Nheyo yeBumbiro reMitemo reChiremera chaPurezidhendi

Masimba eMutungamiriri weUnited States anobva muChikamu II cheBumbiro reMitemo, icho chinogadza bazu guru ndokurondedzera ukuru hwaro. Kusafanana nokurongwa kwamasimba esangano muChikamu I, Chikamu II chipfupi uye chakapiwa mashoko akafara, chichitaura kuti "Simba revakuru vakuru richaiswa muChikamu cheUnited States cheAmerica. Uku kuoma kwave kuri manyuko ekurukurirano huru nedudziro munhoroondo yose yeAmerica. Nokufamba kwenguva, vapurezidhendi vakawedzera chiremera chavo kupfurikidza nemuenzaniso, kudzorwa kwemitoro, uye zvishoma nezvishoma kubatira mugadziriro yose inoita kuti bazu rimwe risave nesimba zvikuru. Kunzwisisa icho purezidhendi anogona kuita uye haagoni kunzvera zvose zviri zviviri chinyorwa chakajeka.

Bumbiro reMitemo harigoveri ndaza yakakwana yamasimba apurezidhendi. Panzvimbo pezvo, rinoronga mitoro mikuru yakadai sokubatira semutungamiriri mukuru wehurumende. Zvisinei, vapfumi vakaita zvibvumirano (nebvumirano yeDare), vanogadza vakuru vakuru vehurumende, uye vanova nechokwadi chokuti mitemo inoitwa nenzira yakatendeka. Iyi "Tarirai Claus" yakadudzirwa kupa purezidhendi chisarudzo chakafara pamusoro pemibato yezuva kusvikira kuzuva rehurumende yehurumende. Zvisinei, vaFramerss vakaronga noune tsika dzechekero nedzinongedzero, ganhuriro dzinodzorwa mukati mechinyorwa chimwe chetecho. Dare rinodzora matare edare, kugadza zvibvumirano zvinosimbisa, uye dare rinogona kuparira zviito zvokutungamirira izvo zvinoputsa mutemo. Chinoumba chikaro chamakero chamakore anopfuura maviri.

Nokuda kwokupinda kwakadzama zvikuru mudonzo rapakuvamba reChikamu II, [[FLT] National Constitution Center inogovera kuputsika kwechikamu chimwe nechimwe chenhau nemamiriro acho ezvinhu.

Masangano Ane Simba: Kupfuura Hurumende

Masimba makuru apurezidhendi anoumba musimboti wehurumende yezuva nezuva. Somutungamiriri webazu guru, purezidhendi ane mutoro wokutarisira dare guru rehurumende, iro rinobatanidza vashandi vasiri varwi vanopfuura mamiriyoni maviri vanoparadzirwa mumadhipatimendi akawanda namasangano. Iri chiremera rinouya nezvishandiso zvakati kuti:

Kugadzwa uye Masimba Okubviswa

Purezidhendi anoisa vanyori vedare, vakuru vakuru vesangano, vatongi vehurumende, uye nhume, vachidzorwa nokusimbiswa kweDare. Vakambosimbiswa, vakuru vakuru ava vanobatira pamufaro wapurezidhendi kutoti vakadzivirirwa nomutemo (somumsoro wamasangano akati akazvimirira). Simba rokubvisa vari pasi rakakwikwidzwa, asi Dare Gurusa rakatsigira kazhinji kazhinji chiremera chapurezidhendi chokudzinga vakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru vebazu vazhinjisa pasina mvumo. Ikoku kunobvumira udzori hutsva kuronga hurumende yehurumende nenhau yayo nokukurumidza zvikuru.

Nhevedzo Yavatarisiri Neziviso

Mirairo yavakuru vakuru inhungamiro dzinopiwa napurezidhendi kuti dzitarisire kushanda kwehurumende yehurumende yehurumende. Idzo dzinotakura simba romutemo asi dzinofanira kuvakirwa pachiremera chemitemo chiripo kana kuti masimba ebumbiro remitemo. Mirairo yavakuru vakuru inogona kuchinjwa neDare kupfurikidza nomutemo kana kuti napurezidhendi mutsivi. Mienzaniso inokudzwa inobatanidza Emanciption Proclation and Proder 9066, iyo yakabvumira kuti American iwirirane mukati meHondo yeNyika II. Nepo mirairo yavakuru vakuru vehurumende iri chishandiso chine simba, inogona kudzorwa kutongwa uye haifaniri kurwisana neBumbiro remitemo kana kuti miraudzo youtongi.

Simba rePardon

Chikamu II chinopa purezidhendi simba ku "Grant Reprieves naPardons for Offenses muUnited States, kunze kwemhosva dzeImpeating". Iri simba rinodokuva rakasimba kupfupikiswa(hakugoni kudzokororwa nematare kana kuti Congress (kunze kwenhau dzisina kururama). Mapurezidhendi akashandisa kukanganwira kurapa mapoka orudzi, kupfumiswa kwakarurama kweruramisiro, uye pane dzimwe nguva kudzivirira vatsigiri vezvamatongerwe enyika. Simba rinoregerera rinoshanda bedzi kumhosva dzomubatanidzwa, kwete mhaka dzehurumende.

Masimba Omutemo: Kushatisa Mutemo

Kunyange zvazvo purezidhendi asiri mutezo weCongress, Bumbiro reMitemo rinopa mukuru mukuru basa rinokosha mumuitiro wemitemo. Purezidhendi anogona kukarakadza mutemo, kupa Hurumende yeUnion kuti itange zvirongwa, uye kudana kuti Congress ive dare chairo. Simba remitemo rine simba zvikurusa iveto.

Apo Congress inopfuudza chibvumirano, purezidhendi anogona kuchisaina mumutemo, achichibvumira kuva mutemo pasina siginicha pashure pamazuva gumi (kana Congress iri murusando), kana kuti kuituma. Muteveto anogona kushatiswa bedzi navazhinji vane matatu maviri bedzi mumakamuri ose ari maviri, ayo asingawanzova namadukuduku (asingasviki zvikamu zvishanu zvemavhiti ose zvavei abviswa. Purezidhendi anewo "picket" kana kuti: Kana Congress Congress airs air aitumira mari mukati mamazuva gumi, purezidhendi haagoni kuitongosaina, uye mutongo wacho haugoni kufa pasina bviko yechinhu chinobvira. Ikoku chinopa purezidhendi mutsinhimiraniso mukuru mukuru mukuru mumutemo mukurukurirano yomutemo.

Mukuwedzera, purezidhendi ane simba rokubudisa mashoko okusaina, ayo akanyorwa anobudiswa pakusaina mutemo. Mapurezidhendi akashandisa iwaya kuratidzira dudziro yavo yomutemo kana kuti kuratidzira kuti igadziriroi dzavanoda kuita. Uyu muitiro wave uchimutsa nharo, sezvo vatsoropodzi vanoutaura kuva inowirirana nemutsetse usina kuwirirana. American Bar Association yakashora kushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwokusaina mashoko, asi vanoramba vari mutezo wapurezidhendi wazvino uno.

Congressional Research Service inopa mushumo mukuru pamusoro pevetoes yapurezidhendi inoronda nhau nokuwanda kwesimba iri.

Simba Rokutonga: Kushatisa Matare

Pesvedzero yapurezidhendi pamusoro pedare redare reSangano reSangano reHurumende yakakura uye inoguma. Kupfurikidza nesimba rokuisa vatongi kuDare rePurezisoro, matare edunhu, uye matare oruwa, purezidhendi anogona kuumba dudziro yapamutemo kwamakumi amakore. Vatongi veDare Gurusa vanoshanda kugadza kwenduramo yose, naizvozvo kuisa mumwe mutongo mumwe kunogona kutapura mutemo weAmerica kupfuura nguva yapurezidhendi muhofisi. Dare re "kunzvera nokubvumirana" rinopa nzvero, asi mapurezidhendi kazhinji kazhinji vanosarudza vadzori vadzorwi vanowirirana nouzivi hwavo hwedare.

Mukuwedzera kudzokororo, purezidhendi anogona kupa kumira mitongo. --pardons, commotures, uye reprieves() kuvanhu vane mhaka dzemhosva dzehurumende. Kunyange zvazvo isiri simba rokutonga mupfungwa chaiyo, iri chiremera rinobvumira purezidhendi kukurira dare remirairo yedare. Kutonga kwakashandiswa kururamisa mitongo ine hasha zvikuru, mhuri dzinobatanidzwa, uye kuvandudza ruramisiro yeutsotsi. Somuenzaniso, Purezidhendi Barack Obama akadzosa mitongo yamazana avatakuri vemirimo isina simba remhosva, nepo Purezidhendi Donald Trump akapa chisarudzo chidzo kumativi anoverengeka edare rapamusoro.

Nhau Dzokumwe Nemasimba Ehondo

Purezidhendi anoshanda semumiriri mukuru wenyika nemukuru wemauto ane zvombo. Mabasa maviri aya anopa rusununguko rukuru rwokutonga mukuumba muitiro wokumwe uye kutungamirira mabasa ehondo. Zvisinei, inharaundawo dzekurukurirano huru yebumbiro remitemo.

Tsamba Nezvibvumirano Zvehurumende

Purezidhendi anotaurirana zvibvumirano nenyika dzokumwe, asi zvibvumirano zvinoda mvumo yematatu maviri eDare kuti asungwe. Kudzivisa ichi chipingamupinyi, purezidhendi vanoshandisa nenzira inowedzera zvibvumirano zvehurumende, izvo zviri zvibvumirano nedzimwe nyika dzisingadi kuti Dare rikurudzirwe. Zvibvumirano zvine chiremera chine chiremera zvinoshanda pasi pomutemo wenyika dzakawanda uye kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji zvinofukidza nhau, asi zvakashandiswawo nokuda kwemiitiro mikuru yakadai sechibvumirano chenyukireya cheIran. Dare Rapamusorosoro rakatsigira kushandiswa kwazvo, asi muganhu pakati pezvibvumirano nezvibvumirano zvavakuru unoramba uri Polyglo.

Mutungamiriri Nesimba reHondo

Bumbiro reMitemo rinogadza purezidhendi somutungamiriri weHondo neNavy, asi rinopawo Congress simba rokuzivisa hondo. Uku kukamukana kwakatungamirira kurwisano yakakurira kwenguva refu pamusoro pouyo anoparira United States chaizvoizvo kurwisana nezvombo. Chifo cheHondo Yenyika II, purezidhendi kazhinji kazhinji vakaisa mauto pasina chiziviso chapamutemo chehondo, vachidudza chiremera chavo chapachivande chokudzivirira rudzi. Chisarudzo cheHondo cha1973 chakaedza kudzosazve basa reAssors Congress kupfurikidza nokuraira purezidhendi kuzivisa Congress mukati mamaawa 48 okuita mauto uye kuvabvisa pashure pamazuva 60 kutoti Dare richibvumidza chiito. Zvisinei, purezidhendi ari wose chibviro chaNixon akapikisa chisarudzo chacho pamasimba avo ebumbiro dzapamutemo, uye kupfuurira.

Purezidhendi ane chiremera chokushandisa chiuto mukupindura tyisidziro dzekare, sezvinozivikanwa muChibvumikiso nokuda kwokushandisa kwaMatongero aMatongero ehondo (AMF) zvakapfuvura pashure pekudenha kwe 9/11. Iyi mvumo yakafara yakashandiswa kururamisa zviito mukurwisana namapoka amagandanga kutopfuura mavambo, kumutsa mibvunzo pamusoro peganhuriro dzesimba rechiuto. Nokuda kwemamiriro ezvinhu pamusoro peAUMF, Crefern.gov peji inogovera rugwaro rwakazara nenhau yemitemo.

Kuzivikanwa uye Kuzivikanwa

Purezidhendi oga ane simba rokuziva hurumende dzokumwe. Ikoku kunoreva kusarudza kuti ihurumendei icharangarira seyapamutemo uye inobatanidzwa muukama hwemibatanidzwa nenzira inowirirana. Kuzivikanwa kunogona kuva nerevo huru(kuzarura kana kuti kugumisa kutengeserana, kugovera pamutemo kuhurumende, kana kuti kusatendera. Mapurezidhendi akashandisa kuzivikanwa sechishandiso kupesvedzera zviitiko kune dzimwe nyika, sezvinoonekwa nokuitwa kwomuzvarirwo kwoukama neCuba muna 2015.

Miganhu Pasimba Routungamiriri Hwenyika

Zviratidzo izvi zvinovimbisa kuti kunyange purezidhendi ane chinzvimbo chikuru zvikuru haagoni kuita zvinhu pasina ganhuriro.

Kutarisira Kunoitwa Nevarwi

Congress ine zvishandiso zvinoverengeka zvine simba rokunzvera purezidhendi. Simba rechikwama zvichida ibasa gurusa rinotsigirwa pasina kurongwa kwesangano. Congress inogona kubvisa mari yepurogiramu dzaisingabvumirani, nzvimbo inobhadharwa, kana kuti kunyange kubviswa kwematare ose. Simba reDare rinopa simba rakananga kuna anobata bazu revakuru uye anobatira pabhenji rehurumende. Uye simba rekudzora rinogona kubvumira Imba kupomera purezidhendi ne "kwikwidzi naMisdemeors," nokuitisa dare redare rokutonga (* kana dare rapa mhosva, purezidhendi wacho akabviswa pahofisi. Purezidhente wechitatu akasarira ava asingatengi (Andre Johnson, Bill Clinton, Clans Bronaldenne) kunyange zvazvo asina kupiwa mhaka mbiri.

Simba iri rokuongorora rinogona kufumura zvakaipa uye kuita kuti vanhu varemekedze.

Kuhwirudzura Kutonga

Dare rehurumende rinogona kuzivisa zviito zvapurezidhendi zvisina kuvhotwa. Iri simba rakatangwa mu Marbury v. Madison (1803) uye rakashandiswa rashandiswazve kuganhurira kukunda. Somuenzaniso, mu Presidenti yepwere REPURY DEATY & Lamp; Tube Co. v. Sayter[ [1952], Dare rapamusoro rakarovanya pasi pomutungamiriri wehurumende Truman muhondo yeKorea, achitonga kuti purezidhendi akanga asina chiremera chebumbiro remitemo kana kuti chigadziko chokuita chiito. Kuongorora kunoshanda kumirayiro, kuzivisa, uye mamwe mabasa ehurumende. Kana dare rikawana chiito charo charo chapamusoro paripo.

Mafungiro Evanhu Nezvinoitwa Nevatongi

Nzvero huru pasimba rapurezidhendi ibhokisi retsoropodzo. Mapurezidhendi anobatira mashoko amakore mana uye anogona kusarudzwazve kamwe bedzi pasi peSandururano ye22. Purezidhendi uyo anorasikirwa netsigiro yavose angawana zvirongwa zvavo zvakadzorwa neCongress, uye kukundwa kukuru kwakasarudzwa kunogona kutungamirira kukushata kwemitemo yavo. Murangariro wavose unoumba kuti purezidhendi anogona kuita nesimba rakadini. Munguva dzenjodzi, purezidhendi kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji vanofarikanya rusununguko rwakafara, asi apo chivimbo chinodzikira, Activiv, nzvero, uye mapoka ezvisarudzo anogona kuisawo purezidhendi mudariro, achivimbisa kuti zviito zvavo zvinoramba zviri mukati muganhu wehurumende inosarudzwa.

Kushanda Muchikakavadzano Neganhuriro Dzehurumende

Bumbiro reMitemo rinokamuranisa simba pakati pehurumende yehurumende nehurumende. Chiremera chapurezidhendi hachipfuudziri kunhau dzakachengeterwa nyika, dzakadai sokuchengetwa kwomutemo womunzvimbomo, muitiro wedzidzo, kana kuti kutengeserana kwomubatanidzwa. Nepo hurumende yehurumende inogona kupesvedzera muitiro wehurumende kupfurikidza nekupa mari yezvipo uye migariro pakushandisa mari, hachigoni kuraira vakuru vakuru vehurumende kuita mapurogiramu ehurumende. Iyi ganhuriro iimwe yedziviriro mukurwisana nechiremera chikuru.

Kushanduka Kwesimba Roupurezidhendi Munguva Dzazvino Uno

Simba raPurezidhendi rakura zvikuru chifo chokuvamba. Mapurezidhendi apakuvamba, zvikurukuru George Washington, akatanga mienzaniso yokudzorwa nokuzviisa pasi peChibvumirano. Zvisinei, njodzi dzakadai seHondo yeChivilini, Kuderera Kukuru Kwoupfumi, uye Hondo Yenyika II dzakakudza kusvika kwevakuru vakuru. Abraham Lincoln akashandisa masimba ake ehondo kumisa habeas corpus uye kubudisa Emampication Proclation pasina tendero. Franklin D. Roosevelt akagadzira chikwata chikuru chehurumende uye chakadzorwa kupfurikidza nemirayiro yehurumende mukati me New Bare. Post-9 / 11 zera rakaona kuumbwa kweBato reHomeland Security nekukura masimba okunzvera.

Nhasi, purezidhendi ndiye nzvimbo ine simba zvikurusa munyika, asi inoramba yakavharwa nomutemo negamuchidzanwa. Gakava pamusoro pokuti vapurezidhendi vakapfuura ganhuriro dzavo dzebumbiro remitemo rinopfuurira muutariri huri hwose. Nokuda kwemurangariro wakadzikama wenhau, Hurumende yeGwaro reWhite Biographies inopa nzwisiso mukududzira kwakasiyana kwakaita vakuru vakuru vakuru vehurumende basa ravo.

mhedziso

Masimba apurezidhendi ose ari maviri makuru uye anomanikidzirwa nokungwarira. Chikamu II chinogovera gadziriro, asi nhau, muenzaniso, uye masimba ezvamatongerwe enyika zvakaumba mashandisirwe amasimba iwayo. Purezidhendi anogona kuraira masimba ane zvombo, mirau, kugadza murairo wokumwe, uye kuumba mutemo wokunze kwedzimwe nyika (asi mukati megadziriro inopa Congress, matare, nyika, uye mativi avose ane revo pachiremera ichocho. Kunzwisisa miganhu iyi inokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anotsvaka kunzwisisa kuti basa rehurumende yehurumende yeAmerica ndeyechokwadi. Ungwarumbiso hwemitemo hahusi mukupa simba risingadzorwi, asi mukuita chirongwa umo chinzvimbo chinoitirwa kurwisana nechinzvimbo, kuvimbisa kuti hakuna munhu mumwe anogona kutonga hurumende.