Mirangariro Yapakuvamba Paruramisiro Yorufu Neyoutsotsi

Gakava pamusoro pechirango chorufu negadziriro yapamhene yeruramisiro yamatsotsi kazhinji kazhinji rinonanga padudziro yebumbiro remitemo. Pakati pegadziriro dzinopesvedzera zvikurusa pane uzivi hunoomerera pakurava Bumbiro remitemo mukuwirirana nerevo yaro yapakuvamba yavose panguva yeratimende. Mafungire apakuvamba, kutendeka kurugwaro sezvinonzwisiswa nechizvarwa chinowirirana kunopa dzikamo, kudeyama, uye kuva nomutemo wedemocracy. Iyi mirangariro inoumba sei vatongi, nyanzvi, uye vagadziri vemiitiro vanoyera maruramiro anoyera rufu. Kurangarira kwapakuvamba kunoda kutaridzika kwapedyo nenhau, kunzvera kwamashoko enhau, rugwaro, uye shanduka - chitarisiko chedzidziso yedare — apo inodzivisa muedzo kuwirirana nezvinoreva zvaparo zvebumbiro remitemo.

Kudavira Mashura Kunomborevei?

Chiratidzo hachisi chikoro chemonolithic; chinobatanidza mitaro inoverengeka. shanduro yapakuvamba zvikurusa, donzo remavambo, inotsvaka kunzwisisa icho vaFramers vanodavira somunhu oga pamusoro pegadziriro yebumbiro remitemo. Nhasi, shandudziko huru ndi [ yavanhu vekare] revo yavanhu vose [[, yakakurumbira neMutongi Antonin Scaliai navamwe. Iyi mitoo inobvunza kuti munhu ane mufungo panguva yegadziriro angadai akanzwisisa rugwaro kureva. chiGirikiwo mitoo yapakuvamba [[[FLTLT:], iyo inonzvera kuti mutauro wapamutemo uye kuturikirwa munhambo inovamba. Zvose zvinobatanidza kugoverana kuzvipira kwavo vamene kuisa mugadziro: kuisa mutongo wavo vamene yokutonga kana kuti vatongedze kutsanangura." “Miteoto yomutemo.

Mavambo edzidziso yokutanga ari mukupera kwezana ramakore rechimakumi maviri sedavidzo kukodzero hurusa yeWarren neBurger Courts. Nyanzvi dzakadai saRobert Bork, Raoul Berger, uye gare gare Randy Barnett naGary Lawson varadrited critiques. Nepo chitendero chapakuvamba chakapesvedzera Supreme Court jurisprudence munharaunda dzakafanana neChipiri Amendment ( Drique of Columbia v. Heller, 2008) uye Classiaste ([FLT:] United States.[FLT] v[FLT], 1995, kuratidzira ruramisiro yetsotsi. — kukwikwikwidza kukuru.

Kureverera Nokudzikamisa Kwechisere

Reather Exterline inozivisa, kuti: “Beil requery datem haisati ichizodikanwa, kana kuti faindi yakawandisa inoiswa, kana kuti zvirango zvoutsinye nezvisiri zvenguva dzose zvinopiwa.” Vanyori vemavambo vanotaura kuti revo ye “chisimba nechakasiyana” yakamiswa panguva yokuitwa (1791 nokuda kweBill of Rights). Chirango chikuru chenhau ndechokuti chirango chaparufu chakanga chiri [[FLT:] chakashandiswa nokugamuchirwa murumano [ munhambo yokuvamba. Kuparadza kwakaitwa nokuda kwemhosva dzakadai sokuponda, kupandukira, kupandukira, uye kunyange — mune dzimwe nharaunda — kuba kana kuti kunyengedzerwa. Framessss yakapikisana yematooti [g.g., uye kupisa, kupisa kwegore rimwe nerimwe diviti renhau rapakuvamba) asi hakuna kurangarira upenyu hwavanhu pachena. Naizvozvo, kana kuti “zviito zvakadzorongedzerwa.

Nhoroondo

Zvidimbu zvinoverengeka zvoufakazi zvinotsigira uku kurava kwapakuvamba. Chokutanga, Dare Rokutanga, iro rakakarakadza Bill of Rights, rakabvumirawo chirango chorufu nokuda kwemhosva dzakati dzehurumende muChiteshi cheCrimes cha 1790. Chechipiri, mabumbiro emitemo nemiraudzo zvenguva yacho zvakabvumira kuurawa nenzira yakafanana nokuda kwematsotsi akakomba. Chechitatu, mashoko okuti “chisharisi nechakasiyana nezvisiri zvenguva dzose akatorwa muChirungu cheRegion of Rights of 1689, apo akarambidza zvirango zvisina kubvumirwa nomutemo kana kuti kusatenderwa kumhaka mhaka yacho — kwete kuparadzwa kwokuuraya. Naizvozvo vanodavira kuti Hurumende yeChisere yakanga yakaitirwa nzira dzoupengo (se kupisa kana kuti kunyora nyora nyora mativi mana) uye zvirango, kusati kubvisa chirango chaidzo chorufu panenge pari.

“ Mipimo Inochinja Yedzidziso Yakaora Yake Yakatangwa

Vazivi vanomira muchishoro chakasimba ku mipimo inochinja yetsika muedzo uyo Dare Rapamusoro rakagamuchirwa mu Trop v. Dulles [1958]] uye rakashandiswa mumipimo yerufu se [[FLT]] Firman. Georgia v[[FLT]] [[5] [8] [7]]. Mukuwirirana nouyu muedzo, revo yerefudzi nyoro rega rega rega rega rega rega. [2] Mushoo yapamutemo (56]], STLATIO) inoshorwa zvikuru se “pa [magaro] mumifungo yokutonga yapamutemo. Mumumushonga yavose. Mune mirangariro yake inopesana neyakavanzika.[5] [5] [5]

Mirangariro Yechinjo Pachirango Chorufu

Nemhaka youfakazi hwenhau, nyanzvi zhinjisa dzapakuvamba navatongi vanogamuchira pamutemo wechirango chorufu. Zvisinei, havasati vari zvavo vanotsigira kushandiswa kwacho muzviitiko zvose. Vanyori vanosianisa pakati pe pamutemo wechirango munheyo [[ uye [[FLT:] dziviriro dzechipo [[FLT]] dzinodikanwa kusvitsa revo yapakuvamba yebasa uye dziviriro yakaenzana. Chibvumikiso chikuru ndechekuti: nemhaka yokuti rugwaro rweBumbiro remitemo nenzwisiso yapakuvamba hazvidzivisi kuurawa nokuda kwemhosva dzakakomba, mapazu ezvamatongerwe enyika — Masangano ehurumende — chiremera chokuripa, chinongoripa ganhuriro dzakajeka bedzi kuganhuriro dzakafanira dzeBill Requetions.

Mipiro Yemutongi Scalia

Mirangariro yaMutongi Scalia inogovera kujekeswa kwakajeka zvikurusa kwokurangarira kwapakuvamba pamusoro pechirango chorufu. Mu Kansas v. Marsh (2006), iye akanyora kuti Everyh Amendment “haadzidzivisi chirango chorufu nokuda kwavapondi” uye akatsoropodza Dare nokuda kwokuribata se “nhau yetsika inowirirana nemirangariro yavatongi." Mu Ring v. Arizona[FLT:] [2002], Scalia akabvumirana kuti Dare reSikisi rinoda mutongi kuti awane zvinhu zvinoita kuti mukwidziridziridziridzo ashairwe nokuda kworufu — rinoita kuti zvamazvirokwazvo dziviriro nokuda kwekukwidziridzwa nokuda kwehuro.

Kururamisira kwaThomas Nokushanduka - shanduka Kwedzidziso Yokutanga

Mutongi Clarence Thomas akapa dudziro yapamberi. Graham v. Florida (2010), akapesana nokuvamba kwevoruzhinji upenyu husina kuganhurirwa nokuda kwepwere muzvinoitika zvisiri 76homicide itsauko dzakarerekera. Thomas akarangarira kuti zvirango bedzi “ma “cruel neyechienzi” ndezviya zvairangarirwa kwazvo muna 1791. Sezvo vaduku vapari vemhosva vakanga vachiurawa (uye kuiswa mutorongo) panguva iyeyo, simba rehurumende rokuisa upenyu pasina muganhu wenhau. Nenzira yakafanana, mu [FLT:] Bruclew. V[FFFFF:9] [59], uye Goleglet joglet anyora denho huru yenhau (mutoose) kutoose, akakundikana kuderedza marwadzo ake.

Tsigiro Nokuda Kwochirango Chorufu Kubva Kuna Lens Woutana

  • [ Kupfuurira kwechiito: Kuparadza kwave kuri chinhu chenguva dzose chejuristrust yeAmerica chifo chebumbiro remitemo. Varatifiers vangadai vasina kurangarira kubviswa sechinodikanwa chebumbiro remitemo.
  • FEDALIS: Fimendment yeSendrome inoshanda kuhurumende kupfurikidza neMhendedzero ye14, asi vatangiri vanowanzotaura kuti dzidziso yokubatanidza inofanira kuva yakaganhurirwa. Vanyori vazhinji vanodavira kuti hurumende dzinochengeta rusununguko rwakafara rwokurondedzera utsotsi nezvirango kutoti kodzero chaiyo inodzorwa zvakajeka.
  • Tsitsi: Mashoko okuti “kudzorwa kwemitemo neyechienzi” haana mashoko akadai se“ kushandura” kana kuti “yazvino uno. Vazivi vemavambo echiNgezi vanoramba kutangwa kwokutonga kwemirairo mitsva yebumbiro remitemo.
  • Kuzvidavirira kwedemocratic: Kana vanhu vachida kugumisa chirango chorufu, vanogona kupesvedzera vaiti vemitemo vavo. Matare haafaniri kupfupikisa muitiro iwoyo wezvematongerwe enyika.

Kushorwa Nemimwe Mirangariro

Mirangariro youzivi inotarisana nedenho dzakasimba dzinobva kunyanzvi navatongi. “Musasa unorarama webumbiro remitemo” unoramba kuti vaFramers vamene vanokarira Bumbiro reMitemo kuturikirwa muchiedza chemigariro inochinja. Vamwe vanonongedzera kunongedzero yeSethh Amendment ku “panei nemhesano”: chirango chingava chechienzi sezvo nzanga inoramba. Chirango chinosimbisa ngozi yokuuraya vanhu vasina mhaka — itiro hanya yakanga iri shomanene muzana ramakore rechi18 asi zvino inotsigirwa necherekedzwa neDNA inowirirana nenzvero yenhau. Uyezve, vatsoropo vanopikisa kuti kuvimba kwetsika dzapakuvamba pamiitiro yenhau kunogona kupfuudzira kusaruramisira muchiranwa. [FLD] inoyananiswa nenzira isingachinjiki yorusarurano yorusarurano. [FF.] [F.0]

Maonero Echinjo Pamusoro Peruramisiro Youtsotsi Kupfuura Kurohwa

Kusvika kwaro kumuitiro woutsotsi, kodzero dzomupomerwi, uye unani hwehurumende kwakabudisa chiono chakasiana cheruramisiro — icho chinotusa nzwisiso dzenhau dzomuitiro wakafanira, kutonga kwedare rinobetsera vatongi, uye masimba ehurumende.

Kuitwa Kwakafanira Nebvumo Rekodzero

Maziviro echiziviso cheChibvumirano chaChuru anosimbisa kuti Gwendedzero reNhevedzo yeChishanu nerechigumi namana inofanira kuturikirwa neziso rerevo yaro yapakuvamba. Ikoku kazhinji kazhinji kunoparira nzvimbo yakaganhurirwa nokuda kwegadziriro yakafanira — pfungwa yokuti Clause anodzivirira maruramiro akati okusasarura. Nokuda kwavapomerwi, ikoku kunoreva kuti kodzero dzinorongwa (kuedza, zano, zvichingodaro) idziviriro huru. Vatsoropodzi vanopanikira kodzero dzorutongeso dzakaitwa se “pamberi kusava nokuvimbika” semurairo wemitemo (hazvisati zviri murugwaro) kana kuti mutemo (zvisipowo). Murayiro unosaidzo mukuwirirana nako. Scilia mu [FL:]

Kugadziridzwa Kwechina: Kutsvaka Zvakunoreva Pakutanga

Munzvimbo yokunzvera nokusurumuka, kuvamba kwakanyandura kurukurirano pamusoro perevo ye “zvisina mufungo.” Mutongi Scalia murangariro woruzhinji muna Kyllo v. United States (2001]) yakadavira kuti kushandisa munyunguzi wokupisa kuti aone kupisa kwakabva kumusha kwakanga kuri kutsvakwa nemhaka yokuti kwakavhozhokera nzvimbo iyo vanhu vairangarira seri kwakavanzika. Njodziro, mu [[FLT:] United States v. Jones[FLT:] [3], Scalia akanyora nokuda kweDare rinobatanidza motokari kumotokari kuti rive mugwagwa wakava chikanga chiri chikanganiso chomuviri — “kutsvaka pasi pechisimbo. Nokudaro, mukariro inonzwika yezvakavanzika chenyika inonzwika kubva [FT] [FLT] [5]

Kodzero Dzavana Claus uye Kurwisana

Vazivi vemavambo vave vachishandiswa mukudzorera Bhaspital Claus. Murangariro weMutongi Scalia mu Crawford v. Washington [2004]) yakatsiva muedzo wekuvimbika wakare nemutoo wenhau: mashoko echokwadi kupfurikidza nezvapupu zvinoshayikwa anenge asina kusimbiswa nokurangarira kwapakuvamba. Mu Appredian.

Zvinetso Zvenguva Ino: Kuvengana Kwevakawanda uye Kusawirirana Kwemadzinza

Kureverera hakurevi nhau dzinonetsa zvikurusa mururamisiro yazvino uno youtsotsi. Kusungwa kwemutorongo — United States ine mwero mukurusa wokuiswa mutorongo munyika yakabudirira — kunomutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pewirirano noukuru hwemutemo woutsotsi wehurumende. Nyanzvi dzeCrediantist dzakadai saRandy Barnett dzinotsigira “masimba makuru”, dzichitaura kuti mitemo mizhinji yehurumende yemirimo nepfuti inopfuura chiremera chebumbiro remitemo cheCongress. Mutsika dzapakuvamba zvikuru dzeChommerce Classiace, somuenzaniso, Congress yaigona kudzora bedzi kutengeserana kwapakati penyika yose — kwete mumibato yemirimo yakamutsive inomutsidzira chiverengero chavanhu vemubatanidzwa zvinodhaka. Zvisinei, masangano aizovazve nesimba rakafara rokuita utsotsi, uko kungagona kutapura nhamba yose.

Urudzi Nekutanga

Mavara edzinza mukusunga, kuranga, uye kuuraya kazhinji kazhinji anosimbiswa navatsoropodzi vegadziriro yeruramisiro youtsotsi. Vazivi vemavambo vanobvuma kuti Mutevedzeri we 144th Experimence’s Emedial Claus yakanzwisiswa pakuvamba kurambidza marudzi akajeka, asi vakapesana pakuti inobatanidza “chikamu. mu [FLD] Graiter v. Bollinger [[[FLM]] [200:1] [2003] uye dzimwe nhau, dzakataura kuti revo yapakuvamba yedziviriro yaClaussition inheyo yenheyo inopesana. [[FLT:] inovara kuva mhete yemipofu] muchimiro chapakuvamba chetsika yezvamatongerwe enyika chavanhu chakashata uye chisakarurama chisakiso chavanhu chapakuvamba. Chibvumikiso chakajeka zvikuru murumano chamatongerwo chavanhu chapakuvamba chinoshatsa dzinza. Chibvumikiso chinorevawo chakajeka chapakuvamba chakajeka zvikuru muru. Chino chika chapakuvamba chikaidzo chakajeka zvikuru chinoreva kurura

Zvatinowana

Murangariro wapakuvamba pamusoro porusarudzo wakaoma. Dare reHeighth Amendment rinorambidza “mutero wehafu yemari” uye“ zvirango zvechienzi,” asi vatangi vanopokanidza kana kuchida kuva nemwero mukuru pakati poutsotsi nechirango nokuda kwenhau dzisina kuganhurirwa. Zvisarudzo zvenguva pfupi yapfuura mu [[FLT]]. Florida[[FLT] [1] uye [[FLT] Miller v. [FLT] [FLT] [3] [20] — izvo upenyu hunoganhurirwa pasina parati revo. Zvakasarudzwa panzvimbo dzisati dziri dzekare. Zvinganzi Thomas, Scilia, uye Altito, kupikisa kuti Dare rakanga riri revo revo.

Kutanga Mumuitiro: Nhau Huru

  • Furman v. Georgia Dare Gurusa rakazivisa chirango chorufu sezvo panguva iyeyo raipa pasina kutongwa (5684). Mutongi William Brennan naThur Avice Marshall akaishora; Mutongi Scalia aizotsoropodza muuyo somusi wemavambo. Vadaro kazhinji kazhinji vanorangarira Furman somupanduki.
  • [FLT]Greg v. Georgia [6] : Dare rakatsigira kutungamirirwa nemitemo, kudzorwa kwechirango cherufu. Murangariro waStewart wakasimbisa kuti chirango chorufu chakanga chisiri chepasinogaro — muuyo vatsigiriridziri, kunyange zvazvo vangarangarira kurangarira sechikanganiso chedambudzo panzvimbo pokurangarira kwapakuvamba chakachena.
  • [FLT]] Ring v. Arizona (2002]: Dare raida kuti vatongi vawane zvinhu zvinopesana. Mutongi Scalia akabvumirana, achiita chibvumikiso chepakuvamba chakavakirwa paSexth Amendment. Chirwere chinoratidza kuti pakuvamba chinogona sei kudzivirira kodzero dzevaipomerwa.
  • Brucklew v. Precythe (2029) Dare rakaramba mutoo wekudenha. Mutongi Gorrow akashandisa pfungwa dzepakutanga pamusoro pedikanwo yokuratidza mutoo unotendwa wakakodzera uye kushandiswa kwenhau kwemitoo yakati yokuuraya.

Mugumisiro: Kupesvedzera Kusingaperi Kwokufunga Kwokutanga

Kurerekera kumavambo kunopfuurira kuumba gakava pamusoro peruramisiro youtsotsi muUnited States. Kuomerera kwaro parugwaro, nhau, uye gadziriro yedemocracy kunopa uremu hune simba kupfungwa ye “Bumbiro remitemo mhenyu.” Pachirango chorufu, vatangi vanowana pasina mhinganidzo yebumbiro remitemo, asi vanodzivirirawo dziviriro dzetsika dzinoremekedza dzinoremekedza revo yokutanga yekutonga uye gadziriro dzakafanira. Panhau huru dzedare retsoro, mavambo anopiwa chishandiswa nokuda kwokuganhurira simba rehurumende uye kuvakazve dziviriro — kunyange sezvarinotamburira kukurukura nourudzi uye kuisa vanhu pasina kufadza mirangariro inowirirana. Kusatendeseka pakati pekuvamba nokuraira ruramisiro munyika yachinjwa kunoramba kusingagadziriswi. Bva murangariro wapakuvamba unoramba uri munzwi rinokosha mukurukurirano pamusoro pezvinodikanwa navanhu, uye zvinosiya vanhu.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, ona [[FLT: 0] Hurumende yeRefendment yeHeredhiyo paNational Constitution Center; murangariro weMutongi Scalia mu Kansas v. Marsh; uye kunzvera kwenhau muna John Stinneford, “Revo Yapakuvamba ye‘Utual’s''".