Kutanga Mududziro Yebumbiro remitemo: Kunzvera Nyanzvi

Kurerekera kutsika kwakavambira panzvimbo yenharo yemitemo yeAmerica muhafu yezana ramakore rapfuura. Yambova nenzira inopesana yakabatanidzwa nenyanzvi shomanene dzetsika dzinoda kuwirirana. Pfungwa huru yemitemo inotoda kurondedzerwa nenyanzvi mumativi ose. Pfungwa huru yezvikamu izvi yepamutemo inofanira kutsanangurwa maererano nerevo yayo yapakuvamba, inoongorora kuti kusimba uye kusava nesimba kwainoita, uye inorangarira kuti mabasa ematare ehurumende munzanga inosarudzwa nehurumende. Nyanzvi dzemitemo dzinoramba dzakapesana zvikuru papi kana kuti nzira yapakuvamba inopa pfungwa kana kuti yakanaka yokududzira nayo. Nyaya iyi inoongorora pfungwa dzakarurama mukurukurirano iyoyo, inoongorora kuti nzira dzokuita nayo zvinhu, uye kuti mabasa apakuvamba ashande sei.

Kunzwisisa Kutanga: Zvinhu Zviviri Zvinonyanya Kusiyana

Chiratidzo hachisi chinhu chimwe, rondedzero youzivi. Nyanzvi dzinosiyanisa pakati peshanduro mbiri huru: donzo remavambo uye pakuvamba revoruzhinji rerevo yavanhu[. Kufunga kunoratidzika kuva kwakananga paizvo vatendi veBumbiro reMitemo vaidavira kana kuti vaida kurangarira apo kunyora nokusimbisa rugwaro. Iyi yakanga iri shanduro yakabatana zvikurusa navatsigiriri vapakuvamba seAttor Edwiney Meese naJaji Robert Bork. Chimiro chinoratidzika kuva chakareruka: kana tichida kuziva icho gadziriro inoreva, tinofanira kutarira kuizvo vainofunga.

Zvisinei, vavariro yokutanga inotarisana nechinetso chinozivikanwa zvikuru: tinowana sei nenzira yakatsiga mirangariro yendangariro yavazhinji kana kuti mazana avanhu, vazhinji vavo vasina kusiiwa nechinyorwa? Kunyange zvazvo taigona, nei vavariro dzeboka duku ravarume vachena muzana ramakore rechigumi namasere dzichifanira kubatanidza boka duku rakasiana-kutanga. Idzi shanduro dzinokurudzira vatangi vakawanda kugamuchira [[FLT:] revo yavose [, yakakurumbira zvikurusa neMutongi Antonin Scalia nenyanzvi Randy Barnet. Musioni weshanduro iyi anoratidzika kuva asingarangariri kumifungo yakavanzika yakavanzika asi kurevose zvayo yaizova yakanzwisiswa nomunhu ane mufungo panguva inodikatarwa.

Mativi ose ari maviri anogoverana musengwa mukuru: revo yeBumbiro reMitemo inogadzwa panguva yokuitwa. Chinjo mumipimo yenzanga, ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu, kana kuti tsika hadzichinji revo iyoyo, kunyange zvazvo ingatapura kuti Bumbiro remitemo rinoshanda sei kumigariro mitsva. Somuenzaniso, revo yapakuvamba yavose yeChorce Claus haina kukarira kudzorwa kwerori renyika, asi muvambi wekare akatendeka anogona kupfuurira kushandisa chikamu chacho kukutengeserana kwazvino uno kupfurikidza nokurangarira kunobva munheyo yapakuvamba.

Mhaka Yokudavira Murefu

Kusimba uye Kufanodeya Kutaurwa

Vatsigiri vanotaura kuti dzidziso yokutanga inogovera nheyo yakatsiga yomutemo webumbiro remitemo. Apo revo yeBumbiro remitemo inogadzwa, vatongi havasati vasununguka kuivandudza maererano nezvinodiwa nomunhu kana kuti zvematongerwe enyika. Iyi dzikamo inosimudzira kufanofanotaurwa: vagari vemo, vatengi vemitemo, uye matare maduku vanogona kuziva pachine nguva mberi zvinodiwa neBumbiro remitemo. Gweta rehurumende rinonyora mutemo pasi peChemmerce Clause, somuenzaniso, rinogona kunzvera nzwisiso dzenhau panzvimbo pokubhejera pamirangariro yegweta risingadeyi kuzivikanwa. Chitendero cheCristory nokudaro chinoderedza ngozi yokuchinja kwakamwe kukurumidza kwebumbiro remitemo iro rinogona kudzika tarisiro.

Kutonga Kwehurumende Kwechiito

Kutendeudzira pamutemo kwoudzori hwehurumende. Bumbiro reMitemo rakatenderwa navanhu, uye rinogona bedzi kuchinjwa kupfurikidza nomuitiro unonetesa weChikamu V. Apo vatongi vanotsauka parevo yapakuvamba, vanobudirira kururamisa Bumbiro remitemo pasina kuita kudaro. Ikoku, vatangira vanoramba, kusekesa uchangamire hwakakurumbira uye kutsiva kuda kwavanhu nezvido zvavatongi. Kupfurikidza nokuomerera kurevo yapakuvamba, matare anoremekedza bvumirano yedemocracy yakaitwa paChinyorwa. Sezvo Justice Scalia anowanzonyora, Bumbiro reMitemostitution harisi gwaro ripenyu rinochinja nenguva; mutemo, uye kufanana nomutemo upi noupi, revo yawo haufaniri kuchinja kunze kwokungochinja.

Kutsiurwa Neuchenjeri Hwokutonga

Chibvumikiso chechitatu chine chokuita nebasa rokutonga. Chibvumikiso chenhau chenhau chine chokuita necherekedzo yokutonga. Chirevo chenhau chenhau chinobatira secherekedzo yokunze, chinomanikidzira kururamisa zvisarudzo izvo zvinowanzotongwa. Pasina mupimo wakadaro, vatongi vanosiiwa kutsamira pazvitendero zvavo vamene zvetsika nezvamatongerwe enyika, kuva vazivi namadzimambo. Chinyorwa chenhau cherevo yapakuvamba chinobatira secherekedzo yokunze, kuchimanikidzira vatongi kururamisa zvisarudzo zvavo mumashoko ayo mugari wemo upi noupi ane mufungo angagona kuyera. Uku kunyanyokoshata munharaunda dzinorwisana dzakadai sokubvisa mimba, maruramiro epfuti, uye simba rapamusoro, umo mirangariro yomunhu oga ingadzora nenzira isiri.

Kuronga Kutonga kwoMutemo

Pakupedzisira, dzidziso yepakuvamba inonzi inosimudzira mutemo. Mutemo unoreva chinhu chimwe nhasi uye chimwe chamangwana hausi mutemo. Nokuisa revo, pakuvamba kunovimbisa kuti Bumbiro remitemo rinoramba riri mutemo panzvimbo pomutemo wevatongi. Kunyange kana revo yapakuvamba ichiita kuti muturikiri aone mugumisiro usingadiwi mutsika, mutemo unoda kuti munhu atendeukire kurugwaro.

Mazano Okutanga

Kusaziva Revo Yenhau

Zvichida chitsama chinopfuurira zvikurusa ndechokuti uzivi hwenhau husingagoni kupa mhinduro dzetsika dzapakuvamba. Nhetembo yenhau inowanzova isinganzwisisiki kana kuti isina kukwana. Dictionary yakabva muma1780 ine rondedzero dzakawanda dzemashoko makuru akadai "mhenderce," "magrame," kana kuti "mushonga newechienzi". kurukurirano dzenhau dzinozivisa nzwisiso dzakasiana pakati pamapoka akasiana----- siyana. Kunyange revo yavanhu yapakuvamba, inotsamira paufakazi hwechokwadi, inoda muturikiri kuti aite zvisarudzo zvisarudzo pamusoro pezvinyuko zvinobvumwa uye kuti kuyera sei ufakazi hunopesana. Senyanzvi yeGenegrojini yemitemo [[FLT:] [FLG] [FLD]] Ewin [FLT] inowanzotaura, vada kutanga kutsigira nhau dzenhau inowirirana nenhau.

Chinetso Chemaoko Akafa

Chikamu chechipiri chezvirambidzo chinonangidzirwa pa "ruoko rwakafa" rwomunguva yakapfuura. Nei zvizvarwa zvakafa zvichifanira kuva nechiremera chokudzora nzanga yemunguva imwe cheteyo panhau dzavaisagona kufanoziva? Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti Bumbiro remitemo rakatenderwa neboka duku, risina kumiririrwa ravagari vemo .ww, murume, akanyima varume. Vakadzi, vaAfrica, MaIndian America, uye vanasaizi vasina kufanira vaidzorwa. Kuomerera pakuti nzwisiso dzavo dzinobatanidza zvino haisi hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu asi idemocratiki asi inopesana nedemocratic. Vapritistriti vanopindura kuti Bumbiro reMitemostiki rakagadziridzwa kwenguva yakati kuti kururamisa kusaruramisira kwarokuipa uye kuti muitiro wokuchinja unoramba uchiwanika nokuda kwechinjo. Asi vatsoropo vanocherekedza kuti muitiro wokuchinja wapakuvamba wakaoma, izvo zvinoreva kuti kugona kudzora kwapakuvamba hakudzokororwa kwemitemo uye kusha.

Kusabvumirana Nenzanga Inochinja

Chirevo choumwari chakapomerwa mhaka yokukundikana kuwiriranisa nokuchinja kwenzanga. The Expalimilimial Protection Claus, somuenzaniso, yakanzwisiswa pakuvamba kubvumidza kutsaura dzinza nerusaruro rwevatano. Tsinhiro yepakuvamba yaizova yaita kuti revo yapakuvamba ive yakashata [ brown v. Board yeDy yeDzidzo uye uenzani huri hwose hukuru hunotonga hwezana ramakore rechimakumi maviri. Kudzivisa uyu muuyo, vamwe vapakuvamba vakatendeukira ku "inobatanidza chiIndariso chapakuvamba" kana kuti "abstract revo yapakuvamba," ichitaura kuti revo yokutanga yakanga yakafara kupfuudza zvishandiso gare gare gare. Asi vatsoro vanoti uku ndiko kudzo huru yokuti mipimo yazvinopinza munzvero yenhau yapakuvamba neyamuteveri inoramba iri pakati pese.

Kurovedza Vanozvidzora

Nzvero dzemifungo dzinokarakadza kuti kuvamba kunokombamira kuita miuyo isingachinjiki. MuDare rapamusoro-soro, vatongi vanozvitsigira vamene savatangi . zvakadai saClarence Thomas naAntonin Scalia(a) vakavhotera kuganhurira maruramiro okubvisa pamuviri, kukudza maruramiro epfuti, kuganhurira simba rehurumende, uye kudzivirira kutaura kworudzidziso. Nepo ustristism haisi inowirirana nguva dzose nemitemo yetsika yakare (vamwe vapakuvamba vanotsigira kodzero dzakasununguka dzinopesana nedzinopesana), korrona kusimba zvakakwana kumutsa funganyo dzakareveidzwa kuti udzori hushomanene mitoo yokusatora rutivi rwadzo nechinhu chinoshandiswa kuendesa nhevedzano. [FLT] nyanzvi yemitemo yemitemo yenhau yezvamatongerwe enyika [FLT] yakatsigira kuti kukwiriranwa kwapakuvamba kusava kwokuzvidzora kwayo mukururamisa kwayo mukuita kuti igove.

Nyanzvi Dzezvemitemo Dzomunguva Ino uye Maonero Akasiyana - siyana

Mazuva ano nyanzvi shoma dzezvemitemo dzinodavira kuti zvinorehwa nepakutanga zvinofanira kutozivikanwa kuti ndezvipi zvinozoitwa nebumbiro remitemo.

Nhevedzo Dzechitendero Chokutanga

Randy Barnett, purofesa wemutemo paGeorgetown, inzwi rinotungamirira nokuda kweizvo anodana kuti "revo yapakuvamba" Barnett anoramba kuti mavambo akafanira, anoshandiswa zvakarurama, anodzivirira rusununguko rwomunhu kupfurikidza nokuganhurira simba renyika. Akanyora zvikuru paMabhizimisi naNinthern Amendment, anokwikwidza kuti revo yapakuvamba yeiyi gadziriro inoda rusununguko. Barnet's inoratidzira kuti umistry haisi hayo hayo yomuzvarirwo inosungirwa kutsika inocherekedzwa yetsika yavanhu; akadzivirira kodzero imwe cheteyo yeroorano pamavambo. Imwe inodzivirira ndiyo [FLT] John [FLT2] [F] [FLT] [F] inopan purofiti inopa.IS]

Vanodavira Zvokwadi Vane Nharo Nedzidziso Yebumbiro remitemo Ipenyu

Kune rumwe rutivi, [[FLT: 0] Erwin Chemerinsky (BERKEley) yave iri mutsoropodzi wenguva refu wedzidziso yapakuvamba. Iye anotaura kuti Bumbiro reMitemo rinofanira kuturikwa muchiedza chetsono pesingachinjiki naicho chapakuvamba, kana chakashandiswa nenzira yakaoma, chingabudisa miuyo iyo vaAmerica vazhinji nhasi vangawana isingagamuchiriki mutsika. [[FLT:]] Laurence [ [FLT] [FT]] (Harvard]]) yakarangarira nenzira yakafanana kuti chiMurangari wekare haagoni kutsanangura zvakawanda zvemipimo yeDare gurusaro, kubatanidza [FLD] BB [FLT] na]

Nzvimbo Dzinogara Mberi

Nyanzvi dzakawanda dzinoita chinhu chapakati. Jack Balkin [Indanga] yakakurumbira yakakarakadza gadziriro yaanoidza "kurarama napokuvamba" Balkin kuti revo yeConstitution inobatanidza dzimwe pfungwa dzinopesana panzvimbo pekongiri. revo yapakuvamba ye "kudzivirira mitemo," somuenzaniso, yakanga yakafara zvakakwana kubvumira matare apashure kuishandisa kuzvimiro zvitsva zvokusarura. Mumurangariro uyu, mavambo nemitemo miganhuro haisati iri mhesano; panzvimbo pe, revo inogovera chinjo mukati meno yebumbiro remitemo inoitwa. [FLT:] [1] [1] [1]

Kurenda Mumuitiro weDare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa

Zvisarudzo zveDare reChikurusa zvemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi zvakapa uzivi hwapakuvamba rutivi rwakatanhamara mubvumirano yebumbiro remitemo. Mu [FLT]]Dialium of Columbia v. Heller [2008] [2008], Murangariro woruzhinji weSahlulero waScalia waivimba zvikuru noufakazi hwenhau kuti Pendurement yeChipiri inodzivirira kodzero yomunhu oga nokutakura zvombo nokuda kwokuzvichengeta. Murangariro wenhau yeEngland, miraudzo yehurumende yapakuvamba, tsinhiro dzepashure, uye miraudzo yepfuti yechi109. Muto weScalia wakanga wakava muzivika zvakajeka, kunyange zvazvo iye akacherekedza kurangarira nhau yakapararira.

Mu New York State Rifle & Pistol Association v. Bruen [2002] , Dare rakapetwa kaviri pamavambo, richiva nepfungwa yokuti pamutemo wemitemo yepfuti dzazvino uno unofanira kurangarirwa kupfurikidza nemirau yenhau. Murangariro weMutongi Thomas akazivisa "kudzorwa negamuchidzanwa" unoda matare kuti aone kana mutemo unodenhwa unowirirana negamuchidzanwa renhau remitemo yepfuti. Uku kurangarira kwakarumbidzwa navanodavira pakuvamba sezvakatengwa namamwe mabumbiro emitemo apakuvamba uye kunyorerwa navamwe vatongi kuti vashande, kukwidziridza mumakwikwikwidza makuru nokuda kwenhau.

Chisarudzo cheDare mu . Dobbs v. Jackson’s Health [202] , kuputsa [[FLT:]] Ree v. , akashandisawo kurangarira kwapakuvamba. Mutongi Alito weruzhinji akapikisana kuti kodzero yokubvisa pamuviri yakanga isati iri "yadzika midzi munhau ino yorudzi negamuchidzanwa" uye naizvozvo yaisagona kurangarirwa kuva rutivi rwerevo yeI14465 Reformation. Murangariro wakawana zvikuru pamusoro pemitemo youtsotsi kubva panguva yakawanwa kupfurikidza nokunyorwa kwechinjo. Iyi yakapesana neruramisiro; kufuratira kururamisa kukuru kwenhau yapakuvamba uye kuisadzorwa kwapakuvamba.

Idzi nhau dzinoratidzira kuti uzivi hwakatanga sei kubva kurondedzero yedzidzo kuenda kudzidziso inoshanda. Bva dzinozivisawo zvinetso: kunzvera kwenhau mudare kazhinji kazhinji kunoshata, kunobvisa, uye kunosagamuchirika. nyanzvi yemitemo . Reva Siegel [[FLT]] (IYE) yakataura kuti nhau yakashandiswa mu [[FLT:]] maDobs [ uye [FLT] Bruen[FLT]] [FF:5] haisati ichingorondedzerwa chete asi inovakwa nokushingaira asi inovakwa neDare kuti iruramise zvisarudzo zvaro zvaro. Chiratidzo chapakuvamba mumuitiro nokudaro mumuitiro wokurangarira nawo: mutoo wokurangarira nenzira yapachokwadi, kana kuti inoitawo bedzi miuyo pamiteve?

Kudzikamisa Kutanga Nezvimwe Zvishandiso Zvokududzira

Nemhaka youkuru hwekurukurirano, nyanzvi dzemitemo dzakawanda dzinotsigira mutoo wekuvamba unoshandisa urongwa hwemavambo sechimwe chinhu chinodudzira pakati pavamwe. Tsai masve, nhau, mumienzaniso, migumisiro inoshanda, uye kupfupikisa kunzwisiswa kwose kune basa rokuita. Sunstein [[FLT]] [[1] [INHAV] [INHAV]] [inofanira kupiwa nzira yakakwana] yechisarudzo chedare chinodzivisa misengwaro yakafara uye panzvimbo inosarurira pahwaro hwezvingagona kuva nahwo. Mumurangariro uyu, pakuvamba unogovera nzvimbo inova nerevo yapakuvamba. [FFFON]

Mumwe mutsetse wedzidzo unoita kuti uzivi hugone kuwirirana neizvo Mitchell Berman (Umwero wePennsylvania) unodana "kutendeseka kugadziriro yebumbiro remitemo" mumurangariro uyu, Bumbiro reMitemo remitemo harisingori purogiramu yakarongeka asi basa ripenyu rokuzvitonga. Kududzira kunofanira kuva kwakatendeka kumadonzo ebasa ari pasi pechirongwa, rusununguko, uremurevo (hhh.-kamiriyo-rether pane udzame hwenhau dzakananga. Uku kusimbisa kunyorwa kwapakuvamba nenhau nepo nepo kubvumirawo kuchinjika kwenguva.

Idzi nhamburiko dzokubatanidza mavambo nemimwe mitoo dzinoratidzira kuzivikanwa kukuru kwokuti kududzira kwebumbiro remitemo hakugoni kuderedzwa kuva muitiro mumwe. Bumbiro remitemo igwaro rakaoma kunzwisisa rinoshanda mabasa akawanda: rinogadza gadziriro yehurumende, rinodzivirira maruramiro makuru, uye rinoratidzira mipimo inotendwa zvikuru. Muturikiri akachenjera achawana panzvimbo dzakawanda, kubatanidza revo yapakuvamba, asi achazivawo ganhuriro dzoufakazi hwenhau nokudikanwa kwechisarudzo chapanguva imwe.

Nguva Yemberi Yenharo Yapakuvamba

Gakava redzidziso yapakuvamba hariratidzi zviratidzo zvechisarudzo. Kana chiri chinhu chipi nechipi, chazova chakatanhamara zvikuru uye chakaparadzana zvikuru. Dare razvino uno, rine kuenzana kukuru kwevatongi vetsika vanogarotsvaka kurangarira kwapakuvamba, rakaita kuti mavambo ave mutoo mukuru munharaunda dzinoverengeka dzomutemo.Iko kwakaparira fungu idzva redzidzo yokutsoropodza kana uzivi hwapakuvamba, sezvinoshandiswa chaizvoizvo, hukatendeseka mundangariro uye kana huchibatira fariro dzekurangarira kwedemokrati.

Dzimwe nyanzvi, dzakadai se Jehoshua Kleinfeld (kumadokero kwemadokero), dzakataura kuti kuisa ngwariro kwedzidziso yapakuvamba parevo yenhau pamibvunzo inokosha zvikuru pamusoro peruramisiro nehurumende yakanaka. Iye anotaura kuti Bumbiro reMitemo rinonzwisiswa zvakanakisisa segadziriro yekurukurirano yezvamatongerwe enyika, kwete samanyuko emhinduro dzakatsiga. Dzimwe, kufanana ne RHAD Primis[[FLT]], rakanongedzera kubuda kwapakuvamba kumene sechimugumisiro wenhau yenhau, zvikurukuru nhamburiko dzapamutemo dzokudzivisa Dare reOrse. Prum, rinotsinhira kuti redition idiction, idio yazvino unowirirana nenguva isati yapfuura, zvokwadi.

Kune rumwe rutivi, vatangi vava vakachenjera zvikuru mumitoo yavo yenhau uye vanoda zvikuru kupinda noufakazi hwemifungo. [FLT]] Brog ne brog ne [FLT] Originalist Blog[ inosinzwa ne [[FLT:] ramaganidzwa ne [[FLT] Law Reformie Review [ inosimudzira kurukurirano dzinopfuurira pakati pevazivikanwa navakaro. Misangano yemitemo, hwirusarusaro yenhau dzinova nemhesvurira revo yapakuvamba. Kukurukurirana kwacho hakuratidzi zviratidzo zvekupera.

Nokuda kwevoruzhinji vakawanda, kurukurirano yemavambo inhau nemhaka yokuti inotapura revo yeBumbiro remitemo panhau dzinotapura upenyu hwezuva nezuva / pfuti, rusununguko rwokubereka, simba rehurumende, rusununguko rworudzidziso, uye maruramiro okuvhota. Kunzwisisa simba neganhuriro dzemavambo hakusati kuri muitiro wedzidzowo zvawo wedzidzo; kunokosha nokuda kwokuva mugari wemo akadzidza uye kuonga njodzi dzekugadzwa kwedare. Mirangariro yemitemo pamusoro pokubudirira kwetsika ichapfuurira kushanduka mavambo sokubuda kwokunzvera kutsva kwenhau, sezvo Dare rapamusorosoro rinonangana nedenho itsva, uye sezvo rudzi ruchinangana nezvinetso zvitsva zvebumbiro remitemo.

mhedziso

Chitendero chapakuvamba chakabvumikisa kuva rondedzero inosimba neinopesvedzera yedudziro yebumbiro-mitemo. Simbiso yacho parugwaro, nhau, uye kuiswa kwehurumende yehurumende yakahwina vatsigiri vazhinji, kubatanidza vamwe kuruboshwe. Bva vatsoropodzi vacho vakaratidza nenzira inopwisa kuti kuvamba hakugoni kupa uchokwadi hwechokwadi hwakunopikira uye kuti migumisiro yakwo inowanzowirirana nezvamatongerwe enyika nenzira dzinowirirana dzinomutsa mibvunzo inotambudza pamusoro pokusatora rutivi kwedare. Basa rakanakisisa ranyanzvi nhasi rinoziva kuti dzidziso dzapakuvamba dzinopa nzwisiso inokosha yakananga kuhuro pamusoro porugwaro rwebumbiro remitemo negadziriro yedemocracy iyo inoibudisa.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, ona [[FLT: 0] Randy Barnett, "Original ne Kutonga kwoMutemo"; Jaliam Baude, "Origist nenhau"; [[FLT:] Erwin Chemerinsky, "Kuva Nemifungo"; uye [[FT]] DALT]