Vatongi vanosarudzwa vakuru vanobatira mukamuri rapamusoro reimba yomutemo webhikameral, chivako chinoshandiswa namarudzi akawanda kugovera kuratidzirwa kwakadzikama nokurangarira kwakakwana panhau dzenyika. Nepo masimba chaiwo nemitoo yokusarudza zvichisiyana nenyika, basa guru romutengi nderokumirira nzvimbo inorondedzerwa yenzvimbo inorondedzerwa nechepamusoro-pasi. Kunzwisisa kuti vateshi vehurumende dzehurumende dzehurumende dzehurumende dzazvino uno uye zvavanoita zvinokosha. Zvizhinji zvacho neimba yakaderera (inowanzonzi Imba yeVamiririri kana kuti Imba yeCommons), Dare rinoumba nzvero inonzvera nesimba rehurumende uye rinovimbisa kuti mutemo unosanoongororwa kubva mumifungo mizhinji. Kunzwisisa kuti masangano ehurumende dzazvinosarudzwa navanhu zvapasi penyika inoshamba, zvikurukuru mumasangano ehurumende yepamusoro anobatira muchimbiso chinodzivisa chirongwa chirongwa chinoitwa nokukurumidza.

Mitoro Yedare Yedare

Basa romunanisi rinogona kuiswa mumabasa mana makuru: kumirira nokubvumira , . Nzvimbo idzi dzinotakura uremu hunokosha mukugadziridza muitiro worudzi uye kuchengeta chiyero chesimba mukati mehurumende. Basa rezuva nezuva rinobatanidza zvikwereti, kusangana, kubatanidzwa mudare, uye kubvumira zvinhu zvavanhu.

Basa Romutemo

Vagadziri vanobatanidzwa zvakananga mumuitiro wokuita mitemo. Vanonyora mabhiri, vanotsigira mitemo, uye vanoshanda nevamwe kuti vavake bvumirano. Kusafanana nemitezo yeimba yakaderera, vatenzi kazhinji kazhinji vanobatira mashoko marefu, anovabvumira kutora murangariro wenguva refu panhau dzakaoma dzakadai semitemo, chengeteko yenyika, uye kugadziridzwa kwezvoutano. Dare rine simba rokugumisa kana kuti kuramba zvikwereti zvinopfuudzwa nekamuri rapasi, kumanikidza muitiro wekurukurirano unozivikanwa se “kutenderwa kwegore kubudisa shanduro yokupedzisira. Iyi gadziriro yechikaro chetsoro. Iyi inodzivisa mutumbi upi noupi wemitemo pakutonga muitiro womutemo uye kuraira kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira.

Rutivi rukuru rwebasa remitemo isimba rokugona kukurukura mune dzimwe nyika, zvikurukuru United States Dare, umo mutarisiri anogona kutaura nokusingaperi kunonotsa vhoti. Iri chishandiso cheproceducal, nepo kuchimutsa nharo, chinosimbisa chirongwa cheDare sechikwata chinorerutsa kurukurirano pamusoro pemwero. Santetor dzinotorawo rutivi mu “mabhii” mukati memabhii, umo dzinokarakadza kuchinja kugweta risati rasvika muimba yakazara.

Mufananidzo Wevakongi

Vamiririri vanomirira vanhu veruwa rwavo rwose kana kuti nharaunda, kwete ruwa rumwe chete. Iyi dare rinobvumira zvikuru rinopa vamiririri murangariro wechienzi panhau dzomunharaunda dzakadai sokurima, kugadzirwa kwesimba, kubuda kwesimba, uye nzvimbo dzinoshandiswa. Hofisi yedare rinomirira rinobata zviuru zvezvikumbiro zvavagari vemo gore rimwe nerimwe, kubva pakubetsera namasangano ehurumende kuti ataure mirangariro pamusoro pemitemo inochengetwa. Horo dzetaundi, masangano ehurumende, uye misangano navatungamiriri vomunzvimbomo zvikamuwo zvavanhuwo zvavo zvepurogiramu yomugadziri wesene. Kariro ndeyokuti varendi vemitene vachatsigira nokuda kwemiitiro inobetsera nzvimbo yavo yemusha apo vanorangarirawo fariro yenyika.

Mugadziriro dzehurumende dzakadai seUnited States, Australia, uye Brazil, Dare rinovimbisa kuti nyika duku dzine mireza yakaenzana, richidzivisa hurumende dzine vanhu vakawanda kudzora purogiramu yemitemo. Somuenzaniso, hurumende imwe neimwe yeUnited States inosarudza vatenzi vaviri pasinei zvapo nechiverengero chavagari, ichipa Wyoming (nevagari vanenge 580 000) simba rimwe chetero rokuvhota seCalifornia (navagari vanopfuura mamirioni 39).

Kutarisira Hurumende

Vatarisiri vane basa rokutarisira rakakomba, vanonzvera kuti masangano ehurumende anoshandisa sei mitemo ndokushandisa mari yomutero. Kupfurikidza nokutonga kwedare, vatarisiri vanobvunza vanyori vedare, vakuru vakuru vamasangano, uye vamwe vakuru vakuru pamusoro pezviito zvavo. Vanogona kuisa magwaro epopaya ndokumanikidza chipupuriro, kuvimbisa kuva nechokwadi chokuona nokuzvidavirira. Kunzvera kuva tsvina, kunyengera, kana kuti kubatwa zvisina kufanira kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kuvamba muDare, uye vamiriri vanogona kurumbidza chinjo kana kuti kunyange kukurudzira kubviswa kwavakuru vakuru vanokundikana kuita basa.

Iri basa rokutarisira rinotambanukira kumuitiro wejecha. Vagadziri vanotendera mabhiri okushandisa kwegore negore uye vanogona kuwedzera migariro kukudzorwa, kutungamirira kuti mari inoshandiswa sei. Vanonzverawo kuitwa kwepurogiramu dzehurumende uye vangada masangano kushuma miuyo chaiyo. Pasina iyi cheki, masangano ebazu anogona kushanda nokunzvera kuduku.

Zano Nekubvuma: Kusimbiswa Kwemikana Yokuroorana

Mumiitiro yakawanda yapurezidhendi, Dare rine simba rapoga rokusimbisa kana kuti kuramba kugadza kukuru kwedare. Ikoku kunobatanidza vatongi veDare rapamusorosoro, vatongi vehurumende, nhume, uye mitezo yedare. Basa reDare mu “basa nemvumo” rinovimbisa kuti purezidhendi arege kukwanisa kuzadza nzvimbo dzakakwirira pasina nguva mberi nekusakwaniriswa kana kuti kumutsa nharo. Vanasarudzi vanonzvera mamiriro ezvinhu, zvikwaniriso, uye uzivi hwedare redare rimwe nerimwe kupfurikidza nokutonga pamberi pevhoti yakazara.

Muitiro wokusimbisa unogona kuva wezvamatongerwe enyika zvikuru, sezvinoonekwa muDare Gurusa rinokakavara muUnited States. Vatongi vanofanira kuyera kukwanisa kwomurongi, tsika, uye pfungwa mukurwisana nezvinodikanwa zvenyika. Iri simba rutivi runokosha rweparadzano yamasimba, richidzivisa mukuru mukuru kuisa mujudicary kana kuti zviremera navakavimbika.

Gadziriro Yokusarudza

Kusarudzwa kunoitwa vatenzi vehurumende kunosiyana - siyana munyika dzose, asi gadziriro zhinjisa dzehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu dzinoda muitiro wakananga kana kuti usina kunanga wesarudzo nemitemo yakatsiga.

Kureba Kwenguva Nezvisarudzo Zvinodzorwa

Vasarudzi vanowanzobatira mashoko marefu zvikuru kupfuura mitezo yeimba yakaderera. MuUnited States, vatenzi vanobatira mashoko amakore matanhatu, netatu imwe yeDare rinokwidziridzwa nokuda kwokusarudza makore maviri ari ose. Iyi gadziriro inodzedzereka inovimbisa kuti Dare rinochengeta yeuko yemitemo uye harina kunyanyova nengozi kukuchinja kwechimbichimbi mumurangariro wavose. Australia inotevera mutoo wakafanana namashoko ane makore matanhatu eDare raro, hafu yakasarudzwa makore matatu ari ose. Mukupesana, Dare reCanadian rinogadzwa, kwete kusarudzwa, nemitezo inobatira kusvikira pazera ramakore 75.

Sarudzo dzakanyanyisa dzakarongedzerwa kugovera kupfuurira. Kunyange kana sarudzo yefungu ikapinda musimba rimwe, Dare harigoni kubviswa chose chose munhambo imwe. Iyi dzikamo inobvumira vasarudzi kuisa ngwariro padenho dzenguva refu pasina dzvinyiriro yenguva dzose yokusarudzwazve.

Zvinodiwa uye Kuronga

MuUnited States, mutengi anofanira kuva nemakore anenge 30, mugari wemo kwemakore mapfumbamwe, uye anogara munyika yavanomiririra.Izvi zvinodiwa zvinoratidza kuti vagari vemo vane ruzivo rwoupenyu uye vakura.

Kurwira Dare ibasa guru, rinobatanidza kuronga mari, zvitarwa, uye midzi inodzorwa. Marudzi edare anowanzokwezva ngwariro yenyika nokushandisa mari inokosha nemhaka yokuti chigaro chimwe nechimwe chine simba guru. Mumaruwa maduku, vanoda kubhapatidzwa vangavimba zvikuru nebatano dzomunhu oga, nepo muhurumende huru zvikuru, kuzivisa kweterevhizheni nokuwana kwemichina kunodzora. Vakasarudzwa, vatsigiri vemitemo vanofanira kudzikamisa mabasa avo emitemo nechinodikanwa chenguva dzose chokuchengeta onano nevo.

Gadziriro yeDare

Matare anobvumira vatarisiri vedare kuti vave nounyanzvi, vadzokorore mitemo yakadzama, uye kuti vape nyaya dzinobva panyaya dzekubatana kwenyika imwe chete kusvika kuzvakapoteredza.

Matare Akasiyana - siyana

Matare anokamurwa chaizvoizvo kuva mapoka matatu: matare akamira , kusarudza matare, uye matare ebatanidzwa. Matare anoshanda semitumbi yechigarire inobata nzvimbo dzemitemo dzinodzokororwazve dzakadai semari, mari, zvokudzivirira, uye dare. Sarudza matare ndeenguva pfupi uye anonangidzira pakunzvera kwakananga kana kuti nhau dzakati, dzakadai souchenjeri kana kuti kukwegura. matare akabatanidza mitezo inobva mudzimba dzose dziri mbiri nemitero kana kuti mabasa anodzokororwa.

Mutarisiri mumwe nomumwe anoshanda mumatare akawanda, anowanzosarudzwa maererano nounyanzvi hwavo, fariro dzehurumende, kana kuti utungamiriri hwebato. Somuenzaniso, mutevedzeri wehurumende yokurima angangotsvaka nzvimbo mudare rokurima. Migove yeDare inokurukurwa nevatungamiriri vemapato, asi mukuru anoita basa guru. Mutungamiriri wedare ane pesvedzero huru pamusoro pezvikwereti zvinofambira mberi uye kuti ndezvipi zvinodanwa.

Kunzwa Nokunzwa

Matare anoita kuti nyaya dzitongwe nenyanzvi, vaparidzi vehurumende uye vakuru vakuru vehurumende. Uku kutonga rutivi runokosha rwegadziriro yemitemo, kuchigovera kujeka uye kuchibvumira vamiririri kubvunza mibvunzo yakaoma.

Pashure pokunzwa, matare anopfuurira ku “marusando okuratidzira” umo vanokurukura ndokugadzirisa muganhu wemitemo nomutemo. Ipapo ndipo apo basa chairoiro romutemo wokuumba rinoitwa. Vagadziri vanogona kukarakadza kugadziridza, kurukurirano, uye vhota kuti vatumire mutengi wacho kunzvimbo yakazara. Mutengo usingagoni kupfuura dare hautongorangarirwi neDare rakazara, uchiita kuti dare ritendere nhano inotsoropodza yokuchengeta masuo.

Vafambi Nokuparadzana Kwesimba

Mitoro yayo yakasiyana inogovera nzvero pazvose zviri zviviri imba yakaderera yemitemo nebazu rapamusoro.

Nzvero Pachiremera

Kubva pakusimbisa kugadza, Dare rinogona kukurira majeni ane mavhiri maviri evatungamiriri mudzimwe gadziriro, uye muUnited States, rinofanira kutendera zvibvumirano kupfurikidza nevhoti mbiri . Ikoku kunopa Dare basa rakananga mumiitiro yokunze. Dare rinewo simba rokubvisa vakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru, kubatanidza purezidhendi. Nepo imba yapasi inopomerwa namafaira, Dare rinoita kutongwa uye mavhota pawawa. Muitiro uyu wave uchishandiswa kazhinji kazhinji asi unomira sechidziviso chine simba pakudzivisa kusazvibata.

Basa Mukuzvitarisira

Mugadziriro yeU.S., House of Declarations ine simba rimwe rokupa (kuunza pomero), nepo Dare rine simba rimwe rokuedza kurayira. Voti mbiri nhatu muDare rinodikanwa kuti ripedze ndokubvisa mukuru mukuru. Ichi chikamu chakakwirira chinovimbisa kuti kupiwa murairo kwakachengeterwa mhaka dzakakomba uye hakushandiswi sechishandiso chemari inodzorwa. Vasarudzi vanorangarira basa iri zvakakomba, sezvavari kushanda savatongi mudanga reFisijujua dhia gamendi.

Iva Nenguva Yakanaka Neimba Yakaderera

Dare rinobatirawo sechekero paimba yakaderera. Nemhaka yokuti vatenzi vanomirira nyika dzose uye vanobatira mashoko marefu zvikuru, kazhinji kazhinji vanodzivirirwa zvikuru padzvinyiriro yavose kupfuura mitezo yeImba. Ikoku kunobvumira Dare kuramba zvikwereti zvepopulist zvingapfuudzwa nokukurumidza nekamuri rakaderera. Nenzira inopesana, Imba inogona kuvhara Dare, ichi chitima chokubvumirana.

Kushanduka - shanduka Kwenhau Kwedare

Murangariro wedare wedare unodzokera shure kuRoma yekare, uko Dare rakanga riri dare ravakuru vanoranga. Nepo Dare reRoma rakanga risina murairo wakananga wehurumende yavanhu, rakagovera kupfuurira noruzivo rwokuzviwanira. Nhevedzo dzazvino uno dzakashanduka kubva kuBritish House of Lords, asi vakavamba veUnited States vakagadzira muenzaniso mutsva: kamuri rapamusoro rine mufananidzo wakaenzana wehurumende. Irori rakava mutevedzeri nokuda kwamabumbiro ehurumende oubati ushe hwakasiana akawanda.

Muzana ramakore rechi 19 nerechi20, vamiriri vakawana kuva vapamutemo kwakananga zvikuru sezvo kuvhota kwakatsiva kugadzwa munyika dzakawanda.MuU.S., Pendement yechi 17 (1913) yakaraira kusarudzwa kwakananga kwavagadziri, kuchigumisa muitiro wemisika yehurumende inovagadza. Dare reAustralia rakagadzirwa se “imba yehurumende” kudzivirira fariro dzenharaunda.

Kusiyana Kwemasangano Ezvamatongerwe Enyika

Nepo shoko rokuti “dare rehurumende” richizivikanwa navose, masimba nemitoo yokusarudza zvinosiana zvikuru munyika yose.

Dare reUnited States

Dare reU.S. sezvinobvira inzvimbo yapamusoro ine simba zvikurusa munyika. Ine simba rakakwana kusimbisa kugadzwa, zvibvumirano zverafénce, uye kuedza kuteererwa. Nemitezo 100 (mbiri pahurumende), iboka rinooneka zvikuru apo vatenzi vamwe navamwe vanogona kushandisa pesvedzero yakati. Website yedare yeU.S. inogovera pfuma yamashoko pamusoro pezvirongwa zvemisi nemitoo yazvino.

Dare reAustralia

Dare reAustralia rinewo mimiriro yakaenzana nokuda kwehurumende imwe neimwe (12 vasenternator pahurumende imwe) uye vatsigiri vaviri vanobva mundima. Inoshanda senzvimbo yehwirudzuro ine simba, kazhinji kazhinji inovhara kana kuti kudzongonyedza mutemo kubva kuImba yeVamiririri. Dare reAustralia rinosarudzwa richishandisa mireza inowirirana, uko kunobvumira mapoka maduku kuwana zvigaro ndokuita mutumbi wemitemo wakasiana - siana zvikuru.

Dare reCanada

Dare reCanada rinogadzwa naGavhuna Mukuru pazano raGeneral. Sanetor dzinobatira kutozosvikira pazera ramakore 75 uye dzinoitirwa kugovera mufungo wakadzikama wechipiri, asi chisiko chakagadzwa chakatungamirira kupomero dzokupandukira. chinjo dzemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi dzakaedza kuita kuti muitiro wacho uzvimiririre zvikuru, asi Dare reCanadian rinoramba rine simba duku kupfuura vabiyaro veAmerica kana kuti Australian.

Mimwe Mienzaniso

Nyika dzakawanda dzakabvisa zvibvumirano zvadzo kana kuti kuzvishandura.

mhedziso

Vamiriri vane nzvimbo inokosha mukudzora kwedemocracy, vachigovera dzikamo, unyanzvi, uye kuwirirana kwenharaunda. Kungava kupfurikidza nomutemo wokunyora, kutungamirira masangano, kusimbisa vakuru vakuru, kana kuti kumirira, basa ravo rinoumba mitemo negadziriro dzinotapura upenyu hwezuva nezuva. Nepo masimba chaiwo esenati achisiana nenyika, nheyo iri imwe cheteyo: imba yapamusoro iyo inoita nokungwarira uye inoita secherekedzo pamukuru webasa napaimba yakaderera zvikuru. Nokuda kwevagari vemo, kunzwisisa basa ravo rinova nenhanoziva kuva nemhaka yezviito zvine renhau uye kubatanidzwa nomutoo une revo. [5]