Kudzokorora Mitemo yeHurumende

Bumbiro remitemo reHurumende rinoshanda sezvinyorwa zvapamutemo zvapamutemo zveimwe neimwe yenzvimbo 50, richitanga gadziriro yokutonga, richionesa kuparadzana kwemasimba, uye richironga maruramiro avagari vemo mukati memiganhu yavo yakatsaukana. Kuzviisa bedzi kuMutemo weU.S. nomutemo wehurumende pasi peSupremacy Claus, aya magwaro anopa chiremera chokuronga hurumende dzavo munzira dzinoratidzira zvinhu zvinokosha zvenharaunda, migariro yenhau, uye tsika dzezvamatongerwe enyika. Ruramende rweU. runoda kuchengeta "chimiro chehurumende chehurumende," asi kupfuura bhishopu iyoyo, anotaura kuti chinofarikanya mwero wakafara wemitemo yebasa rinosiyanisa nenzira inoshamisa, urefu, uye ukuru.

Bumbiro remitemo rokutanga rakatanga Bumbiro reMitemo rehurumende risati raitwa, nezvinyorwa zvakafanana neMassachusetts Constitution ya1780 ichishanda semienzaniso yegadziriro yenyika. Chifo chezvokuchinja, kutsiviwa, uye kugadziridza mabumbiro emitemo azvo kuti zvichinjire kumamiriro ezvinhu enzanga, ezvemari, uye ezvamatongerwe enyika. Somuenzaniso, Bumbiro reMitemo reMitemo yeTestamende Massachusetts rinovarativeri rimwe remite. Iyi mirangariro hairatidzi bedzi urefumende hwenguva bumbiro remitemo yave inoshanda asi kupfava nyore kana kuti kuoma kwegadziriro yetsika muhurumende imwe neimwe.

Kunzwisisa kusiyana kwemabumbiro emitemo ehurumende kunokosha kuvadzidzisi, vadzidzi, vagadziri vemitemo, uye vagari vemo vanotsvaka kunzwisisa kuti udzori hunoshanda sei chaizvoizvo muUnited States. Nepo Bumbiro remitemo reU.S. richigovera mativi ehurumende, mabumbiro emitemo anozadza nyama neropa rokutonga kwezuva nezuva, achikurukura chinhu chiri chose kubva pamutero wezvinhu uye dzidzo yavose kusvikira kudziviriro yemhoteredzo negadziriro youtsotsi. Bumbiro rimwe nerimwe remitemo rinomirira boka rezvamatongerwe enyika rakasiyana pakati pavanhu nehurumende yavo, zvichiita kuti kunzvera zvose zviri zviviri kuzivisa uye kuri madikanwa.

Masimba Omutemo

Bazu remitemo rehurumende yehurumende rine mutoro wokugadza mitemo, bhajeti rokubvumira, uye kugovera tarisiro yebazu guru. Bumbiro rimwe nerimwe remitemo rinorondedzera chivako, masimba, uye ganhuriro dzechibvumirano, uye iyi gadziriro dzinosiana zvikuru. Kunzwisisa kuti mashandire anoita mirau yehurumende kunoda kunzvera mipimo mizhinji mikuru.

Chivako: Mitemo yeBaramaral Systems

Voruzhinji vehurumende vane mabhigameral, ine imba yakaderera neimba yapamusoro. Imba yakaderera inowanzonzi Imba yaVamiririri, Assembly, kana kuti House of Nhume, nepo imba yepamusoro ichinzi pasi pose Sernate. Nebraska inomira yoga sehurumende ine unicameral parameral, mutumbi mumwe unozivikanwa seNebraskan Legislature. Yakagamuchirwa muna 1934, Unicadaral sy system yakagadzirirwa kuwedzera kujeka nokuderedza pesvedzero yematare emisangano, umo misiyano pakati peshanduro dzemitero dzinogadzirirwa. Nebraskas anosis anengewo asingatsigiri, uye vaiti veboka risingashandisi mapepa. Kunyange zvakadaro boka ramasangano ramasangano anozivikanwa zvikuru.

Mitemo yeBhameral, nepo yakakurumbira zvikuru, inosianawo mumashandiro edzimba. Mudzimwe nyika, dzakadai seNew York neCalifornia, dzimba mbiri dzine chiremera chakafanana.Mune dzimwe, vane masimba akasiyana, akadai sokusimbisa kugadzwa kwevakuru vakuru kana kuti kubvumira. Misiyano iyi yedare inotapura kuti mutemo unofamba sei mugadziriro yacho uye kuti kukurukurirana kwakawanda sei kunodikanwa pakati pedzimba.

Nguva Yakareba Neganhuriro Dzemashoko

Mabumbiro emitemo anoratidzira urefu hwemashoko nokuda kwavaiti vemitemo, uye iwaya anosiana pakati penzvimbo nenzvimbo. Vasande kazhinji kazhinji vanobatira mashoko amakore mana, nepo mitezo yeimba yakaderera inowanzobatira mashoko egore maviri. Zvisinei, kunze kwezvo, vagari veAlabama vanobatira mashoko amakore mana, nepo mitezo yeAlabama House inobatira bedzi mashoko emakore mana mumiganhu yesarudzo. Dzimwe nyika dzinotyaidzika kuvimbisa kusarudzo, nepo dzimwe dzine zvisarudzo zvose zvedare reSarudzo panguva imwe chete.

Miganhu yeshoko inomirira imwe nharaunda yokupesana. Kusvikira muna 2024, 15 hurumende dzinoisa miganhu pavagari vehurumende. Iyi ganhuriro inosiana muurefu uye kana zviri zvirambidzo zvebasa zvenduramo kana kuti ganhuriro bedzi dzinotevedzana. Somuenzaniso, California inoisa chirambidzo chenduramo chamakore 12 mudare remitemo rehurumende, iro rinogona kubatira munzvimbo ipi neipi. Michigan nenzira yakafanana inoganhurira vatengi vemitemo kusvikira pamwe chete makore 14. Mukupesana, dzimwe nyika dzakaramba ganhuriro dzeshoko, dzichisimbisa kuti dzinonyima murairo wemitezo ine ruzivo rwokuzviwanira nesimba rekushandira pamutemo kuvashandi navashandi vamakuru.

Zvirongwa Zvemitemo

Mabumbiro emitemo anozivisa apo mirau yemitemo inosangana uye kwenguva yakareba sei. Dzimwe nyika dzinoita marusando egore negore, apo dzimwe dzinosangana nokusingaperi. Texas, somuenzaniso, dzinoita marusando enguva dzose bedzi mumakore ane nhamba dzakasiyana-daro, anogara mazuva 140. Iyi nguva yakaganhurirwa yokusangana inoumba zvikuru muitiro wemitemo, ichida kuti vagadziri vemitemo varongedze marusando chaiwo anowanzonzi nagavhuna. Dzimwe nyika, dzakadai seNew York neMassachusetts, dzinova namarusando egore asina miganhuro yemitemo inoramba ichingoitwa, zvichibvumira kurongwa kwemitemo kupfuurira.

Uwandu hwemarusando hunodzora marusando makuru emitemo. Nyika dzine marusando marefu dzinoita mitemo yakawanda uye dzinoita mamwe marusando ane udzame. Nyika dzine marusando mapfupi dzinowanzovimba nematare aidzidza zvinhu pakati pemarusando. Uku kusiyana kunoratidza zvisarudzo zvinokosha pamusoro pebasa redare remitemo uye kana richifanira kuva dare rinodzora nguva yakazara kana kuti chikamu chenguva.

Masimba eVeto uye Kushatisa Michina

Gavhuna munyika zhinjisa vane chiremera chokuisa mutemo, asi muitiro wokuita kuti vave voruzhinji vasiyane zvikuru. Voti zhinji iri muimba imwe neimwe yakakwana mune dzimwe nyika kukurira vheto, nepo dzimwe dzichida matatu maviri. Nyika shomanene, dzakadai seNorth Carolina, dzinoda chiverengero chezvikamu zvitatu. Dzimwe nyika dzinopawo magavhuna muganhu vheni, kuvabvumira kurova zvinhu zvakananga zvinotengwa kubva paappropries pasina kuramba chiyero chose. Makumi mana nemanane anopa simba rawo vatariri vadzori-magavhuna, kunyange zvazvo nzvimbo ichisiyana.

Chinetso chokuisa chirevo chinotapura zvakananga dzikamo yesimba pakati pemapazu emitemo neavakuru vakuru. Chinodikanwa chine mativi maviri chinoita kuti chive chishoma, chichinopa gavhuna chishandiso chakasimba kuumba mutemo. Chinodikanwa chakapfava, mukupesana, chinoita kuti kukunda nokunetesa ruoko rwagavhuna. Izvi kazhinji kazhinji inhau yekurukurirano yezvamatongerwe enyika netrupt.

Ubati Ushe Hwehurumende Hunosarudzwa Navanhu: Kutanga, Kudzorera, uye Kuyeuka

Mitemo mizhinji yehurumende inogovera miitiro yokutora rutivi kwakananga mukuita mitemo. Kutanga kunobvumira vagari vemo kuronga nokugadza mitemo zvakananga kupfurikidza nokuunganidza nokuisa matanho pavhota. Kusvikira muna 2024, 24 nyika dzinobvumira mitemo yakagadzwa, uye 17 hurumende dzinobvumira kugadziridzwa kwebumbiro remitemo. California neColorado dzinozivikanwa zvikuru nokuda kwemiitiro yavo yokutanga, iyo yakaita mitemo yetsika pamusoro pemitero, rambanje pamutemo, uye ruramisiro yeutsotsi.

Mavhota anobvumira vagari vomunyika kubvumira kana kuti kuramba mitemo inopiwa nedare. Mudzimwe nyika, marudzi akati emitemo, akadai senhau dzechibvumirano kana kuti kuwedzera kwemitero, anofanira kuendeswa kuvavhoti kuti vatenderwe. Yeuka, nepo zvisati zvazivikanwa, zvinobvumira vavhoti kubvisa vakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa vasati vapedza zvavanotaura. Mahurumende 19 bedzi anobvumira kuyeuka vakuru vakuru vehurumende, California 2003 nokuyeuka Gavhuna Gray Davis uye inhamburiko 2021 mukurwisana naGavhuna Gavin Newsom anoshanda semienzaratisiti. Idzidziro dzakananga dzinodaro dzakananga dzinosiyanisa mirangariro panzvimbo yakafanira yavagari vemo muhurumende.

Masimba Ane Simba

Bazu ravakuru rino mutoro wokugadza mitemo nokushandisa hurumende. Gavhuna anobatira samukuru mukuru wehurumende, uye masimba anopiwa kuna gavhuna anosiana zvikuru mumiganhu yenyika. Kunzwisisa iyi misiyano kunokosha kunzwisisa kuti hurumende yehurumende inoshanda sei uye uko chiremera chaichoicho chinoita zvisarudzo chiri.

Simba Rokugadza

Gavhuna munyika zhinjisa vanogadza vakuru vakuru vemasangano makuru, mitezo yamapuranga namasangano, uye, mune dzimwe nyika, vatongi. Zvisinei, ukuru hwemasimba aya okugadza hunosiyana. Muhurumende dzakasimba, dzakadai seNew York neNew Jersey, gavhuna anogadza mapoka makuru evakuru vakuru vane tsigiro yemitemo yakaganhurirwa. Muhurumende dzine simba duku, dzakadai seTexas neFlorida, vakuru vakuru vakuru vazhinji vanosarudzwa, vachiganhurira kudzora kwagavhuna pabazu guru.

Gadziriro inotapurawo kuitwa kwemiitiro. Apo magavhuna anogona kugadza vakuru vemasangano avo vanogoverana purogiramu yavo pakutanga, vanogona kufambisira mberi zvinobudirira zvikuru purogiramu dzavo. Apo madhipatimendi anotungamirirwa navakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa vakazvimirira, gavhuna anofanira kukurukura ndokuvaka zvibvumirano. Vamwe vanotaura kuti kugadza kuve pasi pezano uye kubvumira kupfurikidza nedare, vachiwedzera utarisiri hwemitemo hunogona kuderedza kugadza uye kutungamirira kurwisano dzezvamatongerwe enyika.

Chiremera Chebhangi

Mitengo yehurumende inogadza mwero yakasiana---tsaukana yechiremera chemari yokushandisa. Mudzimwe nyika, gavhuna anodikanirwa kuzviisa chikarakadzo chemari chakadzikama kudare remitemo, iro ipapo rinokakavadzana ndokurisimbisa. Mwero uyo mutezo uyo mutemi wemitemo unogona kuchinja chikarakadzo chagavhuna. Mudzimwe nyika, mutezo wedare remitemo unogona bedzi kuderedza kushandiswa kwemari; mune dzimwe, unogona kuwedzera mapurogiramu nokuwedzera mari. Dzimwe nyika dzinoda vhota mijekeri kuti idzore zvikarakadzo zvemari yagavhuna, kupa mushandiri mukuru wehurumende.

Nyika ina vana vanoda kuti vadzori vadzo vape mari yokushandisa, nepo vashomanene vachibvumira chirongwa chomutemo kugadzira mari yacho pachacho. Mutsetse-tem vhato, wakurukurwa pakuvamba, une simba zvikuru mumashoko emari, uchibvumira magavhuna kubvisa zvinhu zvakati kuti zvinotengwa pasina kubvisa mutengo wose. Muitiro wokuisa giramu regiramu regiramu rezviwiro zvaro, zvinosimbisazve kuenzana kwechikuru nechomubato.

Nhevedzo Dzine Vatungamiriri

Gavhuna vanowanzoshandisa zvirairidzo zvevakuru vakuru kutungamirira masangano ehurumende, kuzivisa migariro yekurumidziro, uye kushandiswa pasina mvumo yemitemo. Masimba aya anotsamira pagadziriro dzehurumende nemitemo. Vamwe vanotaura zvakajeka kuti vatongi vanobvumira kupa zvirango zvehurumende, nepo vamwe vachivimba nemasimba enhaka kana kuti anorehwa. Kushandiswa kwemirairo yevakuru vakuru yakatangwa mukati medenda reCOVID, uye magavhuna ari munyika dzakadai seNew York neMichigan anopa mirayiridzo yakawanda yokutarisira njodzi yeutano.

Miganhu yepamutemo yemitemo yevakuru vakuru inowanzoedzwa mudare.vambi vemitemo vehurumende vangadenha mirairo iyo vanoona seinodarika chiremera chavakuru vakuru, uye matare makurusa angabvisa mirayiridzo inorwisana nemirau kana kuti gadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo. Dzikamo yesimba pakati pamapazu ehurumende nemitemo munharaunda ino inoshanda uye inosiana nehurumende.

Masimba Ekurumidziro

Mabumbiro emitemo nemirau inopa magavhuna masimba ekurumidziro kuti aite chimwe chinhu kunjodzi dzinongoitika dzoga, njodzi dzeutano, uye kusagadzikana kwevagari vemo.Aya masimba anosanganisira masimba okushandisa Sangano reNational Guard, kumisa mitemo, uye kudzosa zviwanikwa.

Mukati memigariro yekurumidziro, vamwe vatongi vanogona kuita vasingabhadhari kwenguva refu, nepo vamwe vanofanira kutsvaka mvumo yemitemo yokupa zviziviso zvekurumidziro kupfuura nhamba yakagadzwa yamazuva. Somuenzaniso, muMassachusetts, gavhuna anogona kuzivisa mugariro wekurumidziro kwamazuva 30, pashure payo mubati anofanira kutendera kuwedzerwa. MuFlorida, gavhuna ane masimba ekurumidziro makuru pasi pemitemo yehurumende asi anofanira kushuma kudare remitemo mukati mechikamu chakati chenguva. Murakata weCHOVID wakasunda nyika dzakawanda kudzoserazve masimba adzorwa nemitemo yekurumidziro, nemimwe migaro inotsvaka kuganhurira chiremera chehurumende yedariro.

Vapfumi Namano

Vatongi vazhinjisa vane simba rokupa kanganwiro, miromo, uye marepie, asi mutoo wokushandisa masimba aya unosiana. Mudzimwe nyika, gavhuna anoshanda oga; mune dzimwe, dare kana kuti dare rinofanira kurumbidza kana kuti kutendera. Somuenzaniso, simba ragavhuna reFlorida rinogoverwa neKibinati, nepo simba ragavhuna weTexas rakaganhurirwa kurumbidza kuBoka rePardon neParoles. Iyi mhatsano inoratidzira miganhu yakasiana pakati pechiremera nezvinonzvera.

Masimba Okutonga

Bazu rinotonga rinorondedzera mitemo yenyika nebumbiro remitemo, rinopedza gakava, uye rinoita kuti pave neruramisiro. Hurumende inogadza gadziriro yedare, mutoo wokutonga, uye simba rematare akasiyana - siyana. Kusiyana kwemasimba okutonga munyika dzakasiyana - siyana kunokosha, kunoratidzira uzivi hwakasiyana pamusoro pebasa rematare uye kuzvimirira kwedare.

Dare

Mitezo mizhinjisa ine gadziriro yedare ine mitsetse inoumbwa namatare anotongwa, matare apakati, uye dare rezvigaro zvokupedzisira, zvinonzi dare guru rehurumende. Zvisinei, mazita chaiwo nezvivako zvinosiana. Dzimwe nyika, kufanana neNew York, dzine rondedzero dzinovhiringidza umo dare rinotonga rinonzi Dare Rapamusorosoro nedare rakakwirira zvikurusa iDare reZvikwidzo. Dzimwe nyika, dzakadai seTexas neOklahoma, dzine matare makurusa enhau dzevagari vemo neutsotsi, dzinoguma nematare maviri okutsvaka utsotsi.

Nyika dzakawanda dzinewo matare chaiwo emitemo yemhuri, nhau dzepwere, probate, uye mutero. Mwero wokuchinja unosiyana. Nyika huru dzakadai seCalifornia neNew York dzine matare ane unyanzvi zvikuru, nepo nyika duku dzakadai seVermont neDelaware dzine mapoka mashoma. Iyi misiyano inotapura kuti nhau dzinorongwa sei uye kuti matare anosvika sei kuvagari vemo.

Mitoo Yokusarudza Nayo Kutonga

Zvichida mhatsa inokosha zvikurusa mumasimba ehurumende mutoo wokusarudza vatongi. Kwakafara, masangano anoshandisa imwe yemitoo mishanu: sarudzo, kusarudza kusingatsigiri, kugadza kwehurumende, kugadza mitemo, kana kuti kufanirwa nokusarudza (inowanzonzi Missouri Plan). Dzimwe nyika dzinoshandisa mitoo yakasiana - siana nokuda kwemwero yakasiana - siana yematare.

Makumi maviri namaviri ehurumende anoshandisa sarudzo nokuda kwemimwe miuyo yadzo, nepo 15 ichishandisa kusarudza kusingatsaudzwi. Muhurumende dzinovhota, vanosarudzwa vanobatira pamwe, uye vhoti vanosarudza vakavakirwa pabatira pamwe. Muhurumende dzinovhota pasina mabhii ebato, vanoda kubuda muvhota pasina mapepa epamubato, kunyange zvazvo kutsigira kunowanzova migumisiro. Gubernatorator inoshandiswa mune dzimwe nyika, kazhinji kazhinji nokuda kwavatongi, apo kugadza mutemo kusingawanzowaniki. Kusarudza kwakafanira, kunoshandiswa muzvinyorwa zvinotendikiripo uye zvinopa ndaza ndaza mipfupi kuna gavhuna. Vatongi vanofanira ipapo kutarisana nokuvhotambirazve, apo vanosarudza kana vachichengeta muhofisi.

Nzira yokusarudza inotapura kuzvitonga kwokutonga, mhatsa, uye nzwisiso yokusasarura. Vatongi vangava vanogamuchira zvikuru murangariro wavose asi vangapesvedzerwawo nemipiro yenhimbe nedzvinyiriro dzezvamatongerwe enyika. Vatongi vakagadzwa vangava nokuzvimirira kukuru zvikuru asi vangava vanozvidavirira zvishoma kuvoruzhinji. Gakava pamusoro pokusarudza kutonga rinopfuurira kuva rinochinja, nedzimwe nyika dzichichinja mitoo mukupindura zviitiko zvamatongerwe enyika.

Kuhwirudzura Kutonga

Dare rehurumende rine simba rokuongorora, chiremera chokuzivisa mitemo yenyika isiri yehurumende. Iri simba rinogarwa mudare uye rinogamuchirwa nebumbiro remitemo rehurumende. Apo dare rehurumende rinotonga mutemo wehurumende seunoputsa bumbiro remitemo rehurumende, chisarudzo charo chokupedzisira, kana pasina mubvunzo webumbiro remitemo wehurumende unobatanidzwa. Iri simba rinoita kuti matare makurusa ave vatambi vakuru vehurumende mumiitiro yehurumende inoumba nhau dzinovambira pakutsigira dzidzo nekodzero dzokuvhota kuvhotera kumitemo yehurumende nekodzero dzokuvandika.

Uku kukura kwedziviriro dzebumbiro remitemo rehurumende kazhinji kazhinji kunotambanukira kupfuura Bumbiro remitemo rehurumende. Matare ehurumende anogona kutsanangura mabumbiro avo emitemo kuti ape kodzero huru kupfuura Dare Gurusa reU. uyu muitiro, unozivikanwa seNew Judicial Federalism, wakatungamirira kudziviriro dzenzvimbo dzehurumende nokuda kwekodzero dzokubereka, roorano imwe cheteyo yetendi, uye kodzero dzeutsotsi dzemupomerwi dzinopfuura mipimo yehurumende. Somuenzaniso, Washington Supreme Court yakadudzira bumbiro remitemo yayo kuti ipedzere kudzivirira kwakasimba pakunzvera kusingabvumirwi kweGenese kunoda.

Kuzorora Nokurega Basa

Mitemo inotema miganhu yebasa nokuda kwavatongi nezera rokurega basa. Mitemo inosiana kubva pamakore matanhatu nokuda kwevamwe vatongi vanotongwa mumasangano anosarudzwa kuupenyu nokuda kwavatongi vakagadzwa mumasangano akagadzwa. Hurumende zhinjisa dzinoda kuti vatongi vapedze basa pazera rakati, zvikurukuru 70, kunyange zvazvo zera rakati rinosiana. Iyi gadziriro dzinotapura urefu hwenguva yavatongi vanogona kubatira nokutsiga kwejantiriri.

Kodzero Dzevagari Vemo

Gadziriro dzehurumende dzinoronga maruramiro chaiwoiwo avagari vemo vari mukati mehurumende, kazhinji kazhinji dzichigovera dziviriro dzinopfuura idzo dzinowanikwa muBumbiro reMitemo reU.S. urongwa ihwohwu hunoratidzira mipimo nezvinokosha zvavagari vehurumende imwe neimwe uye mamiriro ezvinhu enhau umo bumbiro remitemo rakanyorwa kana kuti kuchinjwa.

Bhizi Rekodzero Dzevanhu

Bumbiro remitemo rehurumende rimwe nerimwe rinobatanidza gwaro rekodzero dzinovimbisa rusununguko rwomunhu oga rwakadai sorusununguko rwokutaura, rudzidziso, gungano, uye maruramiro okutakura zvombo. Zvisinei, mutauro wakananga nedziviriro zvinosiana. Mamwe mabhiriti ehurumende ekodzero akareba uye ane udzame, nepo mamwe ari mapfupi. Somuenzaniso, Virginia Declaration of Rights, yakanyorwa muna 1776, yakabatira somuenzaniso weChibvumirano cheHurumende chekodzero dzavanhu uye inobatanidza dziviriro dzorusununguko rwezvinobudisa nhau nekodzero kurudyi kudare redare redare redare rinotonga izvo zvinoiswa mukuwirirana nemitemo yavo.

Zvikwereti zvehurumende zvekodzero zvinosanganisirawo zvirongwa zvisingawaniki muBumbiro reMitemo rehurumende, zvakadai sekodzero yokuva voga, kodzero yokuvhima nehove, uye kodzero yemhoteredzo yakachena. Bumbiro remitemo reMontana rinovimbisa zvakajeka kodzero ye "mhoteredzo yakachena neyakasimba," yave ichishandiswa kudenha migodhi yemigodhi uye magetsi. Bumbiro remitemo reIllinois rinobatanidza mashoko echivande anogovera dziviriro dzakasimba zvikuru kupfuura Pendementment yeChina sezvinotsanangurwa neDare guru reU.S.

Kupa Kodzero

Mabumbiro emitemo anorondedzera kuti ndiani akakodzera kuvhota ndokutanga miitiro nokuda kwesarudzo. Mitemo mizhinjisa yehurumende inovimbisa maruramiro okuvhota kuvagari vemo avo vari makore 18 kana kuti vakura uye vanosvitsa zvinodikanwa zvokugara. Dzimwe nyika dzakawedzera dziviriro dzokuwedzera pakuvhota, zvakadai sokudzivisa mhinganidzo dzomutauro kana kuti kuda nzvimbo dzinowanika dzokuvhotera.

Mitemo inoverengeka yakagadziridza mabumbiro ayo emitemo mumakore achangobva kupfuura kuti iwedzere kodzero dzokuvhota. Somuenzaniso, Florida yakadzorera kodzero dzokuvhota kuvatongi avo vakapedza mitongo yavo kupfurikidza nokutanga kwevhoti 2018. Colorado neWashington vakaita kunyoresa kwokuvhota kupfurikidza nomutemo wehurumende, uye dzimwe nyika dzakatanga kuvhota neposi. Iyi chinjo dzinoratidzira gakava dzinopfuurira pamusoro pokuwana muvhoti uye pepereko yesarudzo.

Kodzero Dzedzidzo

Mabumbiro enyika akawanda anovimbisa zvakajeka kodzero yedzidzo uye anoisa pachena mutoro wehurumende wokutsigira nokuchengeta gadziriro yezvikoro zvavose. Kusvikira muna 2024, mabumbiro ose 50 emitemo anobatanidza gadziriro dzine chokuita nedzidzo. Mamwe mabumbiro enyika anovimbisa kuti gadziriro ye "yakanaka neyakanaka" yezvikoro, nepo mamwe achivimbisa kuti dzidzo yakakwirira" kana kuti "yakakwana". Mutauro wave uri hwaro hwemhosva dzakawanda dzinodenha kupesana kwetsika uye kusafanira kwedzidzo yehurumende.

Somuenzaniso, New Jersey Constitution inovimbisa kuti: "Mamiriro ezvinhu anokosha uye anoshanda ezvikoro zvapachena," chitsama chamashoko cheNew Jersey Supreme Court chakadudzira kudikanisa mari inowirirana nokuda kwamaruwa ane urombo navakapfuma. Nenzira yakafanana, Bumbiro reMitemo reWashington rinoita dzidzo "basa rinodzorwa" rehurumende, kuchitungamirira kuchisarudzo cha 2012 chinoda kuti nyika itsigire zvizere dzidzo. Kusiyana mugadziriro dzedzidzo dzamaruramiro edzidzo kunoreva kuti rudzi rwedzidzo yavose rungatsamira zvikuru pakududzira mutemo wehurumende.

Kodzero Dzemhoteredzo

Chiverengero chinokura chebumbiro remitemo rehurumende chinobatanidza gadziriro dzinodzivirira mhoteredzo. Montana, Pennsylvania, uye New York zviri pakati penyika dzakawedzera maruramiro emhoteredzo. Bumbiro remitemo reMontana, rakagamuchirwa muna 1972, rinovimbisa maruramiro ku "zvakapoteredza zvakachena uye zvakanaka" uye rinoisa basa pahurumende navanhu vamwe navamwe kuti vachengete nokuvandudza mhoteredzo. Muna 2023, vaduku vemo muMontana vanoshandisa nenzira inobudirira iyi pamutemo kudenha mitemo yehurumende yairambidza kurangarirwa kwedzinodziyisa kupisa kupisa muvhu mukubvumira zvisarudzo.

Pennsylvania’s Environment Rights Amendmentmental Rights Amendment, yawedzerwa muna 1971, inozivisa kuti zviwanikwa zvehurumende ndezvevagari vose uye kuti hurumende inofanira kuvachengetedza nokuvachengeta nokuda kwezvizvarwa zvomunguva yemberi. Dare Gurusa rePennsylvania rakadudzira iyi mhedziso kuganhurira mano edare rokutengesa kana kuti kubhadharisa nyika yenyika nemasango pasina muripo wakakwana. Gadziriro idzi dzekodzero dzezvakapoteredza dzinomirira kukura kukuru kwemitemo yehurumende kupfuura Bumbiro remitemo renyika.

Dzimwe Kodzero Dzinocherechedzwa

Mitemo yehurumende inobatanidzawo dziviriro nokuda kwavashandi, vatengi, uye vakaremara. Somuenzaniso, Bumbiro reMitemo reCalifornia rinobatanidza dziviriro nokuda kwavashandi vanotama, Bumbiro reMitemo reNew York rinodzivirira maruramiro avashandi kuronga, uye Massachusetts Constitution inodzivirira maruramiro avagari vemo. Mimwe mitemo inovimbisa dzimba dzakarurama, nepo mimwe ichivimbisa kusvika kuzvokurapa. Gadziriro dzinoratidzira murairo wechienzi wehurumende imwe neimwe nerwisano dzenhau.

Mitemo Inopfuurira yeHurumende

Mabumbiro emitemo anogona kugadziridzwa sei chinhu chinokosha chinoumba mhindumupindu yawo. Kugadziridza kunosiyana zvikuru. Dzimwe nyika dzinoda vhoti mbiri-tatu dzedzimba dzose mbiri dzemitemo dzinoteverwa netendero yevhoti, nepo dzimwe dzinoda voruzhinjiwo zvavo. Dzimwe nyika dzinobvumira vagari vemo kugadziridza bumbiro remitemo zvakananga kupfurikidza nokutanga, nepo dzimwe dzinoganhurira ganhuriro kuzvikarakadzo zvinobva kudare remitemo.

Kureruka kwokugadziridza kune miuyo inokosha. Nyika dzine miitiro inochinjika, yakadai seCalifornia neArizona, dzinoona kugadziridzwa kwadzo kwapanhambo nenhambo kwenhau dzinovambira pamuitiro wemitero nemirimo kusvikira kumitambo yeroorano. Nyika dzine miitiro yakaoma, yakadai seDelaware neMassachusetts, dzine mitemo mirefu zvikuru uye yakatsiga zvikuru. Kugadziridzwa kumene kunoratidzira chiono chomugariro mumwe nomumwe chedzikamo yakafanira pakati pedzikamo nedavidzo kusvikira kuchinjo inochinja murangariro wavose.

mhedziso

Mabumbiro emitemo anopfuura zvikuru misiano miduku pamusoro womubatanidzwa. Iwo magwaro makuru, ane udzame anodzora upenyu hwezuva riri rose hwavagari veAmerica munzira Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S. harina kutongogona. Kuvambira pagadziriro yemitemo yehurumende uye ukuru hwamasimba makuru kusvikira ku kuzvimirira kwedare rehurumende nokufara kwekodzero dzavanhu, mabumbiro emitemo anoratidzira mipimo yakasiana - siana, zvinyorwa, uye tsika dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzehurumende dzehurumende 50.

Nokuda kwavadzidzisi navadzidzi, mhatsa yebumbiro remitemo rehurumende haisati iri nzira yedzidzo. Inogovera nzwisiso pamusoro penzira iyo pesvedzero inoshanda nayo zvomenemene mukati megadziriro yehurumende yeAmerica, nzira iyo nyika dzakasiana dzinopedza nayo zvinetso zvinozivikanwa, uye nzira iyo vagari vemo vanogona kuumba nayo hurumende yavo vamene kupfurikidza nokugadziridzwa kwebumbiro remitemo, bvumirano yehurumende yakananga, uye bvumirano dzehurumende. Sezvo hurumende dzinopfuurira kunangana nezvinetso zvitsva nemikana, mabumbiro avo emitemo acharamba ari magwaro mapenyu anorondedzera maruramiro nemitoro zvezvose zviri zviviri hurumende nevagari vemo.