United States Constitution, yakanyoreswa muna 1787, yakatanga gadziriro yenheyo yehurumende yeAmerica. Bva, Vavambi vakanzwisisa kuti chinyorwa chakagadzirirwa kudzora rudzi mumazana amakore hachigoni kuramba chiripo. Kubatanidzwa kwegadziriro yegadziridzo muChikamu V kwakanga kuri donzo rekuziva zviri mberi, kugovera nzira yapamutemo yeBumbiro remitemo kuti ivepo parutivi penyika. Kugadziridzwa kweBumbiro remitemo hakusi mashoko enhau enhau enhauwo zvawo; iwo maturusi ane simba akadzivirira maruramiro omunhu oga oga, akarondedzerazve ruramisiro, uye kukudza chipikirwa chorusununguko kumamirioni avanhu kwenguva yakati. Kunzwisisa izvi, kuti vanoumbwa sei, uye kuti kutapura kwavo kukuru muupenyu hwezuva nezuva kunokosha nokuda kwomudzidzi mumwe nomumwe nenhau yeAmerica. Zvinomirira kurukurirano inopfuurira pakati penyika inopfuukuru, inobatira maruramiro chapamutemo chamagariro chavanhu chakagadzwa chavanhu.

Chisakiso Chapakuvamba: Nzira Iyo Bumbiro Romutemo Rinoumbwa Nayo

Muitiro wokuchinja Bumbiro reMitemo wakaoma noune, rutivi rukuru rwakagadzirirwa kuva nechokwadi chokuti chinjo ipi neipi ine tsigiro yakafara uye inotsigirwa zvikuru munyika. Iyi nzira yakakomba inodzivisa vakuru vezvamatongerwe enyika vanokurumidza kuita chinjo kumutemo mukuru worudzi. Kunzwisisa muitiro wetsika kunokosha kukunzwisisa uremu nerevo yegadziridzo 27 dzatinadzo nhasi.

Nzira Younyoro Yechikamu V

Chikamu V cheBumbiro reMitemo chinoratidzira nhano mbiri dzakajeka nokuda kwokugadziridza: chikarakadzo nokuparadza. Madanho ose ari maviri anoda tsigiro hurusa, iyo iri jira retsigiro retsiga retsika.

  • shoo: Kugadziridza kunogona kukarakadzwa mune imwe yenzira mbiri. Yokutanga, uye mutoo unoshandiswa nokuda kwekugadziridzwa kwose kuripo, ndewokuvhota matatu maviri muzvose zviri zviviri Imba yavamiriri neDare. Nzira yechipiri, iyo isina kutongoshandiswa nenzira inobudirira, ndeyembiri triams dzenyika kudana kokorodzano yenyika nokuda kwedonzo rekutumira maapping andments.
  • Kuisa: Angokarakadzwa bedzi, gadziridzo haisati iri mutemo kutozosvikira yatenderwa nezvitatu nezvina zvemitemo (zvino 38 kubva muna 50). Dare rinosarudza kana uku kudzorwa kuchifanira kuitwa nedzinogarwa remitemo kana kuti nekokorodzano dzehurumende dzakasarudzwa zvikuru.

Nei Kufamba Kwacho Kuri Kudiwa Zvikuru?

Zvikumbaridzo zvakakwirira zvechikarakadzo nokunatsiridza iratidzirwo yakananga yechishuvo chavaFramers chokutsiga nebvumirano. Vaida kuti Bumbiro remitemo rive mutemo mukurusa wenyika, risingawirirani nezvishuvo zveshuvo zvakakurumbira kana kuti miitiro yezvamatongerwe enyika yenguva pfupi. Ikoku kwakavakwa muredhingi kunoreva kuti kugadziriswa kunowanzoratidzira kuwirirana kwerudzi chaikwo panzvimbo pekukunda kwechisimba. Kusimba kunoparira kuchinja kuti pave netsinhirano huru munyika inoteverwa uye muganhu wezvamatongerwe enyika, kuchitungamirira kukutsigadzikamiswa kwakawanda nemigumisiro yemitemo. Nokuda kwokutarira zvakadzamanzwikirirwa kwamashoko chaiwo eChikamu V, unogona kuhwirudzura mabhiyo epamutemo uye zviwiro zvehurumende zvinogoverwa neNational Archivers.

Bhirobheri Rekodzero Dzevanhu: Chinodzivirira Rusununguko Rumwe Norumwe

Kugadziridza kugumi kwokutanga, kwaizivikanwa seBill of Rights, kwakatenderwa muna 1791. Kwakasikwa zvikurukuru kuti kutaurire kutya kwevaAntifererarian, avo vakanetseka kuti Bumbiro reMitemo idzva rakapa hurumende yepakati simba rakanyanyopa pahurumende navanhu. Idzi dzodzo dzinoumba musimboti werusununguko rwevagari vemo rweAmerica, kuisa ganhuriro dzakananga nedzine simba pachiremera chehurumende.

Mutezo Wokutanga: Mbiru Shanu Dzevanhu Vakasununguka

First Amendment ine nzvimbo inokosha zvikuru mumutemo weAmerica. Inodzivirira rusununguko rushanu runokosha kuhurumende inotonga nehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu inoshanda: rusununguko rwokutaura, rusununguko rwezvinobudisa nhau, rusununguko rwechitendero (kubatanidza zvose zviri zviviri Kutangwa kwaClaus neFree Exect Claus), kodzero yokuungana zvine rugare, uye kodzero yokukumbira hurumende nokuda kwezvichemo zviduku. Nheyo idzi dzinobvumira vagari vemo kutsoropodza hurumende yavo, kushandisa kutenda kwavo pasina kudzorwa, uye kutsigira kuchinja kwetsika pasina kutya kutsiviwa. Dare Gurusa nguva dzose rakadzivirira kodzero idzi muzviitiko zvetsika, kunyange zvazvo ganhuriro chaidzo dzerusununguko idzi mumamiriro ezvinhu akafanana netsutsumwaro yoruvengo uye mari inoramba ichishanda mumativi emitemo.

Kuchinja Kwechipiri: Nharo Yorudzi Inopfuurira

Gemende Yechipiri inodzivirira "kodzero yavanhu yokuchengeta nokutakura Zvombo" nokuda kwenhau zhinji yeAmerica, kududzira kwayo kwaiitirwa kurukurirano inokosha. Munhau dzeDare raPamusorosoro re . Heller [2008] uye [FLT]] MDONAld v. Chicago[ [2010], Dare rakajekesa kuti Pession yeChipiri inodzivirira kodzero yomunhu oga yepfutiro yemadonzo epamutemo, zvikurukuru iyo pachako mukati momusha. Dare rakatongawo kuti iyi kodzero inobatira kupfurikidza nehurumende kupfurikidza neGedendermentation. Iyi nharaunda yomutemo inoramba iri yeimwe yemitemo inoramba iri yesimba gurusa, inodzivirira maruramiro omunhu oga enguva dzose munhambo neyazvinodzoro yetsika dzamagaro.

Kudzivirira Anopomerwa: Matendero Echina, Echishanu, Echitanhatu, uye Echisere

Iyi gadziridzo ina inoita "Nhevedzo yekodzero" nokuda kwavanhu vanobatira pamwe negadziriro yeruramisiro youtsotsi. Firformment yeFourth varindi vanodzivisa kunzvera kusina mufungo nepfambi, vanoda kuiswa kwomutemo pahwaro hunobvira pamberi pechisakiso chapa munhu kana kuti zvinhu zvake. [[FLT:] Fith Amendment[[FLT]] [FLT]] inosimbisa chinodikanwa chedare guru munhau dzomubatanidzwa, inodzivirira vanhu panjodzi nemhoshongodzi dzinova dzinopetwa kaviri, uye kutongwa kwadzo, uye kuvimbisa kuti hapana munhu achanyimwa "upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu" pasina mutoo womutemo wakawanda. [FFFF]

Kugadziridzwa Kwechinai Nechigumi: Kodzero Dzakabviswa uye Simba Rakachengetwa

Zvinowanzofuratirwa, Kuchinja kwechiNinth neTenth kunokosha kugadziriro yeBill of Rights. Ninth Amendment inojekesa kuti kurongwa kwekodzero dzakati muBumbiro reMitemo hakufaniri kurangarirwa kuva kurambwa kana kuti kurambwa dzimwe kodzero dzinochengetwa navanhu. Ikoku kunoreva kuti nemhaka bedzi yokuti kodzero haina kurongwa zvakananga, hakurevi kuti haisi. Kuchinja kwechigumi kweTenth Remendment kunosimbisa nheyo yomutemo kupfurikidza nokutaura kuti masimba asingapiwi kuUnited States neBumbiro reMiteo, kana kuti anorambidzwa nayo, anochengetedzwa kuUnited States, kana kuti kuvanhu.

Kugadziridza Kunoita Zvinhu: Kuumba Mubatanidzwa Wakakwana Zvikuru

Pashure peHondo Yevagari Vomunyika, nyika yacho yakapinda munhambo yechinjo huru nenjo yebumbiro remitemo.

Mutezo Wechigumi Nechitatu: Kupera Kwouranda Hwokutengesa

Chikamu chayo chechipiri chinopa simba rokuita kuti nyaya iyi ive nesimba rokushandisa mutemo wakakodzera, zvichiita kuti mitemo yehurumende ive yokudzivisa kumanikidzwa uye kushanda nesimba.

Mutezo Wegumi Negumi: Muitiro Wakafanira, Dziviriro Yakaenzana, uye Kusarura

Geneth Amendment, yakatenderwa muna 1868, ndiimwe yechisarudzo chinokosha zvikuru uye chakapfuudzwa kazhinji kazhinji muBumbiro reMitemo yose. Yakapa kuva mugari wemo ku "vanhu vose vakaberekwa kana kuti vakasikirwa muUnited States," kuputsa Dred Scott[[[FLT:]] chisarudzo. Chidziviriro charo chine simba zvikurusa ndicho [[FLT:] Mutengo waClaus na [[FLT:] Equal dziviriro ya Claus]. Chidziviriro chaCrecti chinorambidza kurambira munhu upi noupi mukati mokudzora kwavo, icho chakanga chiri hwaro hwenhau mu [FLT][5]

Zvichida kutangazve kwaro kwapamutemo kwakanyanya kusvikwa iIncorporation Doctrine. Kupfurikidza neGuru re 14 Re Amendment yeStatu Classias, Dare rapamusoro rakashandisa zvishoma nezvishoma zvizhinjisa zvedziviriro dzeBhili rekodzero kuhurumende nehurumende dzomunzvimbomo. Ikoku kunoreva kuti hurumende dzinofanira kuremekedzawo First Amendment, Secondment, uye kodzero dzeaipomerwa. Pasi peKill of Rights ye14 Amendment, paizoshanda bedzi kuhurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende.

Mhedziso Yechigumi Nezvishanu: Kodzero Yokuita Zvokutamba

Chikasimbiswa muna 1870, Pession yechi15 yakanga iri nhano huru yokufambira mberi nokuda kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yeAmerica.Inotaura kuti kodzero yavagari vemo yokuvhota haisati ichizorambwa kana kuti kurambidzwa nemhaka yedzinza, ruvara, kana kuti mugariro wouranda wakapfuura. Nepo chipikirwa chayo chakadzoreswa nenzira yakarongwa nemitemo, kunzvera kurava nokunyora, uye mitero yokuvhota kweringi yedzinenge zana ramakore, chakagovera nheyo yemitemo yeVoting Rights Act ya1965 uye chinoramba chiri chishandiso chinotsoropodza mukurwisa kuvhotera nokuwana pamutemo kuenzana kuvhotera nokupinda mubhokisi rebhoti.

Kuwedzera Ubati Ushe Hwehurumende Hunodzora: Nguva Inofambira Mberi NeMitemo Yezana Remakore Rechi20

Kuchinja uku kwakaratidza kuti vanhuwo zvavo vaidavira kuti simba ravo rezvamatongerwe enyika riri kuwedzera uye kuti vatungamiriri vavo vazvidavirire.

Kuchinja Kwechigumi Nechigumi Nezviviri: Kusarudzwa Kwakananga Kwavatongi

Kuchinja uku kwakachinja kwakanga kuri kukunda kukuru kwesangano rinofambira mberi, rakagadzirirwa kuderedza uori, rakabvisa pesvedzero yefariro chaidzo mune masangano ehurumende, uye rakaita kuti Dare ribvume zvakananga vanhu.

Mutezo Wechigumi Nechipfumbamwe: Kudzorwa Kwavakadzi

Yakasimbiswa muna 1920 pashure perwisano yamakumi amakore nesangano ravakadzi, Amendment yechi 19 pakupedzisira yakavimbisa maruramiro avakadzi okuvhota. Inomirira fambiro mberi huru mukukura kwehurumende yehurumende yeruzhinji yeAmerica ndokururamisa kusawirirana kukuru pakati pemifungo yenyika yakavamba neidi rayo repamutemo. Iwo muenzaniso une simba wenzira iyo chinjo yebumbiro remitemo inogona kusundwa nayo namasangano enzanga anopfuuridzirwa.

Mutemo Wamakumi maviri neMitanhatu: Kuderedza Nguva Yokufara

Mukati meHondo yeVietnam, kudanidzira kwokukurudzira kwaiti "kwakakura zvakakwana kurwa, kwakura zvakakwana kuvhota" kwakatungamirira kukuitwa kwokukurumidza kweFramendment yechi 26 muna 1971, uko kwakaderedza zera rokuvhota kusvikira ku18 munyika yose. Inoita kuti chinyorwa chive chibvumirano chenhau nokukurumidza zvikuru, kunoratidzira bvumirano yakasimba yezvamatongerwe enyika yokuti avo vanodzorwa navagari vemo vanofanira kuva nenzwi rakananga mumuitiro wezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kukurukura kweBumbiro reMitemo raMazuva Ano Nemibvunzo Isingapindurwi

Kunyange zvazvo Bumbiro reMitemo rakagadziridzwa ka 27, kurukurirano yenyika pamusoro pezvarinofanira kuvimbisa iri kupfuurira.

Shanduro Yekodzero Dzakaenzana (ERA)

ERA, iyo yaizovimbisa zvakajeka maruramiro apamutemo akaenzana nokuda kwavagari vose veAmerica pasinei zvapo nevatano, yakapfuudzwa neCongress muna 1972 asi yakakundikana kusvika painodikanwa nyika 38 nokuda kwokuparadza kupfurikidza nenguva yadzo yapakuvamba. Mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya, hurumende dzokuwedzera dzinoverengeka dzakakutendera nenzira yokufananidzira, kuchitungamirira kukurukurirano itsva yemitemo nezvamatongerwe enyika pamusoro pokuti nguva yacho inogona kumutsidzirwa kana kuti kubviswa.

Kuparidzwa Kwemari Ne Amendedzero Yokutanga

Chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa mu Chisarudzo muUnited United v. FEC (2010) chinoramba chiri musoro mukuru nechinhu chikuru mukurukurirano dzebumbiro remitemo. Munhau iyoyo, Dare rakaramba richitaura kuti kutsigira kwesangano kunoitwa nenhau dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzakazvimirira hakugoni kuganhurirwa muFirst Amendment. Vatsoropodzi vanopikisa ichi chisakafanira chinobvumira pesvedzero yemari mune zvematongerwe enyika, nepo vatsigiri vanoiiiiisa sedziviriro iri madikanwa yekutaura kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Uku kuoma kwekutaura nokutendeseka kunopfuurira kunopfuurira kuparira kugadziriswa kwemitemo kuti itsindwe.

Miganhu Yemisangano

Zvikarakadzo zvokuganhurira chiverengero chamashoko munhu anogona kushanda muCongress zvave zviri musoro unodzokororwazve mune zvamatongerwe enyika zveAmerica. Nepo Amendment yechi 22 ichiita kuti Purezidhendi ave neganhuriro mbiri, hakuna ganhuriro yakadaro nokuda kwemitezo yeImba kana kuti Dare. Vatsigiri vanodzivisa ganhuriro yemashoko yaizodzivisa kudzorwa kweboka rezvamatongerwe enyika ndokuunza mirangariro mitsva kuWashington, nepo vashori vachiomerera kuti kusarudza vamene kunogovera mutoo wakafanira wokubvisa nawo zvirongwa zvehurumende uye ganhuriro ikoko kwapa ganhuriro yeshoko racho kugona kuderedza zivo neruzivo rwokuzviwanira.

Kudzidzisa Kugadziridzwa kweBumbiro reMitemo: Kushongedzera Chizvarwa Chinotevera

Kudzokorora nomusoro kuti utsigire kunzwisisa kwechokwadi uye kuvimbisana kwehurumende kunokosha kuti pave noutano hwakanaka hwehurumende.

  • Shandisa mark Landmark Supreme Courts: Revo yapachokwadi yegadziridzo inowanzoziviswa mukushanda kwayo chaikoiko kwenyika. Kufunda nhau dzakafanana Marbury v. Madison[ (kuhwirudzura kweRongedzero), [[FLT:]] [[FLT]]] Gideon v. [FLT] [[FLT]] [kuna maruramiro] [ku] (ku] gona kurangarira) kupa vadzidzi chiono chakavanzika kupfurikidza nokuona namaruramiro etsika.
  • Detanho reChimiro: Kukamura vadzidzi kuva mapoka kuti vapikise maruramiro echinjo inokarakadzwa kana kuti mubvunzo webumbiro remitemo razvino uno, wakadai seganhuriro dzeshoko, ERA, kana kuti kushandiswa kweFimende yeChina yeFindrence kuchivandikano yemichina. Ikoku kunovaka kufunga kwokutsoropodza, kutaura pachena, uye unyanzvi hwokunzvera nepo zvichikudza nzwisiso yavo yemipimo yebumbiro-mitemo inokwikwikwidza.
  • Inobatanidza Historical Amendments to Current zviitiko: Kuchinja kwenhau kwenhau kwevadzidzi vazvino uno kunoona zuva nezuva. Mhendhedziso Yechipiri inoshanda sei munharo dzekotsekano dzavose? Kubatanidza kweProjective Devicence Claus kunhaus? Kuita kuti uku kubatana kuratidze kuti Bumbiro remitemo harisi chinhu chenhau chevhu asi gwaro ripenyu rine basa. Nokuda kwezviwanikwa zvakaisvonaka, zvapachena zvakagadzirirwa kusimudzira rudzi urwu rwedzidzo yenzanga, zvinorangarira sei kushandisa zvinhu zvinobva mumasangano akafanana neRegistery of Rights Institute.

Mugumisiro: Nhaka Mhenyu yeBumbiro Romutemo

Kugadziridzwa kwe 27 kuUnited States Constitution hakusi zvigadzirwa zvenhauwo zvazvo; izvo zvikamu zvipenyu zvegadziriro ine simba yokutonga. Zvinomirira nhambo huru apo rudzi rwakaungana kuti ruwedzere rusununguko, kururamisa kusaruramisira kukuru, uye kusimbisa gadziriro yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Kuvambira paBill of Rights kusvikira kuReconsolementation and wedzero dzapashure dzemitemo yefranchise, kugadziridzwa kumwe nokumwe kunobatira sedziviriro nokuda kwekodzero dzevanhu uye kuratidzirwa kwerwendo rweAmerica rwunopfuurira kuti vaumbe mubatanidzwa wakakwana zvikuru. Kunzwisisa hakusi bedzi basa redzidzo asi rutivi runokosha rwokuva akanyoreswa uye mugari wevhu, anokwanisa kuonga zvose zviri zviviri nheyo dzinogara uye kutenderera kwomutemo weAmerica.