Chitanga: Kuumbwa Kwoutongi Hwehurumende Hunodzora

Chimiro chehurumende yehurumende yedemokrase yazvino uno chinosimudzirwa pamapazu matatu akasiana: chibvumirano chomutemo, mutungamiriri, uye mutongi. Iri boka, rinowanzonzi kuparadzana kwamasimba, harisi tsaona yenhau asi gadziriro yamaune kudzivirira kuiswa kwechiremera. Mufungo wacho wakaziviswa zvikuru nomuzivi weFrance Montesquieu mubasa rake Mudzimu weMitemo yeMitemo [[FLT: 1], uyo wakapesvedzera zvikuru vagadziri vemitemo yeUnited States Constitution. Kupfurikidza nokugovera mutemo, kudzika mutemo, uye kududzira mutemo kuti zvirongwa zviparadzane, bazu rimwe nerimwe rinoita seridzira mamwe, rinochengeta rusununguko nokuvimbisa. Nokuda kwavadzidzi navadzidzi vanotsvaka kunzwisiswa kwehurumende, shoo vatatu vanopa mativi ebasa rehurumende, uye mutoro wezvamatongerwe enyika.

Tichakurukurawo kuti kuparadzana kwemasimba kunoshanda sei uye nei kuchikosha kuti pave nehurumende inosarudzwa nevanhu ine utano hwakanaka.

Bazu Romutemo: Simba Rokuita Mutemo

Bazu remitemo ndiro rinoumba dare guru rokugadza mutemo. Rinoumbwa navamiriri vakasarudzwa vanokakavadzana, vanonyoresa, uye vhoti pamitemo inotonga rudzi. Mugadziriro zhinjisa dzehurumende yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, musangano rinodzorwa mune masimba makuru pamusoro pemitero, kuronga, uye kutarisira bazi guru. Simba negadziriro zvedare rinogarwa zvakasiana nenyika, asi basa raro guru rinoramba riri rimwe chetero: kushandura kuda kwavanhu kuva mitemo inowirirana.

Bidameral vs.

Mitemo inouya muzvimiro zviviri zvikuru: bidameral neuncameral. Mubati weimba yebhihamal ane makamuri maviri akaparadzana, anowanzova imba yapamusoro neimba yakaderera. United States Congress, somuenzaniso, ine Imba yeVamiririri neDare. United Kingdom’s Paramende inobatanidza Imba yeCommons neImba yaMasasters. Beauralism inogovera gadziriro yechekero dzomukati mukati mukati mukati mebazu remitemo, ichivimbisa kuti mutemo unohwirudzurwa kubva mumifungo yakasiana- siyana. Imba yapamusoro kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji inomirira fariro dzomuruwa (g., inodaro, muDare reU.S.) uye inogovera imwe idzo inobvisa, shomanene yezvokudzokorodza.

Mukupesana, mubatanidzwa wedare weuncameral une kamuri rimwe.Mienzaniso inobatanidza paramende yeSweden nedare rehurumende reNebraska muUnited States. Vatsigiri vanotaura kuti gadziriro dzeuncameral dzinoshanda zvikuru, dzinodhura zvishoma, uye kudzivisa jasi rinogona kumuka mukusawirirana pakati pemakamuri maviri. Zvisinei, vatsoropodzi vanocherekedza kuti kamuri rimwe rinogona kutungamirira kukuita chisarudzo nokukurumidza pasina dziviriro yehwirudzuro yechipiri.

Mabasa eCore naMasimba

Mabasa makuru ebazi remitemo anosanganisira aya:

  • Kugadzira mirau: Kudzosa, kuitisana nharo, kubvisa, uye kupfuudza. Muitiro unobatanidza madanho akawanda: kutanga, kuhwirudzura kwedare, kurukurirano youriri, kuvhota, uye kuyanana pakati pedzimba.
  • Chiremera chehurumende chekudzosa mari nerevo. Munyika dzakawanda, mubatanidzwa wedare bedzi unogona kusimudzira mari kana kuti kubvumira mutengo.
  • Kubatira Dare rinotungamirira:[[FLT: 1] Kutonga, kunzvera, uye kuraira mishumo inobva kumasangano makuru. Matare anogona kupa zvapupu zvepena nemagwaro kuvimbisa kuti bazu ravakuru riri kushanda nenzira yapamutemo uye nenzira inobudirira.
  • Kusimbiswa kweChibvumirano: Mugadziriro dzapurezidhendi seUnited States, Dare rinosimbisa mitezo yedare, vatongi vomubatanidzwa, nhume, uye vamwe vakuru vakuru vanoisa nzvimbo yakakwirira.
  • Ratiation:[ Mabumbiro emitemo akawanda anoda vhoti yemitemo kuti itende zvibvumirano zvamarudzi ose zvinotaurirwa nomukuru mukuru.
  • [ Kudzidzisa: Mugadzi womutemo ane simba rokubvisa musoro wenyika kana kuti vamwe vakuru nokuda kwemhaka huru nemhosho. Imba yakaderera inowanzounza pomero (kutongwa), uye imba yapamusoro inoita dare.

Gadziriro Yomutemo Muudzame

Kunzwisisa kuti mari inova mutemo kunopa sei hwindo rakajeka mubasa rebazu remitemo. Nepo muitiro wacho chaiwo unosiana, nzira yose inotevera nhano dzinoverengeka. Chokutanga, mutezo unotangwa nenhengo yedare. Inobva yapiwa dare rinoona nezvegadziriro yemitemo yakakodzera (g., mari, mari, utano, kana kuti dziviriro). Dare rinova nemhiko yezvipupuriro, uye ringagadzirisa pamutemo. Kana dare richitendera, dare rinoendesa mukamuri rakazara rekurukurirano uye vhoti. Kana rikapfuudzwa, rinoenda kune imwe kamuri (mumuchina webikiral), apo muitiro unodzokororwa. Kupesana pakati peshanduro mbiri kunopedzwa mudare, uye rugwaro rwokupedzisira runotumirwa kudare.

Zvisinei, zvinorevawo kuti mutemo wacho unogona kunonoka uye kuderedza kumhanya kwemarongerwo anoitwa zvinhu nebazi remitemo unobva paurongwa — hunoita kuti pave nokubvumirana uye hunodzivisa kuita zvisarudzo nokukurumidza.

Bazi Rine Simba: Simba Rokumanikidza

Bazu guru rine mutoro wokushandisa nokusimbisa mitemo inopiwa nedare rinotonga. Rinotungamirirwa nomukuru mukuru wehurumende — kazhinji kazhinji purezidhendi kana kuti mutungamiriri wehurumende — uye rinobatanidza kuwanda kwegadziriro dzemadhipatimendi, masangano, uye masangano. Bazu rapamusoro rinoshandura vavariro dzemitemo kushanda, rinotungamirira zviremera zvezuva nezuva, uye rinomirira nyika munhau dzokumwe.

Vatungamiriri Vehurumende Nehurumende

Mumiitiro yapurezidhendi, yakadai seUnited States, purezidhendi anobatira vose vari vaviri mukuru wehurumende uye mukuru wehurumende. Purezidhendi anosarudzwa nenzira yazvimirira, ane shoko rakagadzwa, uye haagoni kubviswa nevhoti yehurumende yokusavimba (kunze kupfurikidza nokusateererwa). Mumasangano eparamende, akadai seUnited Kingdom kana kuti Canada, mukuru wehurumende imoniza kana kuti purezidhendi wetsika, nepo mukuru mukuru wehurumende ari mutungamiriri wehurumende. Mutungamiriri wehurumende ndiye mukuru mukuru webato revoruzhinji muvambi vehurumende uye anogona kubviswa nokuvhotera.

Masimba ebazi guru anowedzera zvikuru munguva dzenjodzi dzomunyika — somuenzaniso, purezidhendi angapa zvirango zvevakuru vakuru, kuisa muchiuto, kana kuti kumisa rusununguko rwakati rwevanhu pasi peganhuriro dzakasimba dzebumbiro remitemo.

Simba Rinokosha Rechiremera

  • Kumanikidzirwa kweMitemo: Mutungamiriri anova nechokwadi chokuti mitemo yose inopfuura nedare remitemo inoitwa nokutendeka. Ikoku kunobatanidza kutyora mutemo kupfurikidza negadziriro yeruramisiro uye kutungamirira gadziriro.
  • Veto Power: Mumiitiro mizhinji, mukuru mukuru anogona kuramba mutemo unopfuudzwa nedare remitemo. Voruzhinji vane mativi matatu vari mudzimba dzose dziri mbiri vangakunda chitsoro, vachipa chekero pamusoro pomukuru mukuru anonyengera.
  • Mirairo Inoshanda: Mapurezidhendi anogona kupa nhungamiro dzine simba romutemo, asi anofanira kudzika midzi muchiremera chemitemo chiripo kana kuti bumbiro remitemo. Mirairo ine chiremera chinotungamirirwa inobvumira chiito chokukurumidza panhau dzemiitiro pasina mutemo mutsva.
  • Muitiro woMumwe uye Diplomacy: Mutungamiriri anotaurirana nezvibvumirano, anoziva hurumende dzokumwe, anogadza vamiririri, uye anoita ukama hwamarudzi ose.
  • Dare muPuni:[[FL:1] Mutungamiriri anoraira mauto akashongedzwa nezvombo. Zvisinei, simba rokuzivisa hondo rinowanzova nedare rinotonga, achigadzira chekerero pachiito chehondo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kugadza nokubvisa: Mukuru mukuru anogadza mitezo yedare, vatongi, uye vamwe vakuru vakuru, kazhinji kazhinji nokusimbisa mutemo. masimba eRemotion anosiana; vamwe vakuru vakuru vanobatira pamufarwa wapurezidhendi, nepo vamwe vane dziviriro kuvimbisa kuzvimirira.

Utongi hweHurumende yeHurumende neKabhinati

Bazu guru rinobatanidza madhipatimendi akawanda namasangano anotarisira munharaunda dzakadai sedziviriro, dzidzo, utano, zvokufambisa, uye mhoteredzo.

Zvisinei, kukura kwebazi guru kunokonzera matambudziko.Bhodha reUniversary interpia, kudzorwa kwemitemo, uye kurwisana kwevane basa nevakuru vakuru vezvamatongerwe enyika kunogona kuvhiringidza utongi hunobudirira.

Bazu Rokutonga: Simba Rokududzira

Bazu rinotonga rinodudzira mitemo uye rinopedza kakavadzano. Vatongi vanoshandisa mitemo, mirau, uye bumbiro remitemo kunhau dzakananga, vachivimbisa kuti ruramisiro inoitwa nenzira yakarurama uye inotsinhirana. Mugadziriro dzakawanda, vatongi vane simba rokuhwirudzura rutongeso — mano okuzivisa zviito zvemitemo kana kuti zvehurumende zvisiri zvehurumende.Iyi simba rinoita kuti judicariachekero inotyisa pamamwe mapazi maviri.

Kuvakwa Kwedare

Nyika zhinjisa dzine chivako chedare redare rehurumende chine:

  • [ Dare reMitemo: Mwero wokutanga apo mhaka dzinonzwiwa, ufakazi hunopiwa, uye mitongo inopiwa. Aya matare anobata nhau dzose dziri mbiri dzehurumende nedzeutsotsi.
  • [ Dare reAppeneta:[[FT:1] matare eInternate anohwirudzura zvisarudzo zvabva kumatare emhosva. Haasati achinzvera maidi asi anonangidzira ngwariro pa kana mutemo wakashandiswa zvakarurama.
  • Dare reMitemo (kana kuti Dare reBumbiro reMitemo): Dare rakakwirira zvikurusa, iro rinonzwa richitaura pamusoro pemibvunzo yapamutemo inokosha zvikurusa. Zvisarudzo zvaro ndezvokupedzisira uye zvinosunga matare ose akaderera.

Dare racho rinoongorora nyaya dzakati kuti dzepamutemo dzinogadziriswa panguva yakakodzera uye kuti mutemo wacho utevedzerwe zvakafanana.

Kuongorora Kutonga uye Mhaka Dzakaratidzirwa

Dzidziso yehwirudzuro yokutonga yakatangwa mumhaka yeChisarudzo chikuru yeU.S. Marbury v. Madison (1803). Kunyora nokuda kwedare rakabatana, Mutongi Mukuru John Marshall akataura kuti ibasa rebazu rokutonga kududzira Bumbiro remitemo uye kubvisa mutemo upi noupi unorwisana naro. Ichi chisarudzo chakasimbisa basa rejudiary sebazu rehurumende rinowirirana.

Dzimwe zviitiko zvenhau dzinoratidzira simba redare redare. Brown v. Board of Education (1954), Dare Gurusa rakakurira dzinza muchikoro chavose, richibvisa “ivose asi vakaenzana” dzidziso. Roe v. [[FLT:]][FLT]3] [7777]]), Dare rakaziva kodzero yemitemo yepamutemo yokuva voga yoga yomukadzi inotambanurirana kuchisarudzo chokubvisa pamuviri. Nguva pfupi yapfuura iyi. [[FLT:] [5]

Kuzvimirira Kwomutemo Kunopesana.

Kuti bazu redare rishande sechekero inobudirira, vatongi vanofanira kuva vakazvimirira padzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Vatongi vanogona kunzi vasaita zvakaipa mugadziriro dzakawanda, kusimbiswa kwemitemo yokugadza vanhu kunopa chenjero yezvematongerwe enyika.

Kupindirana: Kuongorora uye Kudzikamisa Zvinhu Kuchiitwa

Kuparadzana kwemasimba kungava kusina kukwana pasina keki dzechekero nedzinobvumira bazi rimwe nerimwe kuganhurira mamwe. Uku kubatana kunova nechokwadi chokuti hapana bazi rimwe rinogona kudzora. Kunzvera kukuru kunosanganisira:

  • [ Nzvero dzeChibvumirano pa Huru hweHurumende:[[FLT: 1] Chidzoreso chemitengo yokushandisa mari, kusimbisa kuronga, kunogona kukurira mavhato, kunzvera, uye kunogona kubvisa mukuru mukuru.
  • Mitemo Nzvero paMasimba: Mutungamiriri anogona kukumbira mari, kudana marusando chaiwo, uye kumanikidza (kana kuti kuramba kumanikidzira) mitemo. Simba rokukarakadza mutemo rinobvumirawo mukuru mukuru kuronga zvirongwa.
  • [[[FUT:0] judicial Checks paZviviri: Matare anogona kuzivisa mitemo nezviito zvokutungamirira zvisina kubvumirwa kupfurikidza nokuhwirudzura dare. Vatongiwo vanodudzira mirau, inoumba mashandire anoita mitemo.
  • Nzvero dzeRegiographist neGuta guru pa Judiary: Mugadzi wemitemo anogona kuchinja ukuru noukuru nechiremera zvematare, kusimbisa kana kuti kuramba vatongi, uye kutanga gadziridzo dzebumbiro-mitemo kuti dzitenderedze mirau. Mukuru mukuru anomanikidzira zvisarudzo zvedare ndokugadza vatongi.

Mienzaniso Yezvakaitika Kare Yokuongorora uye Yedzikamo

Munhau yose, gadziriro yakaedzwa. Mukati menhambo yeNew Deal, Purezidhendi Franklin D. Roosevelt akakarakadza kufutunura Dare Rapamusoro-soro ( “rurongwa rwokupa dare”) pashure pokunge Dare raparadza purogiramu dzinoverengeka dzinokosha. Rongedzero yakakundikana muCongress, ichiratidzira basa redare rokuchengeta kuzvitonga. Mukati mechinyadziso cheWatergate, Dare Rapamusoro rakaraira Purezidhendi Nixon kubudisa tepidi, kuchitungamirira kukurega kwake. Nguva pfupi yapfuura, Congress Comress yakadzivisa kupfumisa kwaPurezie Obama kwaMerrickland kuDare Rapamusorosaro, chiito icho vazhinji vairangarira sokushandiswa kwamasimba makuru kwemitemo.

Iyi mienzaniso inosimbisa kuti kuparadzana kwamasimba hakusati kuri muitiro wakaoma asi ukama hune simba, pane dzimwe nguva hunokakavadzana.

Chikonzero Nei Zvichikosha: Dzidzo Yevaviri Nokubatanidzwa

Kunzwisisa mapazi matatu ehurumende hakusi kungodzidzisa chete, asi kunoshongedzera vagari vemo nezivo yokuti vazvidavirire kuva vatungamiriri vavo, vatsigire mugadziriro dzehurumende inosarudzwa nevanhu, uye vadzivirire kodzero dzavo.

Vadzidzisi vanoita basa rinokosha muuyu muitiro. Kupfurikidza nokudzidzisa kuparadzana kwamasimba, vanobetsera vadzidzi kuziva ukoshi hwehurumende yakaganhurirwa uye mutemo. Kukurukurirana kwenhau dzechikamu chenhau, kurukurirano dzemitemo, uye zviito zvokutungamirira kunounza nheyo kuupenyu. Zviwanikwa zvakadai se Court.gov nzvimbo, website ye White House nzvimbo, uye [[FLT:] Dare reP]

Uyezve, kunzwisisa idzi mbiru kunokurudzira kuonga chiito chakaoma kunzwisisa chokudzikamisa chinodiwa nokudzora kwehurumende yegutsaruzhinji.

mhedziso

Mapazu emitemo, ehurumende, uye edare anoumba simba guru rokutonga kwehurumende yehurumende. Rimwe nerimwe rine masimba akasiyana nemitoro, bva anoramba achiwirirana kupfurikidza negadziriro yakagadzirirwa zvakanaka yecheki nedzikamo. Bazu remitemo rinoita mutemo, rinodzora rinouita kuti uite simba, uye bazi rinotonga rinoududzira — asi rimwe nerimwe rinopesvedzerawo mabasa avamwe. Ichi chimiro chinodzivisa kuiswa simba uye chinodzivirira rusununguko rwomunhu.

Nokuda kwavadzidzi navadzidzisi, kufunda idzi mhando nhatu dzinokosha kunzwisisa kuti hurumende inoshanda sei uye kuti vagari vemo vanogona sei kutora rutivi rune revoizve. Kupfurikidza nokunzvera mavambo enhau, mabasa enguva ino, uye denho dzinopfuurira kutarisana nebazu rimwe nerimwe, tinowana nzwisiso huru nokuda kwokuvazve nesimba kwegadziriro dzehurumende yedemokrase. Kana kuri kunyora mutemo wehurumende, kuzivisa nhevedzano yehurumende, kana kuti kuita rutongeso, chiito chiri chose mukati mehurumende chinobuda mugadziriro yokungwarira yamapazu ayo matatu. Kuziva iri chivakiso kunotipa simba rokushanda nehurumende dzedu nenzira yokusanyengera zvikuru uye kutsigira nheyo dzinotsigira nzanga dzakasununguka.