Sumo: Mbiru Huviri Dzegadziriro Yepamutemo

Gadziriro yapamutemo muUnited States nemimwe mitemo mizhinji inozivikanwa navose yakakamurwa kuva mapoka maviri: mutemo wavagari vemo nomutemo woutsotsi. Nepo zvose zviri zviviri zvichivavarira kupedza gakava nokuchengeta nhevedzano, zvinoshanda munheyo dzakasiana zvikuru, miitiro, uye mipimo youfakazi. Kunzwisisa iyi misiyano inokosha kwete bedzi nokuda kwenyanzvi dzemitemo asiwo nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi angazviwana amene anobatanidzwa munhau yepamutemo //kavhokate-pei, mukwidziridzi, mutongi, mugari wemitengo, kana kuti mugari wemo anoitira hanya. Nyaya inopa kunzvera kukuru kwenhau dzevagari vemo dzinorwisana neutsotsi, kunanga pakusarudza kuti ndiani muuyo wezvibvumirano zvemitemo.

Chii Chiri Mhaka Dzisiri Dzavagari Vemo?

Nhau dzinomuka mukurwisana pakati pezvikamu zvavanhu voga ([FLT: 1]]]], zvikurukuru muchimiro chemari yakuvadzwa kana kuti kuita kwakananga. rondedzero yedare yokuita kana kuti kurega chimwe chinhu). Nheyo huru yenhau yevagari vemo ndeyokupedza rwisano uye, apo kunobvira, kuita kuti utsotsi huve hwakazara. Kusiyana nezvinoitika zvevagari vemo zvisingabatanidzi tyisidziri kusungwa. Panzvimbo pezvo, mishonga yacho inova inova inova inotendisa kana kuti inodzorwa. Chiteshiniso chacho chinofanira kubvumikisa nenhau yavo [FF:]

Zviito Zvinozivikanwa Navose Zvoutsotsi Hwevagari Vomunyika

  • [[FOLT:0] Kukakavadzana: Kupedzisa chibvumirano chinomanikidzirwa pamutemo, zvakadai sokukundikana kubhadhara nokuda kwemibato kana kuti kuendesa zvinhu sezvakapikirwa.
  • [[[FOL:0] Kukakavadzana:[[[FLT: 1]] nhau pamusoro pohuri, miganhu, kusawirirana kwapanzvimbo, kana kuti kudyidzana kwenzvimbo.
  • kuvadziko yomunhu oga (tort) inoti:[ Tsaona, kusashanda zvakanaka kwezvokurapa, kuzvidza, kana kuti mutoro wechibereko apo kuregeredza kwomumwe munhu kana kuti chiito chamaune zvakaparira kuvadziko kumumwe.
  • [ Nhau dzomutemo wemhuri:[[[FLT: 1] kurambana, kuchengetwa kwavana, tsigiro yavana, uye zvinoitika zvokurera mwana.
  • [[[FOL:0] kakavadzano dzenhema:[[FT:1] Kuparadza kwakaipa, rusaruro, kana kuti mubhadharo neawa kuputswa.

Kana paine nyaya dzaanoda kutongwa, mutongo wacho unoratidza kuti anenge akanganisa uye kana zvakakodzera, anopa mubayiro wezvakakuvara.

Mutoro Woufakazi Mumhosva Dzavagari Vemo

Mutongi anotakura mutoro woufakazi munhau yehurumende. Mupimo i "kurangarira ufakazi," iyo inowanzorondedzerwa seinoda kuti mupurisa apwise mubvumi weidi (mutongi kana kuti dare rinobetsera) kuti shanduro yavo yezvinoitika inopfuura 50% sezvingabvira kuva yechokwadi. Kana ufakazi hwakadzikama zvikuru, mukwirirwi anokunda. Uyu mupimo wakaderera unoratidzira kuti nhau dzevagari vemo dzinobatanidza maruramiro akavanzika nemishonga yemari panzvimbo pefariro dzerusununguko.

Chii Chiri Mhaka Dzoutsotsi?

Nhau dzinobatanidza mufambiro unorambidzwa nomutemo nemhaka yokuti unotyisidzira nhevedzano yavose, chengeteko, kana kuti garikano. Mhaka inounzwa nehurumende (mutongi, hurumende, kana kuti nzvimbo) kupfurikidza nomuchuchisi, nokuda kwavanhu. Mupomeri wacho ndi mutendi wemhosva [, uyo anorangarirwa kuva asina mhaka kusvikira abvumidzwa kuva ane mhaka. Donzo retsoropodzi ndero kuranga mutadzi, kudzivisa chakaipa chomunguva yemberi, uye kugadziridza apo kunobvira.

Kurondedzerwa Kwemhosva

  • Tsamba:[ mhosva dzakakomba dzakadai sokuponda, kubata chibharo, umbavha, uye kutengesa mirimo. Kudavira kunowanzoguma nokusungwa kwerinopfuura gore rimwe uye kazhinji kazhinji kunotakura faindi huru.
  • Misdemers: mhosva duku dzakadai sekuba tunhu tuduku, kudenha kwakapfava, kusazvibata, kana kuti kutyaira mupesvedzero. Zvibharo zvinowanzobatanidza nguva yejeri yerisingasviki gore rimwe, faindi, kana kuti basa renzanga.
  • Kupaza (majee): Thohosa duku dzakadai sematikiti emotokari kana kuti marara. Idzi dzinowanzorangwa nefaindi uye hadzigumi nenguva yejeri.

Mutoro Woufakazi Mumhosva Dzeutsotsi

Mupimo wechibvumikiso mumhaka dzoutsotsi ndiwo wakakwirira zvikurusa unozivikanwa kumutemo: kupfuure papanikiro ine mufungo. Ikoku kunoreva kuroverera mhaka kunofanira kubvumikisa rutivi rwuri rwose rwemhosva kusvikira kumwero wokuti hakuna munhu ane mufungo angava nepanikiro dzipi nedzipi pamusoro pemhosva yomukwirirwi. Kana vatongi kana kuti vatongi vane panikiro ipi neipi ine mufungo, vanofanira kusunungura.

Misiyano Huru Pakati Pemhosva Dzevagari Vemo Nedzematsotsi

Nepo marudzi ose ari maviri enhau achipikiswa mumatare, anosiana mumativi makuru anoverengeka:

  • Zvibvumirano zvehurumende:[ Zvisarudzo zvavagari vemo zvinobatanidza mapoka avanhu voga (mukwidziridzirwo.); mhaka dzoutsotsi dzinobatanidza hurumende (kutambudza) v. mukwirirwi.
  • [[FFL:0] Gorili: mishonga yavagari vemo inovavarira kutsiva vakuvara; zvirango zvoutsotsi vavariro yokuranga nokudzivisa.
  • [[[FOL:0] Bhibheni yechibvumikiso:[[FL:1] Kurangarira ufakazi (chivil) v. kusingapanikirwi zvine mufungo (rimi).
  • Kurudyi kudare rinobetsera vatongi: Munhau dzevagari vemo, kodzero kutongwa kwedare rinobetsera vatongi inowanzochengetwa nokuda kwenhau dzinobatanidza $20 (Mitemo Yechigumi Nechishanu), asi mhaka zhinji dzevagari vemo dzinosarudzwa navatongi (mitongo yemhosva). Mumhaka dzoutsotsi, vakwirirwi vane kodzero yebumbiro remitemo kukutonga mhaka dzakakomba (Sixth Amendment).
  • [[FT:0] Kutonga kwavagari vemo kunoguma nemibayiro yemari kana kuti nyaradzo inokwana; kutongwa kwoutsotsi kunoguma nefaindi, kusungwa, kana kuti kunyange chirango chorufu.
  • Appals:[ Mativi ose ari maviri anogona kukwidza mhedziso dzavagari vemo. Mumhaka dzoutsotsi, kuchuchirwa kunowanzosagona kukwidza kusunungurwa (dziviriro dzengozi dzakapetwa kaviri), asi vakwirirwi vanogona kukwirira mhaka.

Vatongi Vanosiya Mitambo Yavanaani?

Mutongi anosarudza zvinhu kana kuti mutongi angaita basa rinokosha muzvose zviri zviviri kutonga kwevagari vemo nokweutsotsi. Chisarudzo pakati pokutonga kwebhenji nedare rinobetsera vatongi chinogona kutapura zvikuru mugumisiro wacho, sezvo vatongi namatare edare vanobudisa mifungo yakasiana uye kukwikwidzana mumuitiro wacho.

Basa Romutongi

Mukutonga kupi nokupi, mutongi anobatira semutongi wedare nechiremera chapamutemo. Mutongi anotonga pamiitiro, anosarudza kuti ufakazi hupi hunogamuchirika, anorairidza vatongi pamutemo, uye anovimbisa kuti kutonga kunopfuurira zvakanaka. Mu kutonga [[FLT:], mutongi anoitawo sechinhu chaichoicho, anosarudza kuvimbwa kwezvapupu uye anoyera uchapupu kuti vasarudze. Mitongo inozivikanwa zvikuru munhau dzevagari vemo, zvikurukuru apo nhau dzacho dzinooma kana kuti unyanzvi (g., nharo dzomutemo dzinobvumirwa nomutemo), kana kuti apo vose vari vaviri vanobvumirana kubatira vatongi. Mumitevengi, vanosarudza dare kuti vasarudze kutongwa kunzi vasarumbidzika mhaka dzinozivikanwa, kana kuti vatonge vatongi vanozivikanwa.

Basa Rejury

Vatongi iboka revagariwo zvavo vakasarudzwa kuti vanzwe ufakazi ndokupa chisarudzo. Munhau dzeutsotsi, Sixth Amendment inovimbisa maruramiro okutonga mhaka dzose dzakakomba. Mumhosva dzehurumende, Pevention Amendment inochengeta kodzero yokutonga dare redare redare rehurumende nokuda kwenhau dzinopfuura $20. Juries dzine mutoro wokuwana maidi (_Z $8) nokushandisa mutemo somurayiridzi wedare rehurumende. Ivo vari voga uye vanofanira kusvika chisarudzo chimwe chete mumhaka dzoutsotsi (mudare rehurumende nehurumende zhinji). Vatongi vemo vangadikanwa kuti vasvike pachisarudzo chechisarudzo chakabatana kana kuti chikurusarudzo (g. 5, kubva mumatare makuru enyika akawanda), zvichitsamira pamiteve 6.

Kusarudza Nokuzvidira

Muitiro wokusarudza vatongi, unozivikanwa se [[FLT: 0] wakaipa zvikuru, unobatanidza kubvunza vatongi vanobvira kuti vawane tsvosvuro dzipi nedzipi dzingavadzivisa kuva vasingasaruri. Mativi ose ari maviri anogona kudenha vatongi nokuda kwechisakiso (g., ukama nebato) kana kuti kushandisa denho dzokudzima chiverengero chakaganhurirwa kuti varambe nhamba yakaganhurirwa yevatongi pasina chikonzero. Kana vatongi vangosarudzwa, vanoteerera kuzarura mashoko, chipupu, kuyambuka, uye kupfiga. ipapo mutongi anopa mirayiridzo yomutemo wakafanira. Jurri muudzo yamaune, vachirangarira ufakazi nomutoro wezvibvumikiso. Muzvinoitika zvoutsotsi, kana mumwe munhu achiva nomuuyo, mugumisiro unoturi wedare, mudare risingadzorwi. Mumi, mumiteveri wedare rinobvumiranwa.

Muitiro Wokubvisa: Nzira Iyo Mhaka Dzinosarudzwa Nayo

Matanho anoitwa munhau dzevagari vemo nedzematsotsi ane kufanana kwakati asi anewo zvinhu zvakasiyana - siyana zvinoenderana nerudzi rwegakava racho.

Kuchinja Kwenyaya

Nhau dzinotanga apo mupurisa anosaidzira [[FT:2] complist nedare, achitaura hwaro hwapamutemo hwezvirevo neyamuro zvakatsvakwa. dare rinopa kokero, uye mukwirirwi anobatira nokunyunyuta. Mukwirirwi ipapo ane nguva yakagadzwa yokunyora anopindura [ kupoka.

Nhau dzinotanga zvikuru ne .'arrost kana kuti kunyorwa kwemhosva kunoitwa nomuchuchisi. Kana mufungidziri akasungwa, anounzwa pamberi pomutongi nokuda kwechitarisiko chokutanga, apo pomero dzinoraviwa nenzira yakarongwa. Mumativi akawanda, dare redare redare repamutemo ringabudisa mhaka, kana kuti kunzwa kwokutanga kungachengetwa kuti aone kana paine chisakiso chokupfuurira kutongwa.

Zvinoitwa Pamberi Pezvikuru

Mukukwidziridza kwavagari vemo, nhano yapamberi pedare inodzorwa ne ziviso , muitiro umo mativi ose ari maviri anotsinhana magwaro akafanira, kutora zvinyorwa zvapupu, uye kugovera kubvunzurudza (mibvunzo yakanyorwa). Kunzvera kunovimbisa kuti mativi ose ari maviri ane ufakazi hunodikanwa kugadzirira nhau dzavo. Kufamba, kwakadai sokufamba kwokutonga kwokupfupikisa, kungachengetwa kupedza mhaka pasina muedzo kana pasina nhau dzechokwadi dzeidi rezvo.

Munyaya dzoutsotsi, kutongwa kunobatanidza kururamisira (paanopinda chikumbiro), bhail bhails [, uye [[FLT]] mitongo yedare [[FLT:]] kuti idzvinyirire ufakazi (mh., ufakazi hunowanwa mukuputswa kwePremendi yeChina). Purea inotsiva inhano yavose yepamberitarisiti yenhau yakaderedzwa (5] uye mitongo inopfuudzira miganhu yakaderedzwa nokuda kwechidzo ine mhaka yemhosva, iyo inogumisa ruzhinjisakawanda yemhosva isina muedzo.

Kutongwa

Miedzo mumiitiro yose iri miviri inotevera chimiro chakafanana: kutaura kwokuzarura, kupiwa kwoufakazi (ufakazi hwechapupu neratidziro), kunzvera, nharo dzokupfiga, uye miraidzo yedare rinobetsera vatongi. Zvisinei, simbiso inosiana:

  • Mutongi kana kuti vatongi vanotanga vaongorora uchapupu hwacho vachishandisa mitemo yepamusoro.
  • Mupomeri haafaniri kupa uchapupu kana kupupurira mumatare, uye vatongi vanorayirwa kuti kukundikana kupupurira hakufaniri kuitirwa mupomerwi.

Kupomera uye Kukwirira

Pashure pokurangarira, mubvunzi weidi anopa chisarudzo. Munhau dzehurumende, chisarudzo chinosarudza mutoro uye kazhinji kazhinji chinobatanidza mubayiro wekuvadziko. Vaparidzi vasingagutswi vanogona kukwirira pazvikonzero zvakadai semhosho yapamutemo, kusazvibata, kana kuti ufakazi husingapiwi. Mumhaka dzoutsotsi, chisarudzo chine mhaka chinotungamirira kutongerwa (ona pasi apa). Mutongo wakaipa haugoni kukwidzwa nomurovereri mhaka nemhaka yedziviriro yakapetwa kaviri, asi mukwirirwi angakwidza kupwirira mhaka.

Migumisiro Nemishonga

Migumisiro yemhosva dzevagari vemo nedzematsotsi inoshanda nharidzano dzenzanga dzakasiana - siana uye ine miuyo yomunhu oga yakasiana zvikuru nokuda kwamapoka.

Kugadzirisa Kunoitwa Nevanhu Vose

Mishonga yavagari vemo yakagadzirirwa kutsiva vakuvara kana kuti kudzivisa kuvadziko yomunguva yemberi.

  • [[FOM:0] Kukuvadza:[[FT:1] mibairo nokuda kwokurasikirwa chaikoiko (mari inorashikirwa nomushonga, mibhadharo yakarasika, kukuvadzwa kwezvinhu).
  • Kukuvadza: Zvimwe zvitsama zvakaitirwa kuranga kusazvibata kwokusazvibata uye kudzivisa mufambiro wakafanana (wakawanda muzvinoitika zvetort zvinobatanidza kuita chakaipa namaune).
  • Muitiro wechibvumirano: Murayiro wedare unoda kuti boka rinoputsa riite misengwa yaro yebvumirano.
  • Injucts: Mirairo yokumisa mubato unokuvadza kana kuti kumanikidza chiito (mue., regai uye miraidzo yezvisakiso muzvinoitika zvezvinhu zvedzidzo).

Kana boka rikakundikana kubhadhara mutongo nokuzvidira, mukundi anogona kuronda zviito zvokuchengeta mutero zvakadai sokuripirwa mari, kubhangi, kana kuti kunyepa panzvimbo.

Kupiwa Mhaka Kweutsotsi

Zvirango zvoutsotsi zvinopiwa nomutongi pakutongwa, kazhinji kazhinji kuchitungamirirwa nenhungamiro dzokutonga dzemitemo. Kurangwa kunogona kubatanidza:

  • [[[FT:0] Mibhadharo:[[FLT] 1] mari yemari kuhurumende.
  • Chirango:[ Chinobudiswa zvikuru nemigariro (mutoo, macheki enguva dzose, kunzvera mirimo).
  • Kuisa mubatanidzwa: Jail (pamifungo yakaipa) kana kuti torongo (pamifungo). Urefu hwokudzosa hunotsamira paukombi hwemhosva uye nhau yeutsotsi yomukwirirwi.
  • Basa rekomupiyuta: Basa risingabhadharwi nokuda kwesangano rehurumende kana kuti risingawani mhindu.
  • Restitution: Kosita inobhadharwa kuna nyajambwa nokuda kwokurasikirwa kunoparirwa zvakananga neutsotsi.
  • [[FOL:0] Chirango chakakomba:[[FT:1] Mune mamwe mativi, chirango chorufu chinowanika nokuda kwemhosva dzokuponda dzakakomba zvikurusa.

Uyezve, kudavira utsotsi kunowanzova nemigumisiro inofungidzirwa, yakadai sokurasikirwa nekodzero dzokuvhota, kuomerwa nokuwana basa kana pokugara, uye kudzingwa munyika kwevasiri vatsva.

Kuwiriraniswa Kwemhosva Dzevagari Vemo Nedzematsotsi

Maidi mamwe chete anogona kuparira zvose zviri zviviri mhaka dzehurumende nedzeutsotsi. Muenzaniso wakakurumbira zvikurusa inhau yaO.J. Simpson: Akasunungurwa paupondi mudare routsotsi (kutambudza kwaisagona kubvumikisa kuva nemhaka kupfuura kupanikira kune mufungo), asi gare gare kwakawanwa kuva kunopa mhaka yorufu rwakaipa mudare rehurumende (kuratidzirwa kwoufakazi). Ikoku kunoratidzira kuti chiito chimwe chetecho chinogona sei kutaurwa mugadziriro dzose dziri mbiri, nemiuyo yakasiana nemiuyo nemishonga.

Zvimwe zvinobatanidza:

  • Zviitiko zvechisimba zvomudzimba zvinotungamirira kukupomerwa mhosva dzokuparwa kwemhosva uye kudzivirirwa kwemitemo yehurumende kana kuti nyaya dzokurambana.
  • Kubiridzira kwebhizimisi kunoguma nezvose zviri zviviri kuroverwa mhaka nehurumende uye kupomerwa mhaka nehurumende nevanoisa mari kana kuti vatengi.
  • Zviitiko zvinoparira apo mugadziri anotarisana nezvirango zvoutsotsi nokuda kwokuputswa kwechengeteko uye kutaura kwehurumende kunobva kuvatengi vakakuvadzwa.

Kunzwisisa kubatanidzwa kuri pakati peaya mapazu maviri omutemo kunokosha nokuda kwokunzverwa kwapamutemo kuzere.

mhedziso

Musiyano pakati pemhosva dzevagari vemo nedzeutsotsi ndewenheyo yemitemo yakavakirwa pamutemo wepamutemo. Nyaya dzevagari vomunyika inogadzirisa kusawirirana kwevamwe voga uye kutsiva vanyajambwa, nepo mhosva dzoutsotsi dzichiranga mhosva dzinorwisana nehurumende uye dzichidzivirira nzanga. Chisarudzo chemugadziri wechisarudzo chechisarudzo chejeri nedare . Chisarudzo chinoshanda chinobatsira kuumba mutezo wokutonga uye migumisiro yacho. Kunyange uri mudzidzi womutemo, muridzi webhizimisi anenge achikarira kupesana nebvumirano, kana kuti mugari wemo anoda kupiwa basa redare, kunzwisisa kwakasimba kwepfungwa idzi kunokupa simba kutungamirira kutungamirira kutsika dzepamutemo nokuzviito zvakajeka nokujeka.

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