowirirana neChipiri Amendment seyakabatanidzwa mukurwisana nenyika. Iyi mhaka ichaedza miganhu yokubatanidzwa kwakasarudzwa muzana ramakore rechi 21.

Gadziriro Yakafanira Yenguva Yemberi Yamaruramiro Asina Kusimbiswa

Kusarudza kunowirirana zvikuru nedzidziso yakafara yemuitiro wakafanira wekubereka, inodzivirira kodzero dzinokosha dzisinganyatsorongwa muBill of Rights. Matanho akadai se bergefell v. Hodges, inoziva kodzero yemitemo yeroorano imwe cheteyo, [[FLT] uye [[FLT]] Dobs v. Jackson’s Health Organization [2022], iyo inotonga Roe v. Wade uye inoti Bumbiro remitemo haridziviridzi maruramiro okubvisa pamuviri, inoenzanisira kodzero dzinopfuurira pamusoro pedzivisirwa zvakakwana kudzivirira mugariro. Izvi hazvisati zvichingova zvinosarira zvikuru, asi zvinobatanidza zvikuru pamusoro pemibvunzo yakafanana pamusoro pezviito.

Nguva yemberi yokusarudza ingaumbwawo nokuchinja kwedare reSauriro rePurezime. Dare rinozviisa pasi pechiremera chehurumende ringada zvishoma kubatanidza gadziriro itsva kana kuti kuwedzera dziripo. Nenzira inopesana, Dare rinodzivirira kodzero dzevanhu ringapfuurira kushandisa Bill of Rights zvakafara kunyika. Kubatanidza pakati petsika dzinokwikwikwidzana idzi kuchasarudza dzidziso yacho.

Mugumisiro: Nhaka Isingaperi Yokusarudza

Mhindumupindu yokubatanidza kuvambira pakubatidzwa kwakaganhurirwa kwaBarron v. Baltimore kusvikira kudziviriro hurusa dzenguva yazvino uno inomirira chimwe chezviitiko zvinokosha zvikurusa mumutemo wemitemo yeAmerica. Kupfurikidza nenhevedzano yezvisarudzo zvechiratidzo chechiratidzo chenhau, Dare Gurusa rakashandura Bill of Rights panhoo papfuti rehurumende kuva vimbiso yenyika yose yorusununguko mukurwisana nehurumende. Kusvika kwedzidziso nechete kunenge kwabvumira nokuda kwokusanofunga nokuchinjika, kuvimbisa kuti maruramiro makuru anodzivirirwa pasina kudzorwa kusina kufanira kupfurikidza nehurumende.

Kusarudza kunoramba kuri dzidziso mhenyu, kukwanisa kushandisa kodzero itsva dzinozivikanwa kunyika uye kuchinja tsika. Sezvo Dare rinopfuurira kutsanangura ukuru hweBill of Rights, nheyo dzakatangwa munhau dzakadai seGitlow, Mapp, Gideon, naMcDonald dzichatungamirira kushandiswa kwekodzero idzodzo. Nhaka inogara yokubatanidzwa kwevasarudzi rudzi umo rusununguko runokosha runotsigirwa muBill of Rights rwuri ururami hwevagari vemo vose, munyika iri yose, uye pamberi pedare riri rose.