Paramende yeIndia inoshanda sedare guru remitemo rehurumende yeUnion, inobatanidza mudzimu wehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yenyika kupfurikidza nechirongwa chebhimeral. Iyi gadziriro inoumba dzimba mbiri: Rajiya Sabhaha (Council of States) uye Lok Sabhaha (Imba yaVanhu). Nepo zvose zviri zviviri zvinokosha mukugadzira mutemo nokudzora, zvinoshanda nemasimba akasiyana, kuumba, uye mitoro. Kunzwisisa kwakajeka kweiyi misiyano hakungokosha bedzi nokuda kwavadzidzi vehurumende asi nokuda kwomugari wemo ari wose anotsvaka kunzwisisa kuti mabasai ehurumende yehurumende yegutsaruzhinji yeIndia mukushanda.

Muenzanisiro webicadaral wakagamuchirwa navagadziri vemaburendi veIndia pashure pefundo huru yedzimwe gadziriro dzehurumende, kubatanidza United States Dare ne British House of Lords. Vairangarira Rajiya Sabba sekamuri rinotsigisa, rehurumende rinomirira nyika, nepo Lok Sabhaha yaizova kamuri ravanhu, rinozvidavirira zvakananga kuvhota. Boka iri rakarongedzerwa muZvikamu 79 kusvikira ku 122 zveBumbiro reMitemo reIndia. Nhasi, mutambo pakati pedzimba mbiri unovimbisa kurukurirano yakakwana, fariro dzomubatanidzwa dzinodzivirirwa, uye hurumende inoramba ichiwirirana nechido chakakurumbira.

Kupfuudzira kweRaje Sabha

Raje Sabra iimba yepamusoro yeParamende, inonongedzerwawo kwairi seDare reUnited States. Kusafanana neLok Sabha, iboka rechigarire risingaparadzwi. Kuvapo kwaro kunopfuurira, nemitezo yaro inorega basa makore maviri ari ose. Iyi purogiramu inovimbisa kuyeuka nokutsiga, inobvumira Raja Sabhaha kuti ishande sekamuri rokurongedza rinopa mufungo wechipiri wakananga pamusoro pomutemo.

Kuronga uye Kusarudza

Raje Sabba panguva ino ine simba guru remitezo 250, ine 238 yavamiriri vehurumende nenharaunda dzemibatanidzwa, uye 12 vanosarudzwa naPurezidhendi. Mitezo chaiyoiyo ndeya 245. Vamiriri venyika vanosarudzwa nemitezo yakasarudzwa yemitezo yemitemo yehurumende ichishandisa gadziriro imwe inosimudzirwa yomufananidzo. Iyi gadziriro yesarudzo isina kunanga inoreva kuti vagadziri veboka reRajaya Sabha vanowanzoratidzira ganhuriro yehurumende, inogona kusiana nevoruzhinji muLok Sabaha.

Mitezo yakasarudzwa inosarudzwa ichibva pakati pavanhu vakazvitsaura vamene muzvinhu zvakadai semabhuku, sayenzi, unyanzvi, basa renzanga, uye nhau dzavose. iyi gadziriro yakaitirwa kupinza manzwi oungwaru nenyanzvi mumuitiro wemitemo pasina ganhuriro dzezvamatongerwe enyika zvinosarudzwa.

Shoko Nenhengo

Mutezo mumwe nomumwe weRaje Sabha unoshandisa nhambo yamakore matanhatu. Sezvacherekedzwa, imba inokatyamadzwa zvokuti chikamu chimwe chezvitatu chemitezo chinopedzisa shoko rayo makore maviri ari ose, kuvimbisa kupfuurira. Hapana gadziriro yokuputsanya, kunyange zvazvo Imba ichigona kuparadzwa naPrezidhendi. Chitsama chiduku chezera remitezo makore 30, kupfuura makore 25 nokuda kweLok Sabha, kuratidzira kariro yokukura zvikuru noruzivo rwokuzviwanira.

Masimba Chaiwo ERaje Sabha

Nepo Rajiya Sabra ichigoverana masimba emitemo mazhinjisa zvakaenzana neLok Sabra, ine masimba akati akazara. MuChikamu 312, Rajiya Sabra inogona kupfuudza chisarudzo(kupfurikidza ne 3tatu) ruzhinji(kunyora Paramende kuumba Hurumende itsva yeIndia yose inowirirana neUnion nehurumende. Iri simba harigari neLok Sabba yoga yoga. Mukuwedzera, Raja Sabhaha anogona kutanga kubviswa kwaPurezidhendi Secure (uyo ari muvambi wayo weficio Chaieman) kupfurikidza nechisarudzo chipfuudzo chinopfuura navazhinji vemitezo yose uye chakabvumirana neLoka Sabba.

Kupfuurirazve, Rajiya Sabha ane chiremera chokuchinja udzori hweUnion Public Service Commission (UPSC) nevoruzhinji vaviri vanosvika 3. Mukati menjodzi yenyika, Rajiya Sabhaha inogonawo kutambanudza zita ramakore mashanu reLok Sabhaha kupfuura gore rimwe panguva imwe (Article 83). Masimba chaiwo aya anosimbisa basa raRajiya Sabba somuchengeti wehurumende uye mutsigiri mukati menjodzi.

Kupfuudzira kweLok Sabha

Lok Sabha, kana kuti House of the People, iimba yakaderera yeParamende nedare guru remitemo muIndia. Inosarudzwa zvakananga navagari veIndia kupfurikidza nebumbiro renyika yose ravakuru, ichiita inzwi rakananga ravanhu. Simba rakakomba reLok Sabha imitezo 552 (kubatanidza mitezo miviri yakadzorwa neAnglo - Indian, kunyange zvazvo iyi gadziriro yakaparadzwa neGenestitual Amend Amend Amend Amendement muna 2020). Simba chairo ndi 543 yakasarudzwa kubva kumitezo yokutanga-pashure pedare renyika.

Chimiro uye Kukanganisirwa

Shoko renguva dzose reLok Sabhah makore mashanu, kutoti richipedzwa pakuvamba naPurezidhendi. Kushatiswa kunogona kuitika apo hurumende inorasikirwa nechivimbo, kana kuti apo Mutungamiriri weHurumende anopa zano sarudzo dzapakuvamba. Kusafanana neRajiya Sabba, Lok Sabha inodzorwa nokuparadza chose chose, pashure pokunge sarudzo itsva dzaitwa. Chitsaru chiduku chezera nokuda kwemitezo ndimakore 25.

Basa Mukuumba Hurumende

Lok Sabha ndiyo imba inotema kuti ibato ripi kana kuti mubatanidzwa unoumba hurumende. Mutungamiriri weHurumende neDare raVafundisi vane mutoro pamwe chete kuLok Sabba. Kana hurumende ikarasikirwa nevhoti yechivimbo muLok Sabbaha, inofanira kurega. Mukupesana, Rajiya Sabhaha haigoni kupfuudza chiito chokusabvumirana nehurumende, sezvo Dare raVafundisi rine mutoro bedzi kuLok Sabhaha (Fototali 75). Ikoku kunoita kuti Lok Sahahab repakati renhandare nokuda kwokuzvidavirira kwezvamatongerwe enyika.

Misiyano Mikuru pakati paRaje Sabra naLok Sabha

Kusiyana kuripo pakati pedzimba mbiri idzi kunopfuura kusiyana kwemavhoti uye marobhoti.

  • Mitezo yeEquation: Mitezo yaRaje Sabha inosarudzwa nenzira isina kunanga namagungano ehurumende emitemo anoshandisa kumirira kwomubatanidzwa (vhoti inotakurika imwe). Mitezo yeLok Sabha inosarudzwa zvakananga navanhu veIndia kubva kumasangano enharaunda anoshandisa gadziriro yokutanga yekare-header.
  • Kureba naKuzvinyima: Raja Sabha iimba yechigarire ine mashoko egore matanhatu anozunguzika,(imwe- 3 yemitezo) inorega basa makore maviri ari ose. Lok Sabha ane shoko rakagadzwa ramakore mashanu asi rinogona kunyungurwa pakuvamba, kuchitungamirira kuzvigaro zvose 543.
  • Chitsama chamabhii: Ravya Sabha ane mitezo 245 (kubatanidza 12 inoiswa). Lok Sabha ane mitezo 543 yakasarudzwa kubatanidza 2 mitezo yeAnglo-Indian (zvino yadzikira). Ukuru hweLok Sabha hunoratidzira basa rayo sekamuri rinomirira zvikuru.
  • Age Qualification: zera dukusa remitezo yaRaje Sabha imakore 30; nokuti Lok Sabhaha imakore 25. Iyi zera rakakwirira reRajiya Sabhaha rinowirirana nechimiro charo chakarongerwa seimba yoruzivo nouchenjeri.
  • Simba pamusoro peMari yeMari: Mari Bills (sezvinorondedzerwa muChikamu 110) dzinogona kuvamba bedzi muLok Sabbaha. Pashure pokupfuudzwa neLok Sabhaha, dzinotumirwa kuRajiya Sabba, iyo inofanira kudzidzorera mukati mamazuva 14 nerumbidzo kana kuti pasina rumbidzo. Lok Sabha angagamuchira kana kuti kuramba rumbidzo dzipi nedzipi, uye kana Raji Sabba shaha ikatadza kudzorera mutongo mukati mamazuva 14, inorangarirwa kuva yapfuudzwa. Nokudaro, Rajiya Sabba haangodzoki bedzi nokurumbidza mari.
  • Control pamusoro poMutungamiriri: Dare raVafundisi rine mutoro pamwe chete bedzi kuLok Sabhaha. Rajiya Sabhaha haigoni kupfuura kufamba kusina kuvimbika kana kuti kumanikidza hurumende kurega, kunyange zvazvo ichigona kutsoropodza nokukurukura miitiro yaro.
  • MuMitemo yeMitemo yeBumbiro remitemo: Dzimba dzose dziri mbiri dzine simba rakaenzana mukubvisa Bumbiro remitemo (kunze kwegadziriro dzinoda kugadziriswa kwehurumende). Mutezo webumbiro remitemo unofanira kupfuudzwa nembiri yezvitatu zveimba imwe neimwe zvakaparadzana. Kana pakaitika kusabvumirana, hapana gadziriro yokugara pamwe; muganhu wemitemo unofanira kupera.
  • Mukunzvera: Lok Sabha inogona kutanga zviito zvokushora Purezidhendi nokuda kwokuputswa kweBumbiro remitemo, nepo Rajiya Sabhaha inotora rutivi mukunzvera nokuvhota. Nenzira yakafanana, dzimba dzose dziri mbiri dzinogona kubvisa vatongi veDare Rapamusorosoro naMatare makuru kupfurikidza nomuitiro unoda voruzhinji vaviri muimba imwe neimwe.
  • Kuparadza: Rajiya Sabhaha haisati ichizoparadzwa; iboka rinopfuurira. Lok Sabhaha inogona kuparadzwa naPurezidhendi pazano roMutungamiriri wePuerce, zvichitungamirira kurusarudzo rutsva.
  • Basa rokumirira: Raja Sabha inomirira nyika nendima dzebatanidzwa, kuva nechokwadi chefariro dzadzo dzinorangarirwa pamwero wenyika. Lok Sabha inomirira vanhu zvakananga, nouipi humwe nohumwe hwakaenzana zvikuru muchiverengero chavagari vemo.

Mabasa Nesimba Redzimba Mbiri

Dzimba dzose dziri mbiri dzinoshanda pamwe chete mumuitiro wemitemo, asi simbiso dzadzo dzinoshanda namasimba chaiwo zvinosiana zvikuru. Kunzwisisa iyi mibato kunoratidza dzikamo mukati megadziriro yemabhayari yeIndia.

Mibato yoMutemo

Kudzosera pamutemo (kusiya nokuda kwemari) kunobva mudzimba dzose. Kana yangopfuudzwa neimwe imba, inotumirwa kune imwe nokuda kwokubvumirana. Kana imba yechipiri ikaramba pamutemo kana kuti kugadziridza kusingagamuchiriki kuimba iripo, vhiyi inomuka. Nokuda kwemabhiriwo-mapepa emari, kugara pamwe chete kwedzimba dzose kungava kunoitwa naPrezidhendi kuti agadzirise vhiri. Zvisinei, kugara pamwe chete hakuwanzoshandiswa; kokupedzisira kwakaitika muna 2002 nokuda kwokudzivirira Ugandanganzi Act. Rajiya Sabhaha inoita basa sekamuri rokudzosera, ichishandisa kunyora kwayo pasi pasi pevhu kuti idzokorore mutemo nokungwarira.

Mibato yezvemari

Lok Sabha ine nzvimbo huru pamusoro penhau dzemari. Mari yegore negore inopiwa muLok Sabha, uye mari yechikwereti inogona kungovamba bedzi ikoko. Rajiya Sabba haagoni kupedza zvikwereti zvemari; inogona bedzi kuita rumbidzo kuti Lok Sabha angasarudza kugamuchira kana kuti kufuratira. Kupfuurirazve, Lokha Sabha ane simba rimwe rokutendera kukumbira mari inobvumirwa nejere rehurumende. Rajiya Sabbaha anoita basa rakaganhurirwa: inogona kutsinhirana nebhangi asi haigoni kuvhotera. Urongwa uhwu hunovimbisa kuti kudzorwa kwemari yavose kupfurikidza neimba yakasarudzwa zvakananga.

Mibato youtarisiri nokuzvidavirira

Dzimba dzose dziri mbiri dzinozvidavirira kupfurikidza namatanho akadai semibvunzo, nharo, uye nzvero dzedare. Zvisinei, simba reLok Sabha rokumanikidza kubviswa kwehurumende kupfurikidza nevhoti isina kuzviisa pasi inoipa chishandiso chokutarisira chakajeka. Rajiya Sabha anogona kubvunza vakuru vakuru, kutanga kurukurirano pamusoro penhau dzomunhu wose, uye kunongedzera zvikwereti kumatare akamira ane chokuita nenzvimbo. dare, uko dzimba dzose dziri mbiri dzinotora rutivi, dzinobvumira kuongororwa kwomutemo nemari yehurumende. Mishumo inobva kumatare akadai seDare renhau reProjusity neArements Offices inowedzera kuongororwa kwendyiko yezvitengoso.

Mabasa eElectoral

Mitezo yeParamende inobva mudzimba dzose dziri mbiri inotora rutivi musarudzo yaPurezidhendi weIndia (pamwe nemitezo yakasarudzwa yemagungano ehurumende). Raje Sabha anosarudzawo Sezari wake amene Mugavhuna uye anotora rutivi musarudzo yaPurezidhendi. Mitezo yedzimba dzose dziri mbiri rutivi rwekoreji yakasarudzwa yaPrezidhendi weIndia, asi mitezo yedzimba dzose dziri mbiri inovhotera Purezidhendi.

Masimba Chaiwo Eimba Imwe Neimwe

Kupfuura mabasa akabatanidzwa, imba imwe neimwe ine masimba akati akatsaurwa. Rajiya Sabha anogona kutanga kubviswa kwaMutungamiriri wePurezidhendi; Lok Sabhaha anogona kutanga kubviswa kwaPurezidhendi. Rajiya Sabha anogona kubvumira kusikwa kweMipiona yeIndiya; Lok Sabhaga yoga inogona kupfuudza vhoti yokusazvidzora mukurwisana neDare raManisters. Rajiya Sabha anewo basa rakasiyana pasi poMutezo 312: Inogona kuendesa nhau kubva muRusando rweHurumende kuUnion kupfurikidza nechisarudzo cheHrusando mbiri, nokudaro ichiita kuti pave nechibvumirano chemitemo.

Ukama Pakati Pedzimba Mbiri Negadziriro yeBibamaral

Gadziriro yebidaral yeIndia haisati iri yokuenzana zvizere; inopa Lok Sabhaa nzvimbo yakatanhamara, zvikurukuru munhau dzemari negadziriro yehurumende. Zvisinei, Rajiya Sabha hachisi chitembi cherabha. Simba rayo rokunonotsa nokugadziridza zvikwereti zvavanhu vose, kutaura kwayo kwakaenzana mukugadziridza kwebumbiro remitemo, uye basa rayo mukumirira fariro dzehurumende rinopa muganhu wakaenzana. Gadziriro inodzivisa mutemo unokurumidzira, inokurudzira kuvaka, uye inovimbisa kuti manzwi akasiana - siana eruwa anonzwiwa pamwero yenyika yose.

Kugara pamwe chete igadziriro yebumbiro remitemo yokupedza kuvhiya kwemitemo. Kunotungamirirwa neSpeak of the Lok Sabba, uye zvisarudzo zvinoitwa nevoruzhinji vemitezo yose iripo nevokuvhota. Kugara pamwe chete hakuwanzokumbirwa nemhaka yokuti dzimba dzose dziri mbiri dzinoda kukurukurirana. Zvisinei, kuvapo kwadzo kunosimbisa udzori hweLok Sabba kana pane kusarira kwenguva refu, sezvo Lok Sabbata mitezo mikuru zvikuru (inopetwa kaviri yeRajaya Sabra) kuchipa betsero yenhamba.

Ukama pakati pedzimba mbiri hunoumbwawo nezvinoitika zvezvamatongerwe enyika. Kazhinji kazhinji, boka resimba pakati rinodzorawo Lok Sabba voruzhinji, asi ringashaiwa voruzhinji muRaje Sabhaha. Mamiriro ezvinhu aya anomanikidzira hurumende kukurukura nemapoka anoshora uye vatsigiri vehurumende, mutemo wokunatsa uye kuvaka tsigiro inochinjika. Nokudaro, gadziriro yebidamaral inoita secherekedzo patsika yevakuru vakuru vehurumende uye kuvimbisa kuti mitemo inofarikanya kuva nohukwaneidzo.

Kupedzisa: Basa Rinokosha Redzimba Dzose Dziviri

Mukupfupikisa, Rajiya Sabba neLok Sabha isangano rinobatanidza mukati mehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yeIndia. Lok Sabba's sarudzo yakananga, nguva pfupi, uye ukuru hwemari zvinoiita nzvimbo huru nokuda kwechido chakakurumbira nokuzvidavirira. Rajiya Sabba's rakasarudzwa risina kunanga, mashoko marefu, uye masimba chaiwo anoibvumira kumirira fariro dzehurumende, kugovera dzikamo, uye kunatsiridza kunaka kwemitemo kupfurikidza nokudzokorodza. Zvivako zvavo zvakasiana nemibato zvinovimbisa kuti mutemo haudzorerwi, kuti zvinotaura kuti Hurumende inoramba zvose zviri zviviri zvichigamuchira muvhotera uye kubatanidzwa kukuru.

Nokuda kwavagari vemo, kunzwisisa iyi misiyano haisiwo zvayo yedzidzo; kunokosha nokuda kwokuyera gakava reparamende, kuziva kuti imba ipi ine cheki yokupedzisira panhau yakapiwa, uye kuonga cheki dzakavakwa mugadziriro yebumbiro remitemo reIndia. Gadziriro yebhizameral, nezvinooma zvayo zvose, inoramba iri imwe yenheyo huru dzehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yechiIndia, inodzikamisa kufambira mberi nokurangarira, uye kumira nokutsiga.

Kudzidza zvakawanda pamusoro peParamende yeIndia, unogona kushanyira nzvimbo yepawebsite yapamutemo ye Raja Sabba ne Lok Sabha[. Mamwe mashoko pamusoro pegadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo anogona kuwanwa pa [[FLT:]] jirati reSaudition reTracy reTSystem jine ji.