Kuongorora Zvakadzama Kubatanidzwa: Kubvisa Kodzero Dzokuungana Nokukumbira

Kodzero yavanhu yokuungana norugare nokukumbira hurumende nokuda kwechichemo chezvichemo hachisi chitsama chemitemo chete. Iyi mvumo mbiri, yakapinzwa muFirst Amendment, inobvumira vagari vemo kuronga, kusabvumirana, uye kuraira kuzvidavirira. Chinonyanya nhau yeAmerica, iyi dziviriro yakashandiswa bedzi kuhurumende yehurumende. Yakanga iri dzidziso yokubatanidza, yakavakirwa muInesirete, iyo yakakanganisa zvikurukuru nyika kupfurikidza nokutambanudza chidziro cheBill of Rights kuhurumende nehurumende dzomunzvimbomo. Kunzwisisa iyi kugadziridzwa kunokosha kunzwisisa kuti kodzero dzokuunganidza nokukumbira zvakasimbiswa sei, yakaganhurirwa, uye yagara ichitsanangurwazve muAmerica yazvino uno.

Bhiriji Repamutemo Rinonyadzisira

Kurongeka idzidziso yebumbiro remitemo inoshandisa dziviriro dzedzinogadziriswa kwegumi rokutanga nerina, --toti Bill of Rights `yati hurumende kupfurikidza neChiteshi Chomuitiro waNinethi Amendment. Chikamu chinoti hakuna hurumende icha "shatisa munhu upi noupi woupenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti chinhu, pasina muitiro wakafanira womutemo. Kuvamba muzana ramakore ramakumi maviri, Dare Rapamusoro raidavira zvishoma nezvishoma kuti rusununguko rwakati muBill of Rights irwokunokosha kwazvo zvokuti iwo a“ anopinzwa" mukurwisana nemitemo. Uyu muitiro unozivikanwa se [[FLT:] kuv] kuvhotanurora mutemo. [FLD:1], uyo unoshandiswa nekodzero dzakajeka nomumwe, panzvimbo pe Zvose zvaMarurai kodzero dzekodzero.

Isati yabatanidzwa, hurumende ingagona, somuenzaniso, kurambidza kunyunyuta kwezvamatongerwe enyika kana kuti kuranga vagari vemo nokuda kwokuparadzira chikumbiro pasina kuputsa First Amendment, nemhaka yokuti chinjo iyoyo bedzi yakamanikidzirwa. Mufungo wokubatanidza wakachinja ikoku kupfurikidza nokuzivisa kuti vimbiso yeMwendedzero ye14 yerusununguko inobatanidza idzi rusununguko rukuru, nokudaro ichidzosa simba rehurumende. Dzidziso yacho yave iri chinhu chikuru kurwisano huru iri yose yerusununguko rwavagari vemo yezana ramakore rapfuura, kubva mukutaura kwakasununguka nokutsikirira kugungano nechikumbiro.

Kodzero Yokuungana Norugare: Kubva Pakuganhurirwa Kwomunzvimbomo Kuenda Kuvimbiso Yorudzi

Kodzero yokuungana inobvumira vanhu kuungana nokuda kwamadonzo anoratidzirwa — kungava kusangana kwehoro yetaundi, kurovanya, kana kuti kufora kwokuramba. Pamberi pokubatanidza, Hurumende dzaiva nechiremera chikuru chokudzora kuungana kwavose, kazhinji kazhinji munyengedzo yokuchengeta nhevedzano yavose. Hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzaigona kuvhara mapoka akati kuti kuti kuti asasangana munzvimbo dzavose, kuisa mibhadharo yakakwirira inobvumira kuungana, kana kuti kumanikidzira mitemo inodzivisa kuungana kunoitiranwa nharo. Pasina utarisiri hwehurumende, idzi ganhuriro dzaigona kudzivisa kupesana.

Nguva yokuchinja yakauya ne . Jonge v. Oregon [1937], nhau yechiratidzo umo Dare Gurusa raibvumirana kuti kodzero yokuungana norugare ikodzero inokosha yakadzivirirwa pahurumende kudzorwa. Mhaka yacho yaibatanidza musangano wecommunist waibvumirwa nomutemo asi waionekwa seisiri pamutemo pasi pomutemo wetsotsi weOregon. Dare rakasarudza kuti kupindawo pamusangano une rugare hakugoni kuitwa utsotsi. Sezvakanyorwa naGazeki, maruramiro okuungana ndiwo "wri madikanwa" nedzimwe dziviriro dzokutanga, uye "inokosha kudzimwe kodzero dzemitemo yokushandisa dzimwe kodzero."

Iconporation haina kupa hurumende maruramiro okufuratira kodzero dzegungano. Mu [FLT]Shuttlesworth v. Birmingham [1969] [199], Dare rakaputsa mutemo weBirmingham uyo waipa vakuru veguta chisarudzo chokuramba mvumo. Dare raidavira kuti gadziriro ipi neipi yebvumidzo inofanira kuvakirwa padonzo, iri mukati-matsika dzeMovement Revolution. Mhaka iyi, rutivi rukuru rwegadziriro yekodzero dzevoruzhinji, inosimbisa kuti hurumende nehurumende zvomunzvimbomo zvisagona kushandisa mitemo yokudzivisa kuratidzira kune rugare.

Kupfuurirazve, madards v. South Carolina (1863] yakasimbisa kuti maruramiro okuungana anobatanidza maruramiro okutaura mirangariro panzvimbo yavose pedyo nezvivako zvehurumende. Dare rakatenderedza zvitendero zverugare zvekodzero dzevagari vemo zvavamiriri vamadhimoni vakanga vafamba pavhu rehurumende, vachitaura kuti Pendux Yokutanga (Hwero yePfungwa) yaishandiswa kupfurikidza ne 1448th-ject. Pasina kubatana kworugare.

Kodzero Yokukumbira: Kudzivirira Kudzorwa

Kodzero yokukumbira hurumende nokuda kwokugadziridza zvichemo ikodzero dzekaresa dzeFirst Amendment, ine mavambo muMagna Carta neEngland Bill of Rights. Inodzivirira mano avagari vemo okukurukura namapazu ose ehurumende(legistive, mukuru mukuru, uye mutongi () pasina kutya kutsiva. Kudzivirira kwakatambanudzira iyi dziviriro kuhurumende nezviito zvehurumende yomunzvimbomo, kubatanidza kukumbira kupiwa kumatare eguta, matare ehurumende, kana kuti kunyange kupfurikidza nematare.

Imwe yenhau dzinokosha zvikurusa dzinoratidzira tapuro yokubatanidza maruramiro okukumbira iri [FLT]NAACP v.Alabama ax rel. Patterson (188). Hurumende yeAlabama yakanga yatsvaka kumanikidza NaACP kuzivisa mitezo yayo, zvinosuwisa mano emitezo yokukumbira hurumende nokuda kwouenzani hwedzinza. Dare Guru rairangarira kuti kuratidzirwa kwakamanikidzira kwakarongwa kwemitezo kwakaputsa rusununguko rwesonganisa neyakanga yatoko. Chisarudzo chacho chakadzivirira dare reNaACPFF. Chisarudzo charo charo charongesesaidzorwa muChibvumirano cheNaCP.

Mu . Cough of Duryea v. Guarnieri (2011) , Dare Rapamusoro rakajekesa kuti Dare reRevolce rinoshanda kuhurumende uye kuvashandirwi vehurumende vomunzvimbomo. Mhaka yacho yaiitira hanya mukuru wemapurisa aiisa mhaka pamusoro pokuguma kwake, uye Dare rakati kodzero yokukumbira inotambanukira kuzvimiro zvose zvehurumende, kubatanidza kudzokororwa. Kunyange zvazvo muuyo wakaganhurira muganhu wechikumbiro chapo mumashoko ebasa ravose, nhau yacho yakaratidzirwa kuti matare anopfuurira kugadzirira sei matare anorwisana nechiito chakarurama.

Mukuwedzera, [FLT]City of Lakewood v. Plain Dealeter Publiship Co. [1988] yakataura kodzero yokukumbira kupfurikidza nepepanhau, ichisimbisa kuti nyika nehurumende zvomunzvimbomo hazvigoni kugovera kuparadzirwa kwamapepanhau nechimiro chekukumbira uye kutaura (pamberi) pasina mirau yakakwana. Zviitiko izvi zvinoratidza kuti kukumbira kwaita kodzero yokukumbira chishandiso chinoshanda nokuda kwemitemo nemiraudzo zvehurumende.

Nhau Huru Dzakarondedzera Kubatanidzwa Kwemagungano Nekukumbira

Kupfuura zvisarudzo zvinozivikanwa, zvimwe zvisarudzo zvinoverengeka zvakaumba mashandire anoita aya kodzero pasi pechiremera chehurumende:

  • [FLT] Gitlow v. New York (1925): kunyange zvazvo yakatsigira kutenderwa kwaBenjamin Gitlow nokuda kwokutsigira chinjo, mhaka yacho yakanga iri yenhau nemhaka yokuti Dare Rapamusoro rakafunga kuti “‘ Pasina kusarudza kuti Pendux yeFirst Amendment yakasununguka nedziviriro dzinoshanda kumasangano eClaus.
  • [FLT]Stomberg v. California (1931): Dare rakaputsa mutemo wehurumende unorambidza kuratidzwa kwomureza mutsvuku sechiratidzo chokushora hurumende yakarongwa. Chisarudzo chacho chaibatanidza dziviriro yeFirst Amendment yekutaura kwokufananidzira, kunowanzobatanidzwa negungano uye chikumbiro.
  • HAUEV. CIO (1939]] Munyaya pamusoro pavarongi vemubatanidzwa wavashandi vanotaura mumigwagwa yeguta, Dare rakasimbisa kuti migwagwa yavose namapaki zvinochengetwa zvakavimbwa nokuda kwokushandiswa kwavose nokuda kwegungano nokutaura, uye masangano iwayo haagoni kuisa zvirambidzo pamberi paavo vasina kudhonzwa, miraudzo yezvinenge zviri mukati-pasi.
  • [FLT][FOM] v. Collins (1945) Dare rakaparadza mutemo weTexas uyo waida kuti varongi vebasa vawane rezinesi pamberi pokukumbira mitezo. Mutongi Rutledge akanyora kuti kodzero yokuunganidza nokukumbira inobatanidza maruramiro okutaura nokuronga, uye kupindira ikoko kwehurumende kunofanira kuwirirana nokunzvera kwakakomba.
  • [FLT][FULT:1][Federal Information Commission[[FL:2] (2010): Zvikurukuru mhaka yemari yenhimbe, chisarudzo chakasimbisazve kuti masangano ane kodzero dzeFirst Amendment (kubatanidza kodzero yokukumbira kupfurikidza nendyiko dzakazvimirira dzezvamatongerwe enyika) uye kuti kodzero idzodzo zvino dzava kubatanidzwa zvizere mukurwisana nenyika.

Kurangarira Kwakafara: Nzira Iyo Kutora Rutivi Kwakachinjwa Nayo Kutora Rutivi Rwechiito Chamadhimocratic

Kubatanidzwa kwekodzero dzekuungana uye dzokukumbira kwakava nemigumisiro mikuru muupenyu hwevagari veAmerica. Kwakagonesa masangano enzanga (kubva kumabasa kusvikira kukodzero dzevagari vemo kusvikira kuuwani hweroorano) kuronga kugura mitsetse yenyika pasina kutarisana nemipimo yemitemo yakasiana zvikuru. Kuramba muAlabama kunowana dziviriro imwe cheteyo yebumbiro remitemo seyomuCalifornia, kana kuti murondedzero. Uku kufanana kunoparira uriri hwenyika yorusununguko, pasi pevhu husingagoni kuderera.

Kutora kwakasimbisawo matare ehurumende kuhwirudzura hurumende nemitemo yomunzvimbomo inoganhurira kukumbira. Vagari vakadzorwa nokuramba kwedare reguta kunzwa chikumbiro chavo kana kuti mutemo wehurumende uyo unoranga vatendi vanoranga kugona kuunza dare pasi pa U.S. . . . . 1983[FLT] [[FLT]], unobvumira kuvadziko neyamuro yekuputswa nokuda kwokuputswa kwekodzero dzebumbiro remitemo. Iyi dare ringaunza dare muuva duku zvikuru pasina kubatanidzwa kwa Claus Creas.

Zvinetso zvazvino uno zvinoramba zvichiedza miganhu yekodzero idzi. Kukwidzwa kwemasangano enhau kwakamutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pokuti kodzero yokukumbira inotambanukira paIndaneti kunzvimbo dzinonzi nehurumende kana kuti dzinodzorwa. Ko kuvhara kwomutemi wemitemo weTutter kunoputsa chiteshi chePlasmato Claus? matare epasi akavamba kurwisana nenhau idzi, uye mhinduro dzinotsamira pakuti IPFrime Amend Amendment inoshanda sei pamadhipatimendi.

Basa Remasangano Nemasangano

Kurongeka hakuna kungobetsera vanhu bedzi. Masangano, kubatanidza masangano, akakumbira nenzira inobudirira maruramiro okupesvedzera mutemo, mirau inodenha, uye kutsvaka kugadziridza kupfurikidza nematare. Mu[FLT][1] Papaficial Gas & Genetic Co. v. Public Unitity Commission [1986] , Dare rapamusoro rairangarira kuti kambani ine muganhu weFirst Amendment yaidzorwa kupfurikidza nokutumira mapepa ayo. Uku kuwedzerwa kwamaruramiro okukumbira kumasangano esangano ebhizimisi kwakaita kurukurirano inoenderera mberi pamusoro pedzikamo pakati pezvikumbiro zvevagari vemo nezvemari.

Kunyange zvakadaro, nheyo huru inoramba iripo: Kubatanidza chibvumikiso chokuti hakuna hurumende ingava namaruramiro okuunganidza siginicha, kutaura pakutonga kwavose, kana kuti kukwidza hurumende nokuda kweyamuro.

Nhau Dzazvino Uno Nenguva Yemberi Yegungano Rakabatanidzwa Nekodzero Dzechikumbiro

Nepo kubatanidzwa kwakava neganhuriro yedziviriro, hurumende dzichine rusununguko rwokuisa nguva, nzvimbo, uye tsika pamagungano uye kuziviswa kweminyengetero. Denda reCOVID rakaedza miganhu iyi, sezvo hurumende dzakaisa miganhu yokuunganidza apo vagari vemo vaida kodzero yokuramba mitemo youtano yavose. Matare eFederal akatsigira zvitemo zvine mufungo asi akarova ayo akabvisa mirangariro yaisafanira.

Imwe nzvimbo iri kubuda i maruramiro okukumbira mumashoko akapoteredza etsinhiro dzavose. Matal v. Tam (2017]), Dare rapamusoro rakarova chikamu chapamberi peLanham Act, icho chakanga chashandiswa kuramba kunyoresa chiratidzo chechiratidzo kutsoropo. Nepo chisati chiri mhaka yechikumbiro pachinhu chimwe, chakasimbisa kuti hurumende haigoni kuramba chimiro chechikumbiro chokutarisira. Kurangarira kwepfungwa hakugoni kuita saizvozvo.

Mukuwedzera, kubatanidzwa kweChipiri Pendment mu [[FLT:] McDonald v. Chicago (2010) padzimwe nguva yakarangarirwa kuva inobatana nekodzero dzegungano, sezvo maruramiro okuchengeta nokutakura zvombo anogona kutapura chengeteko yemagungano avose. Zvisinei, Dare harina kubatana zvakananga nedzidziso mbiri. Kupfuurira kwemitemo yepfuti yehurumende kuchaedza kana kuungana nekodzero dzokukumbira zvichida masangano ane zvombo.

Mugumisiro: Pesvedzero Inopfuurira Yokusachena

Dzidziso yokubatanidza yakashandura zvikurukuru kodzero yokuunganidza nokukumbira kubva kuvimbiso dzehurumende kuva zvinochengetedzwa zvinomanikidzirwa muhurumende nemunharaunda. Pasina kubatanidzwa, Civil Rights Movement ingagona kuve yakavharwa nezvirongwa zvemvumo yakapiwa nehurumende, mibatanidzwa yavashandi ingadai yakaparadzwa nemitemo yomunzvimbomo inorwisana nesangano, uye vagariwo zvavo vaigona kurangwa nokuda kwokusaina mikumbiro. Kupfurikidza nokushandisa First Amendment kumasangano enyika, Dare rapamusoro zvikurusa rakavimbisa kuti idzi kodzero dzisati dzingovawo zvadzorowo zvadzoro asi dzinorarama chaizvoizvo.

Bva kubatanidzwa hakusati kuri kukunda kwapakarepo. Chizvarwa chimwe nechimwe chinotarisana nedenho itsva. Shuttlesworth [ anoyeuchidza kuti kodzero yokuungana uye kukumbira zvinoramba zviripo hazvisi nyore kudarika. Nemhaka yemhosva dzakadai se Jonge uye [FLT] SHUTS"worworthworthworth [[[[[FLLT:3]]]