Kurondedzera Mutemo Wezvamatongerwe Enyika: Fandesheni Yechiremera Chakarurama

Hurumende inorangarirwa kuva yapamutemo ndeimwe iyo vagari vemo vanonzwa basa rokuteerera, kwete nemhaka yokuti vanodavira chiremera chehurumende kana kuti dare rinodzora. Iyi haisati ichingova zvayo mhaka yesimba, asi maruramiro etsika nemitemo kushandisa simba iroro.

Shoko racho rinobva muchiLatin rinobva muchiLatin , rinoreva kuti "rakabvumirwa." Musayenzi yezvamatongerwe enyika yazvino uno, kuva pamutemo kunonzwisiswa sokugamuchirwa kwechiremera, kazhinji kazhinji mutemo unodzora kana kuti hurumende. Ndihwo unhu hunoshandura simba risina kunyorwa kuva chiremera chakarurama. Mukuwirirana nomutsigiri wezvamatongerwe enyika David Beetham, pamutemo haisi chinhu chimwe asi murangariro wakaoma unobatanidza mativi matatu: kubvumiraniswa kwemitemo iyoyo (kutendeseka), kururamisa kwemitemo kupfurikidza nezvitendero zvakabatanidzwa (kuyera), uye kubvumirana nechiremera chinodzorwa (chiito) chinodzorwa.

Gadziriro yakatanhamara yokunzwisisa pamutemo yakatangwa naMax Weber wenzanga, uyo akazivisa marudzi matatu akachena echiremera chapamutemo:

  • Traditional Legitacy: Ikoku kunotsamira pachitendero chakasimbiswa muutsvene hwemagamuchidzanwa etsungiriro uye kuva pamutemo kwenzvimbo yaavo vanoshandisa chiremera pasi pawo. Mienzaniso inobatanidza maminiversime, machinda endudzi, uye gadziriro dzehurumende umo chiremera chinogarwa nhaka kana kuti chakavakirwa patsika. Kusimba kunobva mutsika dzakare-kare uye chitendero chokuti "kwave kuri nenzira iyi nguva dzose."
  • .Charatic Legitacy: Ikoku kunobva mukuzvipira kuutsvene hwakatanhamara, ugamba, kana kuti muvara womuenzaniso womunhu mumwe nomumwe. Vatungamiriri vakafanana naMahtma Gandhi, Martin Luther King Jr., kana kuti Nelson Mandela aiva nechiremera chesimba rinonyandura icho chakafuridzira vateveri. Zvisinei, rudzi urwu runova rusina kutsiga nemhaka yokuti runotsamira pamavara omunhu oga omutungamiriri uye kazhinji kazhinji runotarisana nechinetso che "kusachinja" pashure pokuenda kwomutungamiriri.
  • .Legal-Ragital Legitacy:[[FT:1] Ichi ndicho chimiro chakakurumbira zvikurusa muhurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzazvino uno. Chinotsamira pachitendero mukuva pamutemo kwemiitiro yemitemo inodzorwa uye kodzero yaavo vanokwidziridzwa kuchiremera pasi pemirairo yakadaro kubudisa. Chiremera chinogara muhofisi, kwete munhu. Bureaucracy, decracy, redhiyo, uye masangano emitemo zvinotsamira parudzi urwu. Inogovera kutemwaradziro uye yakavakirwa paruramiso yemidzo.

Nepo trypology yaWeber ichiri yepesvedzero, nyanzvi dzapanguva imwe cheteyo dzakawedzera kunzvera. Somuenzaniso, muzivi wezvamatongerwe enyika John Rawls akarangarira kuti kuva nomutemo kunowirirana nepfungwa yeruramisiro seruramisiro: utongi hwezvamatongerwe enyika hwapamutemo kana huchigona kutsigirwa navagari vose vari mumigariro yakanaka yokufunga. Jürgen Habermas akasimbisa ukoshi hwechiito chokukurukura uye hurukuro yavose: pamutemo hunovapo apo zvisarudzo zvinoitwa zvinobatanidzwa, kurukurirano ine mufungo iyo inoita kuti ibvumirwe. Iyi rondedzero inosimbisa kuti kuva nomutemo hakufaniri kusimbiswa kupfurikidza nekurukurirano uye kupindura.

Kudzidza zvakawanda pamusoro pemagadzirirwo evhu rokutanga reweber, ona [[FLT: 0] Britannica's pakupinda pachiremera[[FLT: 1].

Chikonzero Nei Kuziva Kuchikosha Pakudzora Kwakarurama

Kuzivikanwa nevanodzorwa hachisi chinhuwo zvacho chakanaka; imhepo yokufema nayo yechiremera chapamutemo.

Muzivi wezvamatongerwe enyika Hannah Arendt akanzvera uyu mufungo mubasa rake pamusoro pechiremera, iye akataura kuti chiremera chakasiana nezvose zviri zviviri kumanikidza (simba) uye kunyengetedza. chiremera chapamutemo, nokuda kwaArendt, chinoda kuzivikanwa kwapachena kwaavo vanokumbirwa kuteerera. Apo kuzivikanwa ikoko kunoputsika, chiremera chinoputsika, uye hurumende inofanira kutendeukira kukumanikidza kuchengeta nhevedzano (a pamutemo yarasika.).

Zvinhu zvinoverengeka zvinopesvedzera zvakananga kana vanhu vachibvuma chiremera sechapamutemo:

  • Chiratidzo cheSarudzo:[[FLT: 1] Vagari vemo vane bviro huru yokuziva chiremera apo vanonzwisisa kuti mitemo inoitwa ndokumanikidzirwa kupfurikidza nokujeka, kusasarura, uye miitiro isingachinji. Somuenzaniso, majeri akasununguka, mabumbiro emitemo akasununguka, uye zvisarudzo zvapamutemo zvisiri zvepamutemo zvinovaka chivimbo.
  • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kundikano kudzivirira vagari vemo mukati menjodzi dzomusikirwo (ngwavaira dzomusikirwo, zvirwere, kuderera kwemari) kushatisa kuzivikanwa.
  • Tsamba yetsika neretsika: Mutemo unoumbwa nenhau dzakavhengana, kurwisana kwenhau, uye yeuko yakabatana. Somuenzaniso, pashure peapast - South African constitution inorangarirwa seyapamutemo murutivi nemhaka yokuti yakabuda murwisano inoremekedzwa zvikuru yeRusununguko uye gadziriro yeChokwadi neReconciliation Commission.
  • Kuzvinyima nokumirira: Apo zvikamu zvose zvenzanga zvinonzwa zvichimirirwa / kupfurikidza nomufananidzo unowirirana, kodzero shoma, kana kuti gadziriro dzehurumende (hwunobviri zvikuru kuziva gadziriro. Kunyanduka kwakavakirwa padzinza, rudzidziso, kana kuti vatano inosekesa pamutemo.

Kuona nzvero pamusoro penzira iyo masangano anobatanidza vanhu vose anovaka nayo kuva pamutemo, nongedzera kunyaya yeAmerican Science Review pamusoro pokuva pamutemo nokubatanidzwa .

Matambudziko Kumutemo Wezvamatongerwe Enyika: Apo Vane Simba Vanorwisana

Kunzwisisa tyisidziro dzinozivikanwa navose dzokuva pamutemo kunokosha nokuda kwevose vari vaviri nyanzvi navatungamiriri.

Uori Nokuzviuraya

Apo vagari vemo vanorangarira kuti vakuru vakuru vanozvipfumisa vamene pandyiko yavose, chiremera chetsika chehurumende chinoparadzwa. Uori hunoputsa chibvumirano chakakwana pakati pavatongi navatongi. Maererano neTransparency International, mwero yakakwirira youori hunorangarirwa hunowirirana zvakasimba nokuvimba kwakaderera muhurumende. MuBrazil, mhaka ye "Operation Caray Shash" yakakuvadza zvakakomba kuva pamutemo kwehurumende yeBoota reBooti neboka rezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kushandiswa Zvisina Kufanira Kwesimba Nourongwa Hwokunyora

Kunyange hurumende dzinotaura kuva dzapamutemo dzinogona kuzvideredza dzimene kupfurikidza nokuedza kudarika. Kushandisa masimba echengeteko kudzvinyirira kusabvumirana, kuisa sarudzo, kana kuti kudzosera zviratidzo zvenhau kuti hurumende iri kuita nokuda kwebetserwo yayo imene, kwete nokuda kwezvakanaka zvavose. Kumukira kweArab Spring (200-2012) kwakanyandurwa namakumi amakore okutonga kwoudzvinyiriri uye kushatisa kodzero dzavanhu kwakashatisa pamutemo kupi nokupi nokupi kwasara.

Kukundikana Kwemari Nokusaenzana

Kururama kwemitemo kunowanzotsamira pasimba rehurumende rokugovera chengeteko yemari. Urovha hwakarebeswa kwenguva refu, kukwira kwemitengo, kana kuti kusaenzana kwakakomba kunogona kuparira vagari vemo kupanikira kururama kwetsika. Dambudziko remari renyika yose ra2008 rakatungamirira kunjodzi yapamutemo yehurumende dzakawanda dzehurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzokuMadokero, kuchiparira kumuka kwemasangano anodzora kumativi ose ari maviri okuruboshwe neerudyi ayo anodenha nhevedzano iripo.

Kupindira Kwokunze Nokushandisa Mitoo Yokumwe

Hurumende dzinoonekwa sedzinotonga nyika dzokumwe hadzina kubvumirwa nemitemo. Somuenzaniso, hurumende yeIraq yakatangwa pashure pokuvhozhokera kweUnited States kwa2003 kwamakore kuti ionekwe seyakakodzera nevakawanda veIraq, vaiona sohunodzorwa. uchangamire hwerudzi chinhu chine simba mukuva pamutemo; kushandira kune dzimwe nyika kana kuti kupindira kunogona kuderedza kunyange utongi hwakarongwa.

Kukundikana Kudzivirira Kodzero Nokugovera Ruramisiro

Apo hurumende inokundikana kudzivirira vagari vayo ($) kupfurikidza noutsinye hwamapurisa, uori mudare rinotonga, kana kuti kusakwanisa kudzivisa masimba masimba — chibvumirano chenzanga chinoderera. Black Lives Confect sangano muUnited States rakakwevera ngwariro kunjodzi yapamutemo munzanga umo mapurisa negadziriro dzapamutemo zvinorangarirwa sezvisina kururama. Kuraira kwokuchinja ruramisiro kunoda zvikuru kudzorerwa pamutemo.

Nokuda kwokunzvera kukuru zvikuru kwenzira iyo uori hunosekesa nayo udzori, ona shambidziko yenzvero ya International.

Kuongorora Nyaya Dzematongerwe Enyika: Zvatinodzidza Munhoroondo

Kuongorora nyaya dzepasi pano chaidzo kunobatsira kujekesa kuti kuvakwa kwepamutemo kunoitwa sei, kunodenhwa, uye kunovakwazve sei.

Chinjo yeAmerica: Kutonga Kunobvumira

Kumukira kwavarwi veAmerica mukurwisana nokutonga kweBritain kwakanga kuri njodzi huru yapamutemo. Paramende yeBritain yakataura chiremera chokutera nyika dzacho pasina kuvapa mumiririri. Vadzori vamaruwa vakataura kuti ikoku kwakaputsa nheyo yokubvuma(chikamu chikuru chokutonga kwapamutemo. Declaration of Independence inotaura zvakajeka kuti hurumende dzinowana “masimba adzo akarurama kubva mukubvumira kwavadzorwi. ” Rubudiriro rwechinjo yacho rwakatanga gadziriro itsva yezvamatongerwe enyika yakavakirwa panheyo dzariphabliki, asi yakatarisanawo nezvinetso zvadzo amene zvopamutemo, zvikurukuru kubviswa kwavanhu navakadzi vakaiswa muuranda.

Chitsuwa cheArabia: Kuparara Kwemitemo Yakanyorwa Nevaonzi

Kutanga muna 2010, kunyunyuta kukuru kwakapararira muTunisia, Ijipiti, Libiya, Siria, nedzimwe nyika. Masangano aya akadzorwa namakumi amakore ouori, kudzvinyirira, kusagadzikana kwezveupfumi, uye kushayikwa kworusununguko rwezvamatongerwe enyika. Hurumende dzaBen Ali muTunisia neMubarak muEgipita dzakakurumidza kuparara nemhaka yokuti dzakanga dzarasikirwa nechinhu chose asi kunyengera kuduku zvikuru. Zvisinei, zvakazoitika zvakaratidza kuti zvakaoma sei kuvakazve nenzira itsva. muIjipiti, hurumende yechiMuslim Syriarchy yakasarudzwa nehurumende yakasarudzwa nehondo, inotungamirira kutenderera nokukwirira kutsika kunoitwa nhasi.

Pashure peSouth Africa: Kuvaka Mutemo paDialogue

Kuchinja kweSouth Africa kubva kurusaruraganda kuenda kuhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu muenzaniso une simba wokuvakwa noune. Utongi hworusaruraganda hwakanga hwagara husiri hwepamutemo mumaziso evoruzhinji vahwo. Kutaurirana kwaidzorwa, Zvokwadi neReconciliation Commission pasi paBhishopi Mukuru Desmond Tutu, uye kugamuchirwa kwebumbiro remitemo rinofambira mberi zvakabetsera kuita kuti pave noune pamutemo hutsva. African National Congress (ANC) pasi paNelson Mandela yakava nechiremera chikuru chetsika. Zvisinei, makore achangobva kupfuura aya akaona kuti kuparadzwa kwemhaka youori, kusaenzana kwemari, uye kutadza kutakura basa kunofanira kuchengetwa nguva dzose.

Chirevo Chapashure cheChina: Kutendeseka Kwakavakirwa Pabasa

Chikwata cheChina cheKomonisiti chinoisa maruramiro acho zvikurukuru kwete kupfurikidza nesarudzo asi kupfurikidza nokuita jeko remari rinokurumidza, kubvisa mazana amamirioni muurombo, uye kuchengeta dzikamo. Ikoku kunowanzonzi "kushanda kwapamutemo". Zvisinei, nyanzvi dzinokurukura kana rudzi urwu rwuchitsigirwa. Apo kukura kwemari kunoderera, kana kuti apo ruzhinji runoraira rusununguko rukuru rwezvamatongerwe enyika, hurumende ingatarisana nechinetso chapamutemo. Chinetso chetsika cheChina chinodenha mirangariro yokuMadokero yechiremera chehurumende yehurumende uye mifungo yokuti nzanga dzakasiana - siana dzingaparira chiremera muzvinyorwa zvakasiana.

Nokuda kwokunzverwa kwokuva apamutemo mumasangano ezvematongerwe enyika akasiyana - siyana, ona Oxford Bibliaographies papamutemo wezvamatongerwe enyika.

Basa Remasangano Mukutsigira Kupiwa Mutemo

Masangano itsigiro yourongwa hwapamutemo hwezvamatongerwe enyika. Iyo mitemo, mipimo, uye masangano izvo zvinopa simba nokugovera kudeya kutaura. Pasina masangano akasimba, maruramiro anova anochinja-chinja uye anotsamira pazvinhu zvechisimba zvakafanana nebudiriro yemutungamiriri akakurumbira yezvemari kana kuti yenhambo pfupi.

Mufundisi: Guardian Yokutonga kwoMutemo

Dare remitemo rapamutemo rinotsigira nheyo yokuti hakuna munhu ari pamusoro pomutemo(8) kubatanidza hurumende imene. Kuzvimirira muDare, kusasarura, uye kuwanikwa kunotsoropodza. Apo gadziriro yedare inoonekwa seyakarurama, vagari vemo vane bviro huru yokugamuchira mirau yayo nokuvimba kuti maruramiro avo achadzivirirwa. Nenzira inopesana, "kurongedzerwa kwemitemo" kana kuti kupomerwa kwezvamatongerwe enyika kunoderedza kuva pamutemo kwevatongi uye nokuwedzera nyika yose.

Mutemo: Mufananidzo uye Kusunungurwa

Chirongwa chinoshanda icho chinomirira fariro dzapachokwadi dzakasiana- siyana uye maune manyuko makuru okunyoresa pamutemo. Apo sarudzo dzinosununguka uye dzinoruramisira, uye apo vakuru vakuru vanosarudzwa vanogamuchira vadzo, muitiro wokuita mutemo unowana kuvimbika. Kune rumwe rutivi, matare emitemo ayo ari masangano erabha kana kuti anotora rutivi rwakakomba runogona kuderedza chivimbo mutsika yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Mukuru Mukuru: Kushandira uye Kuzvidavirira

Bazu guru (mutungamiriri, mutungamiriri wehurumende, dare guru) rinofanira kuratidzira kukwanisa mukuita muitiro ndokuitwa kuti rizvidavirire kupfurikidza nokunzvera nokudzikamisa, nzvero dzezvinobudisa nhau, uye sarudzo dzenguva dzose.

Vanhu Vanogara Muhurumende Nevanobudisa Nhau

Masangano asiri ehurumende, mapoka ezvokutengeserana, mapepanhau akasununguka, uye maredhiyo anozvimirira anoshanda sezvipo nemitoo yokupa mibato. Anogovera ruyamuro kuhurumende uye anobetsera vagari vomunyika kuti vasazvidavirira. Kudenha pavanyori venhau kana kuti ganhuriro paNGO kazhinji kazhinji zviratidzo zvenjodzi yapamutemo, sezvo hurumende ichiedza kunyaradza njodzi.

Kusimbisa aya masangano ibasa renguva refu. Seizvo musayendisiti wezvamatongerwe enyika Francis Fukuyama anotaura mu Folitical Order ne Decay yePolitical , masangano anogona kuora nokufamba kwenguva kana akabatwa namapoka ezvidzidzo kana kuti kuva akaoma. Naizvozvo, chinjo inopfuurira nokungwarira vanhu zvinokosha kuchengeta pamutemo.

Nguva Yemberi Youtongi Hwezvamatongerwe Enyika Yakarongeka

Kuva pamutemo mune zvematongerwo enyika hakusi pfungwa yakasiyana; kunochinja nokuchinja kwemagariro evanhu, kwezvoruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu, uye kwezvemagariro enyika.

Kutonga Kwamarudzi Ose Nokusaruramisira

Misangano yakadai seEuropean Union, United Nations, uye masangano ezvokutengeserana amarudzi ose anotarisana ne "perevedzo yokusagona kudzora zvinhu" nemhaka yokuti akaparadzaniswa zvikuru navagari vemo uye kushaiwa kuzvidavirira kwakananga kwehurumende. Kuva pamutemo kweEU kwakaedzwa zvakakomba mukati menjodzi yechikwereti cheYurozone neBretitus pendentum, umo vavhoti vazhinji vairangarira kuti zvisarudzo zvakaitwa namabhureki asina kurongwa. Nguva yemberi kudzora kuchada nzira itsva kuvaka pamutemo wedemocracy kunze kwenyika, zvichida kupfurikidza nemitumbi yeparamendendio kana kuti miitiro yezvokutonga kwenyika yose.

Uchangamire Hwamadhipatimendi uye Chiremera Chemitemo

Makambani ezvoruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu akadai seGoogle, Meta, uye Amazon zvino ava nesimba guru pamashoko, kutengeserana, uye kufambidzana kwenzanga. Kunyange zvakadaro haazvidaviri. Izvi zvakamutsa mibvunzo ye "mazita okutonga ane mwero"".Ndokuda kuonekwa kwemapuraneti ane mwero, kutaura kwokuongorora, kana kuti kuumba hurukuro yavose. Hurumende dziri kudzora zvikuru zviteshi izvi, asi kubatana kwechiremera chehurumende nesimba rebhizimisi kunoramba kuri mubatanidzwa wenharo.

Chipoyi uye Denho Kumutemo waErite

Masangano anosimudzira apurasi munyika yose anodenha kuva pamutemo kwamasangano egamuchidzanwa . “‘ matare, zviremera, sangano. Vapopuli vanotaura kuva vanomirira "vanhu" mukurwisana navakakwirira vakashata. Nepo ikoku kuchigona kunyandura kutora rutivi kwehurumende yedemokrasi, kunogonawo kusekesa mutemo nezvivako zvimene zvinoita kuti vatungamiriri vazvidavirire. Mubvunzo wenhambo refu ndewokuti chipulmus chinogona kushanduka kuva manyuko matsva echiremera chapamutemo kana kuti kana kuchizotungamirira kukusagadzikana nechiremera.

Kuchinja Kwemamiriro Okunze Nokuchinja - chinja Kwemitemo

Zvisarudzo zvezvamatongerwe enyika pamusoro pechinjo yemamiriro okunze zvine miuyo mikuru inokurira. Vanhu vaduku vanowedzera kupanikira kuva pamutemo kwehurumende dzinokundikana kuita chiito patyisidziro dzemhoteredzo. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) inoshuma kuti kukurumidza kushanda. Kutenderwa kwegadziriro dzezvamatongerwe enyika kungatsamira pakukwanisa kwadzo kudzivirira nguva yemberi, kwete bedzi zvino. Uku kukura kwechizvarwa kunowedzera rutivi rutsva kumurangariro wokubvuma kwemugoveripo unobvumiranwa kupfurikidza nokubvuma.

Nokuda kwokururama kwokudzora kwamarudzi ose, ona Global Constitutionism nyaya yemagazini pamusoro pokururama kupfuura nyika [[FLT: 1].

Mugumisiro: Basa Risingachinji Rokutonga Kusina Kufanira

Kuva pamutemo kwezvamatongerwe enyika hakusi vara rakatsiga iro hurumende inowana ndokuchengeta nokusingaperi. Iro ukama hukuru pakati pechiremera navagari vemo hunoda gadzirirwo yenguva dzose. Nzanga dzakatsiga zvikurusa ndiidzo dzinovakwa noururami pamubatanidzwa wetsika, simba rokurongeka, kuita, uye kurukurirano. Nguva yemberi icharaira kuti vatungamiriri vape ngwariro kumanyuko matsva ourongwa hwapamutemo hwakadai sekodzero itsva dzechisimba, zviremera zvenyika yose, ruramisiro yechizvarwa chavanhu (panguva ino) inodzivisa uori nokubatwa zvisina kufanira izvo zvakaparadza chivimbo chamagamuchidzanwa.

Nokuda kwavagari vemo, kunzwisisa maruramiro ezvamatongerwe enyika kunovapa simba rokuraira zvakawanda muhurumende dzavo nokuziva apo chiremera chadarika miganhu yacho. Vanhu vanokarira zviremera zvapamutemo vanhu vanochengeta vatungamiriri vavo vachizvidavirira. Munhambo yokusawirirana, kukamukana, uye chinjo yokukurumidza, murangariro wokuva pamutemo kwezvamatongerwe enyika ungava unokosha zvikuru kupfuura nakare kose. Ndiwo mutoo unobatanidza chinhu chenzanga pamwe chete, unoda kuti vose vari vaviri vatongi uye vanotonga kuchibatanidza nokushingaira, zuva nezuva.