Mitemo yeHurumende Inotonga Kupindira Kwamapurisa Nevanhu Vane Urema

Mhiri kweUnited States, vakuru vakuru vemapurisa vanowanzosangana nevanhu vane urema hwakasiyana - siyana (kubva pakurema - tsauka nokunzwa kurasikirwa nechinhu, ungwaru, uye mamiriro outano. Uku kufambidzana kunogona kuwedzera nokukurumidza kana vakuru vakuru vasina kurovedzwa, maturusi, kana kuti nhungamiro yepamutemo inodikanwa kuti vapindure nenzira yakakodzera. Nepo mitemo yehurumende yakadai seAmerican neUcligialment Act (ADA) uye Chikamu 504 cheRehability Act yakagadzira zvinodiwa nemitemo yechivako, mitemo yenyika yazova nzvimbo yokutanga yehondo yokusimbisa uye yokusimbisa miitiro yakati. Mumakore gumi apfuura, mashoko akawanda akagadza mitemo inopfuura mipimo yehurumende, inoda kurovedzwa kwechiito, kukurukurirana kunowanika, uye kushandiswa kwemasangano enjodzi. Nyaya inonzvera nyika yemitemo yokutonga vanhu nokuremara, kuongorora zvinodiwa zvikuru, uye kusimbisa zvirongwa zvinopfuudzira kugadziriswa.

Dziviriro Dzapamutemo Nezvinodikanwa Panzvimbo Yehurumende

Mitemo yehurumende inobata namapurisa navanhu vane urema inowanzowira mumapoka anoverengeka akafara: kurovedza, zvinodikanwa zvokukurukurirana, ganhuriro dzesimba, uye zvinodzivirira zvemitemo. Nepo zvinenge zvichisiana nehuremupinyi, zvinhu zvinowanzobatanidza:

  • [ Kurovedza kutadza kuziva kuremadzwa kwomunhu [ nokuda kwavakuru vakuru vose vanotarisira mutemo, kazhinji kazhinji kudzokororwa nezvinoitika.
  • [ Kugovera pokugara zvine mufungo mukati mekusangana, zvakadai savaturikiri vomutauro wezviratidzo, zvinonyorwa, kana kuti mabhodhi ekurukurirano.
  • Mapurisa anorambidza rusaruro[ rwakavakirwa paurema mukati mokumira, kutsvaka, kusunga, uye kubvunzurudza.
  • [[[FT:0] Mitemo pakushandiswa kwesimba pavanhu vanozivikanwa kana kuti vanofungidzirwa kuva vakaremara, zvikurukuru apo kuoma kwesimba kunobvira.
  • Zvirongwa zvokuziva zvinodikanwa zvine chokuita nourema pakuvamba muchinoitika, zvakadai semireza yourema yokuzvidira pamarezinesi omutyairi kana kuti kunyoresa motokari.
  • Kuunganidzwa kwemabhata nokushuma zvinodikanwa kuti uone batano dzinobatanidza vanhu vane urema uye nzira dzokufunganya.

Zvisinei, kuongorora kunoitwa kunoitwa nevanhu kunoramba kusina kukodzera, uye nyika dzakawanda hadzina kuzvidavirira.

Kudzorwa Kumutemo Wehurumende

ADA inotoda masangano ehurumende neanochengeta mutemo womunzvimbomo kuita mabasa awo, mapurogiramu, uye mibato inowanika kuvanhu vane urema. Ikoku kunobatanidza kurukurirano inobudirira nokugadziridza kune mufungo kumitemo yehurumende. Mitemo yehurumende inogona kuwedzera ADA kupfurikidza nokududza chaizvoizvo kuti inodikanwa pokugara mumigariro yemapurisa, kuraira nguva dzorumano, kana kuti kuita maruramiro echiito akavanzika nokuda kwavanhu vanosarurwa. Somuenzaniso, nyika dzinoverengeka dzinoda zvino zvakajeka vakuru vakuru vakuru kuti vashandise “mutauro musinganzwisisiki' kana kuti yamuro dzemifungo apo vanofambidzana navanhu vane urema hwekurukurirano hunowirirana kana kuti husingasviki kukurira“ mupimo wekurukurirano inobudirira”.

Mitemo Yehurumende Nezviito Zvinozivikanwa

Mimwe mitemo yakafara, inofukidza marudzi akawanda eurema; mimwe inonangidzira ngwariro paautism, utano hwendangariro, kana kuti kusanzwa. Pasi apa mienzaniso inomirira inobva munharaunda dzakasiyana - siyana.

California

California ine chimwe chezvirongwa zvinonzwika zvikurusa. Bill 1985 (2017) inoda vakuru vakuru vose vorugare kupedza rovedzo yokubatana navanhu vane autism uye zvimwe zvirema. Rovedzo inofukidza kuziva zviratidzo zveautism, unyanzvi hwokufambisa, uye kunzwisisa mufambiro wakakurumbira wakadai sokusaonana nameso. Kuwedzera, Sate Bill 1192 [2001] [[FLT:] inokurudzira kuti vakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru vagamuchire mirayiridzo pavanhu vari matsi kana kuti vanonzwa zvakaoma, kubatanidza nzira yokushandisa nayo mabasa okutumira kana kudzivisa vanhu vanoisa maoko pamitengo. “mapokanwawo runhare. [[FLT]

New York

Chirongwa cheNew York [[FT:0] Crisis Intervenition Troad[[FT:1] muenzaniso wehurumende yose nokuda kwemhinduro yamapurisa kuvanhu vane utano hwendangariro nehurema. Kutanga inonangidzirwa pautano hwendangariro, rovedzo yeCIT zvino inobatanidza autism, depressia, uye kuvadziko yendangariro inotyisa. Purogiramu inosimbisa batira pamwe yokuzvidira, mayuniti enjodzi, uye dzimwe nzira dzokuvanda kusungwa. Muna 20222, New York yakaita , iyo inoda kuti vakuru vakuru vose vapedze kuzivikanwa nokuremara mukati rovedzo huru nemuitiro. Mutemo unosimbisawo mugariro wezvirongwa zvokushanda kwezviito zvokuzvipashamba zvinozvidira mukati .

Texas

Texas House Bill 3185 (2085) yakagadziridza bumbiro remitemo kuti idise kuti masangano anochengeta mutemo agamuchire miitiro yakanyorwa pakufambidzana navanhu vane urema. Pakati pezvinodikanwa: vakuru vakuru vanofanira kuedza kukurukura vachishandisa mutoo unodiwa nomunhu wacho, kugovera mashoko pamusoro pekodzero yokugara, uye nyora nzvimbo ipi neipi inopiwa. Texas inorairawo kuti vashandi vejeri vagamuchire rovedzo pakusvika paurema uye kuti vanhu vamwe navamwe vane urema havaitwi muusungwa hwavo bedzi nemhaka yokuvandika kwavo.

Illinois

Illinois yakapa murairo [[FLT: 0] uye Community Reconfiction Act muna 2022], unobatanidza gadziriro dzerovedzo paungwaru nehurema. Chiito chinoraira kuti anenge mukuru mukuru mumwe paimwe paimwe nzira yokufamba nayo ashaye dare ave mukuru mukuru weCIT anotenderwa. Illinois anodawo kuti masangano anochengeta wirirano yose navanhu vanotendwa kuva vane urema, kubatanidza chikonzero chokuonana nepotera ipi neipi inoitwa.

Washington State

Washington’s [5250 2023] inoda vakuru vakuru kupedza rovedzo pamusoro pokuziva nokugamuchira kuvanhu vane njodzi dzouropi, kurasika pfungwa, uye zvimwe zvirwere zvendangariro. Mutemo unorambidzawo kushandiswa kwe “kuteerera” unyanzvi (zvakadai sezvinodzivisa kudzvinyirira) pavanhu vasingakwanisi kuwirirana neremare. Hofisi yeWashington yeAttney General inogovera makombiyuta okurovedza pachena uye muitiro wemuenzaniso wemasangano.

Kurovedza Zvinodikanwa Nokuda Kwokusimbiswa kwoMutemo

Kurovedza ndiko kunotangira kukurukurirana kwemapurisa nevanhu vakaremara. Mitemo yehurumende inowedzera kurayira kuti pave nepurogiramu dzakananga dzepachikoro, kurovedza muviri kunoenderana nezvinenge zvichiitika, uye kosi dzinozorodza. Misoro inokosha yokurovedza inosanganisira:

  • Vatarisiri vanoona zviratidzo zvokuremara: vanodzidza kuziva zviratidzo zveautism, matsi, PTSD, Alzheimer, uye mimwe migariro. Ikoku kunobatanidza kunzwisisa kuti mufambiro wakadai sokusaona mumaziso, kufamba kwezvidzokorodzo, kana kuti kuita kunonozeka hazvisi zviratidzo zvekuva nemhaka kana kuti kuzvidza.
  • Mitoo yokuwedzera:[[FLT: 1] inosimbisa kuderedza kukurukurirana, kushandisa kutaura kwakadzikama, kubvumira nguva yokuwedzera mhinduro, uye kudzivisa kufamba kwakamwe kamwe kungatanga kana kuti kuparira njodzi.
  • Mitoo yokubatanidza: Zvidzidzo zvinofukidza kushandisa mutauro wakapfava, manotsi okunyora, kushandisa simbi kana kuti kononga, uye kupinda muvadudziri vevhidhiyo vakarevererwa nebutiro remavhidhiyo. Dzimwe foni dzinoda kuti motokari dzose dzinofamba dzitakure “chishandiso chekurukurirano” nemakadhi, bhokisi remifananidzo, uye ndaza yemabasa avaturikiri vomunzvimbomo.
  • [ maruramiro ekodzero avanhu vane urema: vanoshanda vanodzidza pamusoro peADA, zvinodikanwa zvehurumende, uye nzira yokutsanangura nayo kodzero nenzira inowanika.
  • Kurovedza kunoshandisa kumanikidza kuita chisarudzo: dzvinyiriro idzo urema hunogona kutapura kunzwisisa tyisidziro, uye simba iroro ringava risingashandi kana kuti rine ngozi zvikuru apo rinoshandiswa kune mumwe munhu ane urema hwepfungwa kana kuti hwepfungwa.

Kupiwa Mvumo uye Kuzvidavirira

Chiverengero chinokura chezvibvumirano zvinoda vakuru vakuru kupfuudza bvunzo yakanyorwa kana kuti kuratidzira unyanzvi mumienzaniso yezvinoitika. Somuenzaniso, Mipimo yeRuramisiri neTraining Commission yeFlorida [[FLT: 0] yakabatanidzwa nokushanda kwourema mumuedzo wayo wehurumende. Colorado inoraira kuti kurovedza kwose kunokosha kunopedzerwa paanenge maawa mana kuruzivo rwekuva anorema. Dzimwe nyika, kufanana naMassachusetts, dzinorega kutsigira Hurumende kubatira pamwe chete neaidzo dzinokundikana kusvitsa zviratidzo zvokurovedza.

Mapoka Okupindira Mumatambudziko uye Kupindura Utano Hwepfungwa

Vapurisa vakawanda vanobatanidza vanhu vane urema hwepfungwa (8) kuwanda kwechiverengero chavanhu vakaremara zvikuru. Mitemo yehurumende yakanyandura kutangwa kwevatambi vehosha chaidzo. Chinonyanya kuzivikanwa iCrisis Intervention Team (CIT), yakabva muMemphis muna 1988 uye yave ichigamuchirwa nemazana ehurumende. Mitemo inowanzobatanidza purogiramu dzeCIT uye inogovera mari nokuda kwenyanzvi dzezvoutano dzendangariro dzakazvipira kuti dziende kuvakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru kana kuti dziite chimwe chinhu zvakananga.

  • Crisis Units: Mapoka enyanzvi dzepfungwa nenyanzvi dzezera rinopindura runhare dzisina vakuru vakuru vane zvombo pazvinobvira. Nyika dzakadai seOregon neNew Mexico dzakaita mitemo inosimbisa mibatanidzwa yenjodzi dzinofamba munyika yose.
  • Co-remponse Toam: vakuru vakabatana navashandi vomunzanga kana kuti vakoti vanopindura pamwe chete. HB yeGeorgia [[FLT] 314 yakaita purogiramu yeco-refes munhamba dzinoverengeka.
  • Zvinobatanidza Kusungwa: Dzimwe rondedzero dzinoraira kuti vanhu vane utano hwendangariro kana kuti urema hwokukura vatsaurwe kurapa kana kuti nzvimbo dzokurapa dzinotambudza panzvimbo pejeri. SB94][[FLT] inoda mapurisa kuti arangarire zvimwe zvinotsiva zvakadaro asati aita kusungwa nokuda kwemhosva dzakaderera.

Maererano nomushumo wa2023 unoitwa neChipatara Chokurapa Vari Kurwara Nepfungwa, mitemo yehurumende yeCIT yakabatanidzwa nokuderera kwe 21% kwenzufu mukati mezviitiko zvamapurisa zvinobatanidza vanhu vane chirwere chendangariro.

Kuwana Kurukurirano Mukusangana Kwamapurisa

Effective communication is critical for ensuring that individuals with disabilities understand their rights, can provide consent, and can participate in their own defense. State laws have addressed several aspects:

Zvikamu Zvinotaura Mutauro Wemasaini

Zvinenge zvikamu 20 zvehurumende zvinoda kuti mapurisa ape muturikiri anokwanisa womutauro wemasaini mukati mefilimi yenguva chaiyo (muchirevo, mukati meawa imwe) pakusonganirana nomunhu ari matsi kana kuti anonzwa zvakaoma. Mutemo weCalifornia uri pakati pewakasimba zvikurusa: vakuru vakuru havafaniri kupa munhu ari matsi chibharo munzira inovadzivisa kushandisa maoko avo kunyora kana kuti kusaina, uye vanofanira kushandisa vhidhiyo kana muturikiri mupenyu asipo. Dzimwe nyika dzinodawo kuti vakuru vakuru vakuru vae vaedze kuonana nenhengo dzemhuri kana kuti shamwari vanogona kubatsira kana munhu wacho akashandisa nzira yokukurukurirana nayo.

Kukurukurirana Kwakanyorwa uye Zvishandiso Zvinokurudzira

Nyika dzinoverengeka, kubatanidza Arizona neVirginia, dzine mitemo inoda vakuru vakuru kuti vape zvisarudzo zvekurukurirano zvakanyoreka apo kurukurirano yokutaura isingabudiriri. Nokuda kwavanhu vane urema hwokutaura, mitemo muNew Jersey neIllinois inoraira kuti vakuru vakuru vakuru vagamuchire kushandiswa kwemichina yekurukurirano, purogiramu dzekurukurirano, kana kuti masangano ekurukurirano. Masangano amapurisa ari munyika idzodzi anodikanwa kuchengeta zvishandiso zvakadaro zvichiwanika mumotokari dzechikwata uye pakunyora mabhuku.

Nzwisiso Yekodzero Dzavanhu Mumagadzirirwo Anowanika

Pakurava nyevero dzeMiranda kana kuti zvimwe zviziviso zvapamutemo, vakuru vakuru vanofanira kuva nechokwadi chenzwisiso. Chiratidzo cheConnecticut chePublic Chirevo 19-94 chinoda kuti kuchengetwa kwomutemo kugovere kopi yakanyorwa yeMiranda yakanyorwa mumutauro uri nyore kunzwisisa uye, kana zvichidikanwa, kunyorwa kwenzwi. Texas inoda vakuru vakuru vakuru kuti vatsarudze kodzero nomutoo uyo munhu ane urema hwenjere anogona kunzwisisa, achishandisa mashoko akapfava uye majasi.

Matambudziko Nekukura Kunoramba Kuchienderera Mberi

Pasinei zvapo nefambiro mberi, kachikamu kanokosha kanoramba kari mukuitwa nokuchengetwa kwemitemo yehurumende yehurema hwekutapurwa.

Kushanda Nokutarisira Kunochinja

Mitemo mizhinji yehurumende haina mipimo yakajeka yokuita kuti dare richengetedze. Apo mukuru mukuru anokundikana kugovera muturikiri kana kuti kushandisa simba pamunhu ane urema, munhu wacho angatarisana nechinetso chokusawirirana kana kuti kubvumikisa rusaruro. Nyika shomanene dzine masangano ekodzero dzourema akatsaurirwa mumitumbi inotarisira mutemo. Nzvero ya2022 neNational Disability Rights Network yakawana kuti masangano 12 bedzi ndiwo akambohwirudzura nyunyuto dzine chokuita nourema pamusoro pemapurisa.

Kushandisa Mari Yakakwana Nokuda Kwokurovedzwa

rovedzo, zvishandiso zvekurukurirano, uye mabasa okuturikira zvinoda mari inopfuurira. Mimwe mitemo yehurumende inoraira rovedzo asi haigoveri mari nokuda kwayo, ichisiya masangano omunzvimbomo kutora ndyiko. Madhipatimendi maduku kazhinji kazhinji anoshaiwa zviwirirano zvokusunungura vakuru vakuru nokuda kwerovedzo yezuva rakawanda. Mapoka ezvokushandisa mari akakumbira betsero yehurumende nehurumende kupfurikidza namapurogiramu akadai seBureauaustration of Justice Assificiate’s [[FLT]] Kurovedza uye Kubetsera kwaManemishoni[FLT]

Kushaikwa Kwemashoko

Nyika shomanana dzinoda kuti pave nenhau dzinonzi kuremadza kunoitwa nemapurisa dzinotaura kuti kusava nemazano okuongorora uye kuzvidavirira.

Kudzivisa Kuchinja

Mamwe masangano anochengeta mutemo anoramba kurayira kuti aone zvinenge zvichirema kana kuti zvisina basa.

Kuchinja Kunowedzera Nemiitiro

Maruwa anoverengeka ari kurangarira mutemo mutsva muna 2024 na 2025, kubatanidza mabhiri aizotevera:

  • Kumbira vakuru vakuru kubvunza kana munhu ane urema uye kana achida kugara asati aita chiito chipi nechipi chokuita kuti mapurisa arambe aripo.
  • Ramba kushandiswa kwezvidzivisiro pavanhu vane pamuviri vakaremara.
  • Ita “murongi wemhinduro inokamuraniswa” nzvimbo mukati memapurisa ehurumende.
  • Kudzikamisa mutemo kupfurikidza nokushandisa “choke ” kana kuti“ mitsipa” pavanhu vane urema hwokufema hunozivikanwa kana kuti kufema.
  • Wedzera basa ravapinduri venjodzi dzinovakwa munzanga vasiri vakuru vakuru vakapika.

Masangano anoshatiswa akadai se Council on Disability neAmerican Association of People ane Urema[[FLT: 3] anopfuurira kutsigira nokuda kwoutariri hwakasimba hwehurumende, asi chiito chomubatanidzwa chinoramba chiri nzvimbo inoshanda zvikurusa yechinjo yomuitiro.

mhedziso

Mitemo yakagadzwa namapurisa anofambidzana navanhu vakaremara yachinja zvikuru, kubva pakurumbidza kusina kujeka kuenda kumirairo ine udzame inofukidza kurovedza, kurukurirano, uye kushandiswa kwesimba. Nepo pasina nyika isati yawana gadziriro yakakwana, mienzaniso yakagadzwa neCalifornia, New York, Texas, uye mimwe inogovera mugwagwa wokuvandudza. Kushanda kweiyi mitemo kunotsamira pakutsigira mari yakakwana, kutsigisa, uye kuchinja kwetsika mumasangano emapurisa. Kuziva kodzero dzeda kuremadzwa kunowedzera, uye sezvo nzanga dzinoda kuzvidavirira kukuru, masangano ehurumende achapfuurira kuita basa rinokosha mukugadzirisa nzira iyo kuchengetera vamwe vanhu vasina kusimba vanoshanda nayo. Nokuda kwamashoko akawanda anotsamira pakudzivirira kwehurumende, [FLD:] Medictivementalmentation Comment [FFFFOctal]