Nhau Huru Yokutonga

Mubvunzo mumwe iwoyo unobaya mwoyo wegadziriro iri yose yezvamatongerwe enyika, kubva kudare retaundi romunzvimbomo kusvikira kuUnited Nations Security Council. Gurumya haisati iri bedzi gadziriro yamasangano namasangano; inzira inokosha iyo chiremera chinoshandiswa nayo, zvisarudzo zvinoitwa, uye zviwanikwa zvinogoverwa. Nokuda kwavadzidzi vesayenzi yezvamatongerwe enyika, magariro ehurumende, uye nhau, kunzwisisa kuparadzirwa kwesimba kunokosha kunzwisisa kuti basa renzanga rii, chikonzero nei mitemo yakati ichigamuchirwa, uye kuti vagari vemo vanogona sei kupesvedzera sei ramangwana ravo vamene. Iyi nyaya inonzvera mativi mazhinji esimba mukutonga, zvivako izvo zvinoiumba, simba raro, uye pesvedzero huru yazvinazvo muupenyu hwezuva riripo.

Murangariro Wesimba Mukudzora

Simba ipfungwa inotsvedza. Mukutonga, kunogona kurondedzerwa sohunangudzo hwokupesvedzera kana kuti kudzora mufambiro wavamwe, kuronga zvirongwa, uye kuita zvisarudzo zvinobatanidza nokuda kwenzanga kana kuti nyika. Mugariro wavanhu weGermany Max Weber inorondedzerwa nenzira yakakurumbira sebviro yokuti mutambi muukama hwenzanga achava ari munzvimbo yokuita kuda kwake amene pasinei zvapo nokudzivisa. Mukutonga, iri simba rinoita zvimiro zvinoverengeka:

  • Simba reProlitical: Chiremera chakarongwa chokuita mitemo, kuimanikidzira, uye kukakavadzana kwemhiko. Ichi ndicho chimiro chinooneka zvikurusa, chakaiswa mumahofisi akadai sapurezidhendi, vatungamiriri, vatongi, uye vatongi.
  • Simba rezvemari: Kudzora zvinhu zvokunyama /kaputa, nyika, ruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu, uye basa. Masangano, masangano ezvemari, uye vanhu vakapfuma vanogona kuumba muitiro kupfurikidza nokuisa mari, kukurudzira, uye kunyange tyisidziro yendege huru.
  • Simba reSacurial: Mano okupesvedzera tsika, mipimo, uye mufambiro. Masangano orudzidziso, gadziriro dzedzidzo, uye masangano enzanga anoshandisa simba renzanga kupfurikidza nokuumba chinorangarirwa kuva chinogamuchirika kana kuti chinoshuviwa.
  • [[FULT:0] Simba retsika: Ungwaru hwokurondedzera revo, zita, uye yendangariro yakaumbwa. Zviteshi zvenhau, nyanzvi, uye masangano etsika (mamiseum, yunivhesiti) zvinobetsera kuvaka nhauro dzinosimbisa kuva pamutemo kwezvamatongerwe enyika.
  • Simba reCoercive: Kushandiswa kana kuti tyisidziro yesimba. Mauto, mapurisa, uye masangano akangwara anochengeta masimba masimba epamutemo munyika zhinjisa, simba rinogona kutsigira nhevedzano kana kuti kudzvinyirira kupesana.

Zvimiro izvi zvesimba hazviwanzoshandi mukuparadzana. Zvinobatanidza, zvinosimbisana, uye pane dzimwe nguva zvinopinda murwisano.

Zvimiro Zvehurumende Nezvirongwa Zvadzo Zvesimba

Simba rakarongwa nenzira yakarongwa nenzira yakarongwa rinosiyana zvikuru mupasi rose. Masayendisiti ezvamatongerwe enyika anowanzoita kuti gadziriro dzokutonga dzive marudzi anoverengeka akakodzera, kunyange zvazvo mienzaniso yenyika chaiyoiyo inowanzobatanidza zvinhu.

Utongi Hworuzhinji

Muhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, simba rinoiswa muvanhu. Vagari vanoshandisa uchangamire kupfurikidza nesarudzo, macommonteum, uye kutora rutivi kwavagari vemo. Zvisinei, kuparadzirwa chaikoiko kwesimba mukati mehurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu hakutongoenzaniswi. Ubati ushe hwehurumende hunoisa ngwariro muvakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa, avo vanodzorwa nokuzvidzora. United States, somuenzaniso, inoshandisa gadziriro yamasimba akaparadzana nedare ramajeri rakaparadzana, bidaral pascracy, uye mudzoro mukuru mukuru kuutariri. Bva kunyange muhurumende dzinodzorwa, mari mupesvedzero yezvamatongerwe enyika, terevhizheni, uye kuvhotera kwakashata inogona kukwirira kuvakuru vakuru.

Kunyora

Hurumende dzamaodha dzinoisa simba mumutungamiriri mumwe, junta duku, kana kuti mubato mukuru. Kune ganhuriro shomanene dzapamutemo pakushandiswa kwesimba, uye chishoro chinodzorwa kupfurikidza nokunzvera, kunzvera, uye kumanikidza. China inoratidzira hurumende yehurumende yazvino uno yechiKomonisiti umo Komonisiti yeChikampuriti iri nechiremera chakakwana pamapazu ose ehurumende, ehondo, uye ezvemari. Simba rinoyerera richibva kumusoro, rine mativi akaganhurirwa ebasa ravagari vemo. Bva kunyange gadziriro dzechisimba dzinofanira kushandisa kuva nokuvimbika; kazhinji kazhinji dzinotsamira pakushanda kwapamutemo (kuwedzera kwemari), urudzi, kana kuti kusanotarisirwa kusarumbidzo.

Monarchy

Zviguva zvehurumende zvinodzorwa mumutongi anogarwa nhaka(a mambo, mambo, mambo, kana kuti mambo. madzimambo akakwana, akadai seSaudi Arabia, anopa mambo chiremera chisingadzorwi pamusoro pomutemo, ruramisiro, uye udzori. Zviremera zveBumbiro remitemo, zvakafanana neUnited Kingdom, zvinoganhurira masimba ouchangamire, zvichichengeta kusarudzwa kwakawanda zvikurusa nokuda kweparamende dzinosarudzwa. Mambo kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji anochengeta basa rokufananidzira somusoro wehurumende nepo simba chairo riri kuna mutungamiriri mukuru wehurumende nekabhiname.

Oligarchy

Oligarchy inoreva kutonga kunoitwa navashomanene vakakwirira, vapfumi vehondo, kana kuti vapamubato. Nheyo dzekare Sparta neRome Republic dzaiva neoligarchy. Munguva dzazvino uno, vamwe vaongorori vanotaura kuti kunyange hurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzakatangwa dziri kuva dzinodzorwa nehurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu, sezvo vakuru vakuru vezvemari uye vakarongwa vanopesvedzera zvikuru mamiriro ezvinhu echiuto, sezvinotsigirwa namasayendisiti ezvamatongerwe enyika akadai saMartin Gillens naBenjamin Page. Trutsi rechokwadi ringavakwa seridziridziriso kuseri kwenzvimbo dzinosarudzwa nehurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu, sezvo vakuru vakuru vezve vezvemari nefariro dzakarongwa nedzoro dzinodzorwa nemari.

Kurumwa Kwakagadzirwa

Nyika dzakawanda dzinorerutsa. hurumende dzechidhimoni dzinobatanidza mativi ehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu nedzoudzvinyiriri. Russia pasi paVladimir Putin, somuenzaniso, inoita sarudzo yenguva dzose asi inodzvinyirira vasarudzi vanotsoropodza vanobudisa nhau navari mumajeri. Venezuela inochengeta gadziriro yehurumende yedemokrati apo mukuru mukuru akaunganidza masimba makuru, kuderera kwemipimo. Kunzwisisa hurumende dzechiBriginia dzinoda kutarira kunzvimbo dzinotarisirwa kunzvimbo dzinotarisirwa kuti adzore zvomenemene masimba echengeteko, judiciary, uye mari.

Basa Rezvirongwa Pakuparadzira Simba

Masangano mitemo yakarongwa neyamasanga, masangano, uye miitiro izvo gadziriro inodzora. Zvinosarudza kuti simba rinowanwa sei, rinoshandiswa sei, kuchinjwa, uye kumanikidzirwa. Masangano makuru mukudzora kwazvino uno anobatanidza:

  • [ : Mutumbi wokuita mutemo (masangano, musangano, gungano renyika). Mitemo inomirira fariro dzakasiyana- siyana, kurukurirano, uye inobvumira kushandiswa kwemari. Simba rawo rinosiana.]Nyama inosiana(dzimwe imitumbi yakasimba inorema, dzimwe zvitemho zvarabha nokuda kwavakuru vakuru.
  • Zvinoshanda: Bazu rine mutoro wokushandisa mitemo nokutarisira hurumende. Mapurezidhendi, vatungamiriri vakuru vakuru, madare, uye vabatiri vehurumende vanoumba dare. Mumiitiro yapurezidhendi mukuru mukuru kazhinji kazhinji anozvimirira; mumiitiro yeparamende mukuru anotorwa uye anozvidavirira kudare remitemo.
  • Dare rinodudzira mitemo uye kuhwirudzura mutemo waro. Dare razvimirira rinogona kunzvera mukuru mukuru nemutevedzeri wemitemo. matare eMitemo, akadai seDare reChikurusa reU.S. kana kuti Dare reFederal Constitution, rinoshandisa simba rinokosha kupfurikidza nehwirudzuro yedare redare.
  • Bureaucracy: Mudziyo wechigarire wehurumende unoita mabasa ehurumende. Mahofisi anogona kuunganidza simba guru kupfurikidza nounyanzvi, kudzorwa kwamashoko, uye kungwara mukushandisa miraudzo. Max Weber akaona chikwata chechiremera segadziriro yechiremera yemitemo, asi vatsoropodzi vanogona kuva mugariro unoshumwa.
  • Federalism ne DVM: Mumiitiro yomubatanidzwa (United States, Germany, India), simba rinokamuraniswa pakati pehurumende dzamarudzi neruwa. Uku kuparadzirwa kwechiremera kunoparira nzvimbo dzakawanda dzesimba, kupa vagari vemo navatambi mikana yakawanda yokupesvedzera muitiro.

Somuenzaniso, masangano haasi nhandare dzisingatori rutivi; anoratidzira ndokusimbisa kuparadzirwa kwesimba kuripo. chirongwa chomutemo chakagadzirirwa kukunda nzvimbo dzomumaruwa dzinomirira nzvimbo idzodzo, chinopa pesvedzero huru kunharaunda idzodzo. Kunzwisisa gadziriro yesangano kunokosha kuti unzwisise ane simba uye kuti anogona kuchinjwa sei.

Zvinhu Zvinoshandisa Simba: Kushandiswa Kunoitwa Simba

Kupfuura zvivako zvenguva dzose, simba rinoshanda kupfurikidza nemiitiro inoshamisa.

Mafungiro Evanhu

Muhurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu, murangariro wavose isimba guru. Vakuru vakuru vanofuratira murangariro wakakurumbira unokuvadza paminzvero. Zvisinei, murangariro wavose unogona kushandiswa kupfurikidza namashoko anoparadzirwa, mashoko asina kururama, uye kunyorwa kwezvinobudisa nhau. Nhimbe dzazvino uno dzemifungo nerondedzero dzemagariro avanhu dzakakuita kuti kuve nyore kuumba jere nejere remirangariro yenzanga (apolation).

Mapoka Anofarira Nokubira

Mapoka akarongeka .(masangano, masangano enyanzvi, masangano asingadi mhindu(anotsvaka kupesvedzera vaiti vemiitiro). Robiting iindasitiri yakasanogadzirwa munyika dzakadai seUnited States, umo mabhiriyoni amadhora anopedzerwa gore rimwe nerimwe kudzosa mutemo nemiraudzo. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti uku kuderera kwesimba kufariro dzapfuma pakurasikirwa nevagari vemowo zvavo. Kunzvera kwezvamatongerwe enyika kwakadai seLarry Bartels kunoratidza kuti vatambi veU.S.

Zvinobudisa Nhau Nekurukurirano

Masangano enhau anosarudza kuti inhaui dzinofukidzwa, kuti inoiswa sei, uye ndiani anowana chikuva. Iri "ganda-signiviti" rinoumba izvo vanhu vanofunga pamusoro penhau uye kuti vanonzwisisa sei. Kukwira kwemichina yemakombiyuta kwaparadzanisa vanhu, kugadzira nzvimbo dzokufambisa mashoko uye kuita kuti kushande. Hurumende dzinoshandisawo zviteshi kuti dziite simba rakapfava.

Ukama Hwemarudzi Ose

Kutonga kwenyika yose hakusati kuri chinhu chimwe; simba rinoparadzirwa pakati penyika, masangano amarudzi ose (UN, IMF, World Bank), makambani amarudzi akawanda, uye vatambi vasiri vehurumende. Marudzi ane simba saUnited States neChina anogona kushandisa pesvedzero kupfurikidza nekutengeserana, yamuro, mibatanidzwa yehondo, uye dzvinyiriro yemibatanidzwa yehurumende. Mitumbi yeEuropean Union inotamisa uchangamire hwakati kubva kunyika dziri mitezo kuchiremera chikuru, ichiumba mubatanidzwa mutsva wehurumende umo simba rinofambiswa.

Mirangariro Yakanaka Pasimba

Nyanzvi dzakatanga dzidziso dzokukwikwidzana kuti dzitsanangure kuti ndiani chaizvoizvo anotonga.

  • Chiratidzo: Simba rinoparadzirwa pakati pamapoka akawanda anokwikwidzana, mapoka ezviwaro, mapoka ezviwanwa. Hapana zviremera zvinodzora; migumisiro inoratidzira kukumbira nokubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira. Kufunda kwaRobert Dahl kweNew Haven ([[FLT:]] Ndiani anotungamirira?]) akawana kuti nhau dzakasiana - siana dzaiva navatambi vanopesvedzera vakasiyana.
  • Iboka duku, rinotonga pamwe chete ($vezvemari, zvamatongerwe enyika, mauto) zvinodzora zvisarudzo zvizhinjisa. C. Wright Mills akataura kuti "simba rakatanhamara" muAmerica rakagoverana mamiriro ezvinhu akare ose uye rakashandurwa pakati penzvimbo dzapamusoro. Nguva pfupi yapfuura, uyu murangariro wakavandudzwa kutsanangura kuisa ukurudzo yepfuma nepesvedzero yemasangano.
  • Marxist naCritical Theories: Simba rinoratidzira fariro dzeboka rekaputeni. Hurumende inoonekwa sechishandiso chokudzora boka, nemitemo yakagadzirirwa kuchengeta gadziriro yemari. Vatsigiri veMaripos seNicos Poulentantzas vakapikisa kuti nyika ine rusununguko rwakaenzana rwokudzora njodzi asi pakupedzisira inoshanda chikamari.
  • Institualial Theory:[[FLT: 1] Institutions dzimene dzinoumba simba. Nzira yechipiri, mirau yakarongwa, uye tsika dzesangano zvinodzivisa izvo vatambi vanogona kuita. Vatsigiri venhau vanonzvera kuti zvisarudzo zvomunguva yakapfuura zvinoparira sei miuyo yekiyi inosimudzira zvivako zvesimba zvakati.

Mupfungwa dzose, simba rinowanzova muvanhu vakakwirira asi rinopesvedzerwawo nemasangano enzanga, maonero anoita vanhu vose, uye kumanikidzwa kushandira hurumende.

Nzvero Dzenhau Mukudzora

Mienzaniso yakananga inojekesa kuti iyi mirangariro inoshanda sei mugadziriro chaidzoidzo dzezvamatongerwe enyika.

United States

U.S. irepublic yehurumende ine gadziriro yapurezidhendi. Simba rakakamurwa zvakajeka pakati pamapazu matatu. Bazu rewirono remitemo (Conrever) rinoisa mitemo, rinodzora bhajeti, uye rine masimba okutarisira. Bazu guru (Presidenti, masangano ehurumende) rinoshandisa mitemo nemiitiro yokumwe. judicary (Dare reSango reSango namatare akaderera) rinodudzira mitemo uye rinogona kuputsa zviito zvisina kurongwa. Iyi gadziriro yechekero neganhuriro zvakarororo zvakarongedzerwa kudzivisa bazu ripi neripi neripi pakudzora. Zvisinei, zvamatongerwedzo yezvamatongerwe enyika, uye kukura kwemirairo yemitengo yazvino unopfuudza masimba makuru. Mapoka anoshandisa zvikuru kupesvedzera pesvedzero nokuronga mitemo, mibvunzo pamusoro pezviito zvemitemo kana kuti zvivepote. [Fogly]

China

China inoshanda pasi pegadziriro yehurumende inodzorwa nenzvimbo imwe yechiKomonisiti neChikamu cheChina (CCP) pamucheto. CCP inodzora masangano ose enyika, kubatanidza National People’s Congress, State Council (cabinet), mauto, nejajitary. Munyori mukuru Xii Jining anobata nzvimbo ine simba guru, achiva asimbisa chiremera pabato, hurumende, uye mauto. Hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzinoshandisa mitemo asi dzine chiremera chakaganhurirwa. Economicration yakaita boka idzva ravapfumi, asi inoramba ichitsamira patendero yebato. [FG.G.G.G.] Couniltic Revoltion [FUR.[FLT]] paInternation [FLCP]

United Kingdom

UK ihurumende inodzorwa nemitemo ine gadziriro yeparamende. Mambo (King Charles III) mukuru wehurumende asi ane mibato mikuru yetsika. Simba chairo rinogara muNzvimbo inosarudzwa yeCommons, mutungamiriri wehurumende, uye kabhii. House of Lords (vaenzani vakagadzwa uye venhaka) inogona kuidzokorora mutemo asi haigoni kuudzivisa nokusingaperi. Kubatanidzwa kwemitemo yazvimirimo, uye hakuna bumbiro remitemo rakanyorwa; panzvimbo pezvo, mubatanidzwa wemiraudzo, mutemo wavose, uye kokorodzano dzinotonga. Simba rinodzorwa zvikuru muWestminstern, kunyange zvazvo devodved shards muSconding, Walesland, uye Northern Ireland yakawana chiremera chikuru. Kubatanidzwa kwesimba rehurumende neraukuru rehurumende (mutungamiriri wehurumende neredzi wehurumende ndidzo) kunobvumira mukuru mukuru mukuru zvikuru kudzora, zvikurukuru nevo.

South Africa

South Africa yakachinja kubva parusaruraganda kuenda kuhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu vemadzinza akawanda muna 1994. Bumbiro rayo remitemo nderimwe revanoramba vachifambira mberi munyika, richibatanidza kodzero dzevanhu, rinozvimiririra, uye Dare reMitemo rakasimba. African National Congress (ANC) yakadzora zvematongerwe enyika kubvira pakuchinja kwacho, asi dare rehurumende nemhosho dzemo dzemosha dzakashatisa kodzero dzaro. Chiviti chehurumende chine simba guru rakaenzana nerevo, hurumende dzezvizvarwa, uye nzanga dzakabudirira. Dare reMitemo reHurumende yeNyika yomuSouth Africa rakabudisa mitemo pakodzero dzaro yenzanga, inoratidza kuti matare ehurumende anogona sei kuzvidavirira. Kunyange zvakadaro, kusafanana kwezve kwezveupfumi uye kushaya mabasa ehurumende hakurevi kunoreva kunyange simba rezvamatongerwe enyika. [FLT:] Dare remitemo remitemo yemitemo yeSangano renyika renyika renyika rinoshandura kuti rishandure simba rezve kuva kunyange simba renzanga dzenzanga.

Tapuro Yokutonga Panzanga

Kushandiswa kwesimba kunobatanidza:

  • Ruramisiro:[[FLT: 1] Hurumende inosarudza kuparadzirwa kwezvinhu zvavose(kugoverwa, kutarisirwa kwoutano, pokugara, chengeteko yenzanga. Masangano ane kutora rutivi kwakafara uye simba romutemo anowanzoparira miuyo yakaisvonaka, nepo miitiro yakashata kana kuti inobvisa kusaenzana.
  • Chitendero chePuregical: Legitte, hurumende dzinobatanidza yose inosimudzira chivimbo uye inoderedza ngozi yerwisano. Apo simba rinorangarirwa serinoshuviwa kana kuti rinobatwa nevoruzhinji, vanoramba kutsutsumwa uye kuwedzera. Kumukira kwechiArab Spring, somuenzaniso, kwakawedzerwa nezvinodikanwa nokuda kwehurumende dzinozvidavirira dzakawanda.
  • Development: Kudzora kunoshanda kunoparira mhoteredzo yapamutemo inodeya kuzivikanwa, inodzivirira maruramiro enzvimbo, uye inoisa mari mugadziriro dzenzvimbo. Nyika dzine masangano akasimba dzinokombamira kukura nokukurumidza. Nenzira inopesana, maruwa ekleptocracy umo simba rinoshandiswa nokuda kwepfumi yomunhu oga rinotambura mukukura kwakaderera uye kubhururuka kukuru.
  • Chibvumirano chebic: Magadzirirwo ehurumende anotapura matsikidzire anoita vagari vemo. Masangano akarongwa anopa nzvimbo dzakawanda dzokuwanana. Masangano eongitarian anowanzoodza mwoyo kana kuti kudzora kutora rutivi, kuvhiringidza nzanga. Kuvimbisa kukuru kunobatanidza nehurumende dzinotonga neutano.

Kuva Apamutemo Kwesimba

Simba harina kukwana; rinofanira kuonekwa serakafanira kuva rakatsiga. Max Weber akazivisa manyuko matatu echiremera: egamuchidzanwa (rakavakirwa patsika nenhevedzano yenhaka, semumamonarchy), chapupu [[[FULT]] chinoitwa [[[FULT]]] pamavara echienzi, sevatungamiriri vechienzi, uye magal-ele-g [ [inobva pamitemo nemiitiro, sezvirongwa zvenguva ino]. Hurumende dzakawanda dzinobatanidza aya marudzi. pamutemo anogona kushata apo hurumende inokundikana kubudisa mitemo, kana kuti idzorwa.

mhedziso

Ndiani ane simba rokudzora munzira dzakasiyana- siyana? Mhinduro yacho haina kutongova nyore. Simba rinoparadzirwa mumativi ose, mamiriro ezvemari, nhau dzetsika, uye masimba amarudzi ose. Rinoratidzwa pose pari paviri kupfurikidza nemitemo nesarudzo uye nokusaoneka kupfurikidza nepurogiramu yemifungo. Zvimiro zvakasiyana- siyana zvokudzora zvinonangidzira simba munzira dzakasiyana- siyana, uye kunyange mukati megadziriro imwe cheteyo, simba rinochinja nguva. Vadzidzi navadzidzisi, kunzwisisa uku kuoma kuri madikanwa kwete bedzi nokuda kwefundo yedzidzo yedzidzo asi nokuda kwokuva mugari wemo. Kuziva uko kune simba, uye kugona kuongororwa, kubatanidzwa, kana kuti kukwikwidzana kuvaka kwakawanda uye kunoshanda. Mugumisiro, mubvunzo wesimba inhauwo ye [FLD:] [FLD] [F]