Kuverengazve Zvirongwa zveHurumende

Hurumende dzehurumende dzehurumende yehurumende dzazvino uno dzinovakirwa panheyo yokuparadzana kwamasimba, pfungwa yakaziviswa zvakakurumbira nomuzivi weFrance Montesquieu. Iyi gadziriro inokamuranisa chiremera chehurumende pakati pamapazu akasiana - siana(wratizoripo comutemo, mutungamiriri, uye mutongi) kudzivisa chinhu chipi nechipi kuva chine simba zvikuru. Bazu rewisc rinoumba mitemo, bazu rinotonga rinoaita kuti iomere, uye bazi rinotonga rinoadudzira. Chivako ichi chinoumba musimbo webumbiro remitemo yokutonga mumarudzi akawanda, chichivimbisa kuti simba rose riri maviri rinoparadzirwa uye rakadzikama. Kunzwisisa kuti basa remitemo namapazu ezvokutungamirira zvamatongerwe enyika uye kunoshanda kunokosha sei nokuda kwokunzwisisa simba regadziriro dzezvamatongerwe enyika uye kuchengetwa kwerusununguko rwehurumende.

Ukama pakati pamapazu maviri aya hahuna kubatana; hunochinja nemamiriro ezvamatongerwe enyika, tsananguro dzapamutemo, uye zvinodikanwa zvenzanga. Kupfurikidza nokunzvera mabasa avo akasiana, mitoro, uye mutoo wakavakirwapo wechekero nedzikamo, vagari navadzidzi vanogona kunzwisisa zviri nani vhiringidziko dzekudzora. Nyaya inonzvera mabasa akasiyana - siyana amapazu emitemo neanotonga, anoenzanisa masimba avo, uye kunzvera kuti vanobatirana sei uye vanobatirana sei mukati megadziriro yakagadzirirwa kudzivirira rusununguko.

Bazu Romutemo: Inzwi Ravanhu

Bazu remitemo idare rinogadzira mitemo rehurumende, rinoshanda nokumirira fariro dzevagari vemo uye kuita gadziriro yapamutemo inodzora nzanga. Muhurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu zhinjisa, iri bazi iparamende kana kuti musangano, kazhinji kazhinji rakakamurwa kuva makamuri maviri(imba yakaderera neimba yapamusoro(hokuvimbisa kuva noungwaru hwakafara. Somuenzaniso, United States Congress inobatanidza imba yavamiririri, apo zvigaro zvinogoverwa navagari vemo, uye Dare rehurumende, umo nyika imwe neimwe ine mufananidzo wakaenzana. Mamwe marudzi, akadai seUnited Kingdom, ane Palamende yebhiral neNhaviro inosarudzwa neNhando dzakasarudzwa. Unicamer, kufanana naavo vari muNew Zealand neSweden, simba rinoiswa muchikamu chimwe, uye rinosimbiswa zvakananga.

Mabasa Ebazi Romutemo

  • Kugadzira mirau neMitemo: Basa guru nderokunyora, kukurukura, kusimudza, uye kupfuudza mitemo. Uyu muitiro unobatanidza madanho akawanda(intro, kuhwirudzura kwedare, kurukurirano youriri, uye kuvhota (kuyera) kuisa pachena. Majekiseni anokarakadza zvikwereti pamisoro yakasiana- siyana yakadai sezvipatara, dzidzo kusvikira kuchengeteko yenyika nemitero.
  • Kupa nokupfuudza Basa:[[FT:1] Mitemo inoshanda sebatano yakananga pakati pavagari vemo nehurumende. Vanotaura itiro hanya dzomunzvimbomo, vatsigiri nokuda kwezvinodikanwa zvenzanga, uye vanobetsera vanhu vamwe navamwe kufamba mumasangano ezvokudzora. Basa iri rinomirira rinokosha kukuzvidavirira kwedemocracy.
  • Chiremera chemabhinya neFiscal Touver: Bazu remitemo rinodzora chaizvoizvo “simba rechikwama,” kureva kuti rinotendera bhajeti yehurumende, rinogovera mari, uye rinobvumira ndyiko. MuUnited States, Masangano anofanira kupfuudza mari kuti abhadhare mari yokubhadharira mari yemitero yehurumende, uye rine chiremera chokubvisa mitero yezvemari nokukwereta mari. Uku kudzora kwemari kunopa chirongwa chemitemo chinokosha pamusoro pezvinhu zvehurumende.
  • Kushanda kweChirevo Chikuru: Mitemo inonzvera kuitwa kwemitemo nomufambiro wemasangano anotungamirira. Kupfurikidza nokunzwa, kunzvera, uye zvikumbiro nokuda kwemagwaro, vaiti vemitemo vanorangarira kuti bazi guru rinozvidavirira. Matare kazhinji kazhinji anozvidavirira munzvimbo chaidzo senhau dzokunze, judicary, kana kuti simba (naizvozvo) anogona kupupurira pasi pezvipupuri kana kuti kumanikidza.
  • Masangano ePurofesa naMazano neMazita: Mumiitiro mizhinji, mubatanidzwa wedare unosimbisa kugadzwa kukuru kwevakuru vakuru navanotonga. Dare reU.S., somuenzaniso, rinofanira kugovera “kubatira nokubvumira” pamishumo yapurezidhendi nokuda kwavanyori vedare, vatongi vehurumende, uye nhume. Uku kunzvera kunovimbisa kuti zvisarudzo zvemukuru mukuru mukuru zvipi zvipi zvipiswe kufundo yomutemo.

Gadziriro Yomutemo Nomuitiro

Mitemo inoshanda kupfurikidza negadziriro yamatare, iyo inobvumira nzvero chaiyo yemabhiri anokarakadzwa. Zvikwereti zvizhinjisa zvinotanga kuendeswa kudare rine unyanzvi hwakafanira, uko zvipupuriro zvinoitirwa, ufakazi hunonzwiwa, uye kugadziriswa kunoitwa. Kana zvichitenderwa, mari inoguma muimba yakazara nokuda kwekurukurirano nevhoti. Mugadziriro dzezvikwereti zvose, zvikamu zvose zvinofanira kupfuura shanduro dzakafanana pamutemo risati ratumirwa kumukuru nokuda kwetendero. Uyu muitiro wakaoma unorongedzerwa kudzivisa mutemo wokukurumidza uye kukurudzira kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira. Zvisinei, unogonawo kutungamirira kutsika apo zvikamu zvamatongerwe enyika zvinodzikamadzika, sezvinoonekwa mukati memanokakavara mutengo pamutemo.

Bazi Rine Mukuru: Injini Yehurumende

Bazu guru rine mutoro wokushandisa nokuisa mitemo inopiwa nedare. Rinotungamirirwa napurezidhendi kana kuti mutungamiriri wehurumende, anotsigirwa nekabhini kavafundisi kana kuti vanyori vanotarisira madhipatimendi akasiyana - siyana (umh., dziviriro, dzidzo). Mutungamiriri anobatanidzawo boka guru revashandi vehurumende vanotungamirira vanoshanda mazuva ose, kubva kumapaposwokusi okuunganidza mitero. Mumasangano apurezidhendi akafanana neUnited States, purezidhendi ndiye mukuru wehurumende uye mukuru wehurumende, akasarudzwa sedare rehurumende. Mumasangano eparamendes akadai seUnited Kingdom, Canada, kana kuti India.Nhena mukuru mukuru mukuru mukuru mukuru wehurumende, akasarudzwa kubva pasangano rehurumende rakaparadzana kana kuti purezidhendi wehurumende anobatira semukuru wehurumende.

Mabasa eCore eBazu raVatungamiriri

  • Kudzorwa kwemitemo nokushandiswa: Mukuru mukuru wehurumende anovimbisa kuti mitemo inopedzerwa nokutendeka. Ikoku kunobatanidza mirau inoronga iyo ino udzame inoshandiswa nayo, kubhadharira vaputsi kupfurikidza negadziriro yeruramisiro, uye kutarisira gadziriro dzavose. Somuenzaniso, U.S. Protection Providetion Agency inomanikidzira mhepo yakachena nemitemo yemvura kupfurikidza nokuisa mipimo yokubudisa nokushatisa mipimo.
  • Purofiki yorumano naAgenda Setting: Bazu revatungamiriri rinowanzosunda purogiramu yemitemo yenyika. Mapurezidhendi navakuru vakuru vanokarakadza mirayiridzo yemitemo yezvokutanga, kubudisa mirayiridzo yavakuru vakuru (muU.S.), kana kuti kutanga zvikwereti muparamende. Ivo vanogadza nzira yehurukuro yenyika uye vanogona kushandisa chikuva chavo kutsigira nokuda kwezviito.
  • Affairs and Diplomacy: Kuita ukama hwamarudzi ose ibasa gurusa. Kutaurirana kwemibatanidzwa, kunomirira nyika panzvimbo dzapasi pose, uye kudzora zvibvumirano. MuU.S., purezidhendi ndiye mumiriri mukuru, ane simba rokuziva hurumende dzokumwe uye kutaurirana zvibvumirano zvinoda tendero yedare.
  • National Defense and Security: Mutungamiriri anoshanda somutungamiriri wemauto ane zvombo, ane mutoro wokudzivirira rudzi patyisidziro dzokunze. Ikoku kunobatanidza kuisa mauto, kutarisira gadziriro dzehondo, uye kuvimbisa chengeteko yenyika yokumusha. Mukuru mukuru anotsinhiranawo masangano ouchenjeri nemhinduro yekurumidziro mukati menjodzi.
  • Administation and Bureaucracy: Kushanda kwezuva nezuva kwehurumende kunotsamira pamichina yebumbiro rehurumende. Madhipatimendi eKabhineti namasangano akazvimirira anoshandisa purogiramu, maindasitiri, uye anogovera mabasa. Mukuru mukuru anogadza vakuru vakuru, anotarisira vashandi vehurumende, uye anova nechokwadi chokuzvidavirira mukati mebungwe.

Simba Rine Simba Neganhuriro

Nepo mukuru mukuru achishandisa simba rakati, anogona kumanikidzwa nokutarisira kwomutemo, kuongorora kwedare, uye kunzvera kwebumbiro remitemo. Mumiitiro yapurezidhendi, mukuru mukuru anogona kuisa mutemo asi angasavimbwa nemitemo yepamusorosoro. Vakuru vakuru vanopawo mirairo kana kuti mirayiro yokutungamirira kuti vatungamirire basa resangano, asi izvi zvinogona kudenhwa mudare kana kuti kubviswa nevakuru vakuru veparamende. Mumasangano eparamende, mukuru mukuru wehurumende (cabinet) anotorwa kubva muimba yomutemo uye anofanira kuchengeta chivimbo chayo; vhoti yechivimbo chechivimbo hachigoni kumanikidza hurumende kubvisa kana kuti kudana kusarudzo itsva. Uku kuumba uku kunogona kuita kuti pave nokubatanidzwa kwamasimba ayo anopesana nokuparadzana kunokosha mumienzaniso yapurezidhendi.

Kuenzanisa Mabasa Omutemo Neanodzora

Kunzwisisa kusiyana uku kunojekesa kuti hurumende inoshanda sei uye nei kusawirirana pakati pemapazu kuripo ndekwomuzvarirwo, uye kazhinji kacho kwakanaka.

Misiyano Mikuru

  • Chisiko chapamutemo vs. Mutemo Nhevedzo: Basa guru remutezo wechibvumirano nderokugadzira nokugumisa mitemo; basa romukuru mukuru nderokumanikidzira nokushandisa. Uku kupesana iko kunokosha kwecherekedzo nedzikamo.
  • Reformation vs. Administration: Mitemo inosarudzwa kumirira vanhu nefariro dzavo dzakasiana - siana, kazhinji kazhinji ichinangidzira ngwariro paitiro hanya dzomunzvimbomo. Vakuru vakuru, zvikurukuru purezidhendi, vane maruramiro enyika uye vane mutoro wokutarisira chiwiso chose chehurumende.
  • Kuzvidavirira kwemichina yemari: Mitemo inozvidavirira zvakananga kuvavhoti kupfurikidza nesarudzo yenguva dzose, zvikurukuru makore maviri kusvikira kumatanhatu ari ose. Zviremera zvinozvidavirira kudare remitemo (kupfurikidza nokutarisira, kurota, kana kuti chivimbo) uye kazhinji kazhinji namashoko akatsiga anovadzivirira pakubviswa nokukurumidza.
  • Mitemo yeRefultures ne Tsavene: Mitemo inowanzova mipfupi uye inozungunutswa kuvimbisa kupfuurira nokugamuchira. Mashoko echiremera anosiana: Mapurezidhendi eU.S. anobatira mashoko amakore mana neganhuriro yenhambo mbiri; vakuru vakuru vakuru mumitezo yeparamende vanogona kubatira kwenguva refu sezvavanochengeta tsigiro yavazhinji, iyo ingava makore kana kuti mwedzi mishomanene.
  • [[NHAU: 0] Kumhanya-kurusa kunoitwa: Mitemo yakagadzirirwa kurangarira nekurukurirano, inogona kunonoka kuita chisarudzo. Zviremera zvinogona kuita nokukurumidza zvikuru, zvikurukuru mumigariro, asi zvingadzivisa kurukurirano yemitemo kupfurikidza nemirayiro yavakuru vakuru kana kuti mirayiro.

Kufanana Nokuwa Zvikuru

Pasinei zvapo nemabasa azvo akasiyana, mapazi haana kuparadzana chose chose. Mumiitiro yeparamende, mukuru mukuru anotorwa kudare, achivhiringidza musiyano pakati pokuita mitemo nokuchengeta. Kunyange mumiitiro yapurezidhendi, mukuru mukuru anowanzokarakadza mutemo uye anopesvedzera zvirongwa zvemitemo. Mapazu ose ari maviri anopinda mukuita mitemo nemitemo nemitemo, mukuru mukuru wehurumende kupfurikidza nemiraudzo. Anoitawo mutoro wemitemo yokumwe: masangano emitemo uye kusimbisa zviremera, apo vakuru vakuru vakuru vanokurukurirana uye vanotarisira kukurukurirana. Iyi Hurumende inovimbisa kuti hapana bazu rinoshanda murusando.

Kupindira Pakati Pemapazi: Kunoongorora uye Kudzikama Kunoitwa

Ukama pakati pamapazu emitemo navakuru vakuru hunowanzova hune nharo. Gadziriro yokunzvera nedzikamo yakarongedzerwa kudzivisa bazu ripi neripi kusadzora, asi inoparirawo kusawirirana. Uku kunyanduka kunobereka zvibereko; kunosunda kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira uye kunovimbisa kuti mirangariro mizhinji inorangarirwa zvisarudzo zvikuru zvisati zvaitwa.

Nzvero Chaidzoidzo

  • Veto Power uye Dzekusabata: MuU.S., purezidhendi anogona kupfura mutemo unopfuudzwa neCongress, achimanikidzira vaiti vemitemo kurangarirazve. Dare rinogona kukunda chiverengero chezvitatu zviviri mumakamuri ose ari maviri, nzvero isingawanzosvikikanwi asi ine simba. Uyu muitiro unodzivisa chiito chewirirano neambuyasi yemitemo uye unokurudzira kurangarira.
  • Kutonga nokunzvera kunotsiva: Mitemo inogona kunzvera zviito zvokutungamirira, kuva nezvinyorwa zvokunzwa, uye zvikamu zvapashure zvezvinyorwa zvapupu. Kushanda kwemitengo inoyera, kufukura tsvina kana kuti kushatisa, uye kukarakadza chinjo. Mienzaniso yenzvimbo dzakakwirira inobatanidza kunzvera mukundikano dzoungwaru, njodzi dzemari, uye mufambiro wapurezidhendi.
  • Kusimbiswa kweMasarudzo: Zvibvumirano zvakawanda zvokutonga zvinoda kusimbiswa kwemitemo. Ikoku kunopa mutezo muna anotarisira masangano nematare, kudzivisa mukuru mukuru panzvimbo dzokuisa zvigaro zvisina ukoshi kana kuti vakavimbika vanoramba. Kunonoka kana kuti kurambwa kunogona kudzora purogiramu yokutarisira.
  • Kurongedza nokubvisa: Chirongwa chine simba rokuzvidza ndokubvisa purezidhendi, mutevedzeri wapurezidhendi, kana kuti vamwe vakuru vakuru vehurumende nokuda kwe “chisarudzo, chiokomuhomwe, kana kuti mamwe utsotsi hwakakwirira uye zvikanganiso” (Constitution). Kudzora muitiro wezvamatongerwe enyika, kwete wetsotsi, uye kunobatira senzvero yokupedzisira pamufambiro usina kufanira weboka.
  • Control: Sezvacherekedzwa, chibvumirano chinodzora mari. Nokuvanza kana kuti kudzosera, inogona kumanikidza zviito zvehurumende. Kutyisidzira kwokudzima kwehurumende muenzaniso unoshamisa wesimba iri.

Mienzaniso Yenyika Chaiyoiyo Yefunganyo Yapamhindi

Zviitiko zvenhau nezvinoitika zvinoenzanisira kuti kunzvera nokudzikama zvinoshanda sei. Muna 1998, Purezidhendi Bill Clinton akapikiswa neIndare nokuda kwokuvanza nokudzongonyedza ruramisiro, asi akasunungurwa neDare(aidzora kunzvera kwapamberi pezvikamu zviviri zvemitemo. Mienzaniso iyi inoratidza kuti kuoma kwemiitiro yokupinda munyika, kuchinja mamiriro okunze, uye kutarisirwa kwoutano kwakatungamirira kumatare nekuita masangano. Muparamende, kuvimba kwemukuru mukuru pachivimbo chemitemo kunogona kutungamirira kukuvhotera kana kuti kuputswa kwakabatana, sezvinooneka muItaly neIsraelrael. Mienzaniso iyi inoratidza kuti kusawirirana nemamiriro ezvinhu echienzi enzvimbo yenzvimbo yenzvimbo yehurumende haisiri chikanganiso asi rutivi rwegadziriro yemitemo.

Kusiyana Kwemasangano Ezvamatongerwe Enyika

Kunzwisisa kusiyana - siyana uku kunobatsira kuronga mabasa ataurwa pamusoro apa.

Mitemo yaPurezidhendi (mugwara rejeri, United States, Brazil, Nigeria)

Mugadziriro dzapurezidhendi, mukuru mukuru anosarudzwa akaparadzana nedare rehurumende uye anobatira nhambo yakatarwa. Purezidhendi mukuru ari zvose zviri zviviri musoro wehurumende, ane chiremera chakazvimirira. Kuparadzana kwamasimba kwakaoma zvikuru, kureva kuti purezidhendi haagoni kubvisa mutezo wemitemo, uye mutungamiriri wehurumende haagoni kubvisa zviri nyore purezidhendi (kunze kwokusatevedzerwa). Iyi purogiramu inogona kutungamirira kuruvara apo denderyona nedare remitemo zvinodzorwa namapoka akasiana, sezvinopupurirwa mukati mekurambidza kwehurumende yeU.S.

Miitiro yeParamende (muchib., United Kingdom, Canada, Germany)

Mugadziriro dzeparamende, mukuru mukuru (gurukota redare nedare redare) anotorwa kubva kudare remitemo uye anoramba ane mutoro kwariri. Mutungamiriri wehurumende ndiye mutungamiriri webato guru kana kuti mubatanidzwa muparamende. Uku kubatanidzwa kwamasimba kunobvumira mutemo unokurumidza zvikuru uye kudzora kukuru kwemitemo, asiwo kunoreva kuti vhoti yechivimbo chehurumende inogona kuderedza hurumende, inotungamirira kukusarudza kutsva. Mitezo yeParamende kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji inoparira gadziriro inowirirana zvikuru asi inogona kuisa ngwariro mumaoko ebato rinodzora.

Semi-Presidential Systems (mh., France, Russia, South Korea)

Gadziriro idzi dzinobatanidza zvinhu zvezvose zviri zviviri: purezidhendi akasarudzwa zvakananga ane masimba anokosha (kazhinji kazhinji muzvinhu zvokumwe nedziviriro) uye mutungamiriri wehurumende nedare rine mutoro kuparamende. Kuparadzirwa kwesimba kunogona kuchinja zvichitsamira pakuti boka rapurezidhendi rinodzora mutezo womutemo here, kuchitungamirira ku “kugarwa” uko purezidhendi nagurukota vanobva kumativi akasiyana. Ikoku kunoparira tsinhirano yakasiana pakati pamapazu, sezvinoonekwa muFrance umo purezidhendi anogadza nhungamiro yakarongwa apo mutungamiriri wehurumende anotarisira muitiro wemhuri.

Chikonzero Nei Kunzwisisa Mabasa Awa Kuchikosha

Nokuda kwavadzidzi, vadzidzisi, uye varonge vagari vemo, kunzwisisa mabasa akasiyana - siyana ebazu remitemo nerokutungamirira havasati vari bedzi muitiro wedzidzo. Iko ihwaro hwokutora rutivi rune ruzivo rwenzanga. Kuziva kuti ndiani anoita mitemo uye anoimanikidzira kubvumira vanhu kutungamirira vamiririri vavo nenzira inobudirira. (8) Kupesvedzera mumiririri, kuvhota muvhota wapurezidhendi, kana kuti kuva nesangano rehurumende rinozvidavirira. Gadziriro yemipidhiro, nepo pane dzimwe nguva dzinoshatiswa, dzakarongedzerwa kuderedza zvisarudzo zvavo nokudzivirira maruramiro mashoma. Musayendisiti wezvamatongerwe enyika weAmerica James Madison Mace akanyora mu [FL:].[5] FLT][FLD]

Uyezve, kudzokorora misiyano mugadziriro dzezvamatongerwe enyika kunowedzera kuziva kwenyika. Mudzidzi anoenzanisa Dare reHurumende reU.S. neParamende yeBritain anowana nzwisiso huru zvikuru muicho marudzi akasiyana - siyana anosvika nhau dzakadai sokutarisira utano, kuchinja mitero, kana kuti kutama kunoitwa nemiitiro yakasiyana nemigumisiro.

mhedziso

Mapazu emitemo neanotungamirira anoita mabasa anowirirana asi akasiyana mumibatanidzwa yehurumende yedemocracy. Chirongwa chehurumende chinomirira vanhu, chinoumba mitemo, uye chinoita kuti zvikwama zvitevedzerwe; mutungamiriri anoisa mitemo iyoyo, anotonga nyaya dzenyika, uye mufambiro. Kubatana kwavo, kudzorwa nokuongorora uye kudzikamiswa, kunosimbisa kuti simba rirambe richiparadzirwa uye richizvidavirira. Kubva pakudzokororwa kwemari yemabhajeni, simba riri pakati pamapazu aya rinoumba mativi ose emitemo yavose. Nokudzidza mabasa avo akasiyana nezvinomuka pakati pavo, vagari vemo vanogona kufamba zvakanaka munzanga uye kubetsera utano hwehurumende yavo yehurumende inotonga.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, nzvera mawebsite apamutemo e U.S. Congress ne House yeVhite kuronda mabasa enguva chaiyoiyo emitemo nevakuru vakuru. Zviwiro zvedzidzo zvinobva ku USA. gov[ ne Enclopedia Britannica[[FLT:]]] zvinogovera kukwira zvakadzika zvikuru kupinda muparadzano yamasimba anogura mhirimhesano.