Fandesheni yeBumbiro reMitemo yeBazu Rinotungamirira

Bhazi reBazi reVatongi reHurumende yeUnited States, rakaumbwa neChikamu II cheBumbiro reMitemo, rinomirira rimwe ramapazu matatu akaenzana akagadzirirwa kugadzira gadziriro yakadzikama yokutonga. Kusafanana neGarative Bhazi, iro rinonyora mitemo, kana kuti Bazu reRegionaption, iro rinoadudzira, Bazu reBato reVatungamiriri rinorongerwa kusimbisa nokutungamirira mutemo wehurumende. Purezidhendi anomira pamucheto webazu webazu rino, akabata masimba ave achifanira kutsanangurwa, kukurukurwa, uye kushanduka chifo chokuvambwa kweRepublic reRepublic. Kunzwisisa uko ukurukudzora kweAmerica kunoshanda mumiteveri.

Vagadziri veBumbiro reMitemo vakagadzira noune mutungamiriri akasimba asi akamanikidzirwa. Vakanga vapupurira kundikano yeMitemo yeConfederation, iyo yakanga isina chiremera chamaofessi ane revo, asi vakatyawo udzvinyiriri hwamambo. Muuyo wakanga uri basa rakasanorongwa namasimba akasanorongwa aidzikamiswa nechekero dzakabva kumamwe mapazu. Uku kuoma pakati poudzori hunobudirira nokudzivirirwa kwemuchenjeri kunopfuurira kurondedzera kuva wechinzvimbo chazvino uno.

Mitoro yePurezidhendi

Purezidhendi anobatira munzvimbo dzakawanda panguva imwe cheteyo, imwe neimwe ine mitoro yakasiana nekariro. aya mabasa haasati achingovawo zvake anoitirwa muitiro asi ane uremu chaihwoihwo hwebumbiro remitemo nehunoshanda.

Mukuru Mukuru Anotungamirira uye Mutungamiriri Wehurumende

Samukuru mukuru, Purezidhendi anotarisira sangano rehurumende, iro rinoshandisa vashandi vasiri varwi vanenge mamiriyoni 2,1 mumazana emasangano namadhipatimendi. Purezidhendi anovimbisa kuti mitemo inopfuudzwa neCongress inoitwa nokutendeka, basa rinotsigirwa neBumbiro reMitemo reTake Claus. Basa iri rinobatanidza kuronga zvirongwa zvehurumende, kutungamirira vakuru vemasangano, uye kutarisira mabasa ezuva nezuva ehurumende yehurumende.

Somutungamiriri wehurumende, Purezidhendi anobatanidza chinzwano chenyika nouchangamire. Basa iri retsika rinobatanidza kugamuchira vakuru vakuru vokumwe, kupa kero panhambo dzenyika, uye kumirira mipimo yeAmerica pachikamu chenyika. Musiyano pakati pomusoro wehurumende nomukuru wehurumende, unozivikanwa muparamende, unobatanidzwa muMasangano eAmerica, kuisa zvose zviri zviviri chiremera chokufananidzira nechinoshanda muhofisi imwe.

Mutungamiriri Mukuru

Kunyange zvazvo Congress bedzi ichigona kuzivisa hondo, Purezidhendi anogona kutumira mauto, kurwisa kwemauto, uye nzira yokuzvidzivirira nayo zvakananga. Masimba eHondo a1973 akaedza kuganhurira simba iri kupfurikidza nokuda kuziviswa kwesangano uye kutenderwa kwekubatanidzwa kwemauto kwenguva refu, asi purezidhendi vakaramba vachitaura kuti vane simba rakafara munzvimbo ino.

Vatungamiriri vemauto vemazuva ano vanosangana nematambudziko akaoma anosanganisira hondo dzinoitwa paIndaneti, kurwisana nemagandanga, uye kurwisa mauto asingadi kurwiwa nenzvimbo dzinorwisana nevanhu vasiri varwi.

Mutungamiriri Mukuru Wemitemo Nokumwe

Purezidhendi anoraira muitiro wokumwe weU.S., anotaurirana zvibvumirano, uye anogadza nhume. Tsvakata dzinoda tendero nedziviri chitatu dzeDare, asi purezidhendi anoshandisa nenzira inowedzera zvibvumirano zvokutungamirira, izvo zvisingadi kuti Dare rikurumidze kuitwa, kuti aite bhizimisi ramarudzi ose. Ichi chinjo yakawedzera kuchinja kwapurezidhendi muzvinhu zvokumwe ukuwomba uku vachimutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pokuderera kwoutarisiri hwemitemo.

Mapurezidhendi anotambanudzawo kana kuti kubvisa zivikanwo yezvokutengeserana kuhurumende dzokumwe, anogadza nzira yekurukurirano dzamarudzi ose, uye anomirira United States panzvimbo dzapasi pose dzakadai seChibatanwa chaMarudzi. Department yeState [ ibasa sechishandiso chikuru chokuita gadziriro yekurukurirano pasi ponhungamiro yapurezidhendi.

Mutungamiriri Womutemo

Purezidhendi anogona kuronga mutemo, kukurudzira nhengo dzeCongress, uye kushandisa chikuva chinodheerera kuti chigadzirise mafungiro evanhu.

Simba reveto rinopa Purezidhendi chenjero yakananga paCongress. Vhoto yenguva dzose inogona kushaikwa bedzi nevoruzhinji vari mumakamuri ose ari maviri, kuchiiita chishandiso chinotyisa. Purezidhendi anoshandisawo chishandiso chehomwe, icho chinouraya mutemo kupfurikidza nokuita chiito mukati mechitsikiso chesangano.

Mutariri Wezvemari uye Mutungamiriri Weboka

Purezidhendi anokarirwa nenzira inowedzera kutarisira upfumi, kunyange zvazvo udzori hwakananga hwakaganhurirwa. Kupfurikidza neDare reEconomic Advisers neHofisi yeUdzori neDzidzo, Purezidhendi anopesvedzera muitiro wefiscal, wirirano, uye kutumira mashoko ezvemari. Purezidhendi anogadzawo mitezo ye [FLT] FEDAL VERVES Board of Gavers[FLT]], kunyange zvazvo FED ichishanda nokuzvimirira kukuru.

Somutungamiriri webato, Purezidhendi anobatira somukuru mukuru webato ravo rezvamatongerwe enyika, achipesvedzera kutsigira, kutsigira, uye nhungamiro yepfungwa dzebato. Iri basa harina hwaro hwebumbiro remitemo asi rinotsoropodza kubudirira kwezvamatongerwe enyika kwaPurezidhendi.

Simba Rapurezidhendi Muudzame

Masimba akajeka aPurezidhendi anodudzwa muChikamu II cheBumbiro reMitemo, asi kushandisa nomuenzaniso zvakakudza aya masimba zvikuru.

Simba Reveto

Vtito ndechimwe chezvishandiso zvinokosha zvikurusa zvePuersidente zvemitemo. Apo Congress inopfuura mutemo, Purezidhendi anogona kuuisai mumutemo, kana kuti kuubvumira kuva mutemo pasina kusaina pashure pamazuva gumi. Aveto anotumira bhiri racho kuCongress nezvirambidzo, uye kudzosa kunoda kuti zvikamu zviviri nezvitatu zvive zvakakwirira mudzimba dzose. Munhau, zvinenge zvikamu zvina bedzi zvezvifefe zvave zvave zvave zvisingasaitwi, zvichiita kuti chitsama chikuru chinoparira kuwirirana mubvumirano yemitemo.

Mapurezidhendi anoshandisawo tyisidziro yeveto kuumba mutemo isati yasvika dhesiki ravo, muitiro unozivikanwa seveto tyisidziro kana kuti kusaina chigadziko. Chiremera chegiramu yezvikamu , chakapiwa neCongress muna 1996, chakaziviswa kuva chisina kuvhota neDare Rapamusoro mu Clinton v. City of New York[, kusimbisa kuti Purezidhendi haagoni kubvisa nenzira yakananga gadziriro dzakananga dzezvikwereti zvokushandisa.

Kugadzwa uye Masimba Okubviswa

Purezidhendi anogadza vatongi vehurumende, nhume, vanyori vedare, uye vakuru vakuru vemapazi, vachitsigirwa neDare.

Simba rokubvisa, nepo risina kutaurwa zvakajeka muBumbiro reMitemo, rakasimbiswa neDare Rapamusoro-soro. Mu Free Enterprise Fund v. Public Company Accounting Oversing Board[[FLT: 1] [2010], Dare rakati Purezidhendi anofanira kuchengeta chiremera chakati chinobviswa pavakuru vakuru vakuru vebazu. Zvisinei, Chibvumirano chakaumba masangano anozvimirira nedonzo rokubvisa, kuchiparira dzvinyiriro inoenderera mberi yebumbiro-mitemo.

Mirayiridzo Yevatungamiriri Nechiito Chokutarisira

Mirairo yavakuru vakuru inhungamiro dzinopiwa naPurezidhendi anotarisira kushanda kwehurumende yehurumende yehurumende. Inotakura simba romutemo asi inofanira kuva yakavakirwa muchiremera chomutemo kana kuti Bumbiro reMitemo rimene. Nepo mirairo yavakuru vakuru isingagoni kuita mutemo mutsva kana kuti mari yakafanira, yakashandiswa kuwana chinjo dzemiitiro panhau dzinovambira pakutama kuenda kumitemo yemhoteredzo.

Kushandiswa kwemirayiridzo yavakuru vakuru kwakawedzera zvinoshamisa mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura aya, zvikurukuru apo Congress inopfigirwa. Mapurezidhendi azvino uno avhareji inenge 35 kusvikira ku 50 pagore. Iyi mirairo inogona kuchinjwa napurezidhendi anotevera, kuchivaita chishandiso chine simba asi chisina kusimba chokudzora.

Nhau Dzokumwe Nesimba Rebvumirano

Purezidhendi ane chiremera chikuru muzvinhu zvokunze, kubatanidza simba rokutaura zvibvumirano, kuziva hurumende dzokumwe, uye mufambiro. Dare rapamusoro zvikurusa rakaziva kuti Purezidhendi ndiye mutezo bedzi wehurumende yehurumende muukama hwedzimwe nyika, sezvinotaurwa mu United States v. Curtiss-Wright Export Corp.[FL:1] [1936]

Tsamba dzinoda kutenderwa kweDare, asi mapurezidhendi kazhinji kazhinji anoshandisa zvibvumirano zvavakuru vakuru kupfupikisa ichi chinodikanwa. Zvibvumirano zvechiremera zvazova chimiro chikuru chemhiko yamarudzi ose, zvichiva zvinotonga zvinopfuura 90 muzana zvezvibvumirano zvose zvamarudzi ose zvakaitwa neUnited States. Nepo zvisati zviri pasi petendero yeDare, zvinosungirwa pasi pomutemo wamarudzi ose uye kazhinji kazhinji zvinotsiva mitemo yehurumende inorwisana.

Masimba Ehondo Nokuchengeteka Kwenyika

Somutungamiriri mukuru, Purezidhendi anogona kuraira chiito chehondo pasina tendero yapamberi pedare. Iri simba rakaedzwa raedzwazve, kubva kuHondo yeKorea kusvikira kukupindira muLibya neSyria. Chisarudzo cheWar Power Chinoda Purezidhendi kuzivisa Congress mukati memaawa 48 emauto anotumira uye ganhuriro kumazuva 60 pasina kutenderwa kwedare, asi purezidhendi akaramba achipokanidza pamutemo raro.

Munhau dzechengeteko dzenyika, Purezidhendi anotarisira nzanga youchenjeri, kubatanidza [[FLT]] Agency yeCentral Intelligence neNational Security Agency. Mutungamiriri anogona kubvumira mabasa okuvhara, kuronga nokuronga mashoko, uye kushandisa uchenjeri hukuru mukudzivirira chengeteko yenyika, kana kuti kudzorwa nematare esangano enyanzvi.

Gadziriro Yemakeja Nedzikamo

Bumbiro reMitemo rinogadza miitiro mizhinji kudzivisa bazu ripi neripi kuunganidza simba rakanyanyisa.

Kutarisira Kweungano Nokusatarisira

Basa iri rokutarisira rinokosha kuti rizozvidavirira, kunyange zvazvo richishanda panzvimbo yakadzikama yesimba pakati pemapoka.

Simba rokusatendera rinobatira sechenjero yokupedzisira, richibvumira Imba yavamiriri kupomera Purezidhendi nokupandukira hurumende, chiokomuhomwe, kana kuti mhosva huru nezvikanganiso. Kutendiswa nokubviswa kunoda vhoti yezvitatu zviviri muDare. Mapurezidhendi matatu bedzi akapinzwa, uye hapana akawanwa mhaka ndokubviswa, kunyange zvazvo muitiro wacho une miuyo ine revo yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kuhwirudzura Kutonga

Dare rapamusoro zvikurusa rinogona kuzivisa zviito zvisina kuwirirana napurezidhendi, simba rakatangwa mu Marbury v. Madison (1803). Nepo Dare kazhinji kazhinji rakaregeredza kuchiremera chehurumende muzvinhu zvokunze uye chengeteko yenyika, rakaisawo miganhu. Mu Presidentimendity perfee Comment / Tube Co. v. Sawter (1952), Dare rakarova Purezidhendi Truman wezvigadziko zvesimbi mukati mehondo yeKorea, rinosimbisa kuti Muchipotisi kana kuti kudzika mitemo pasina muteo wemitemo kana kuti chiremera.

Kuda kweDare kunzwa nhau dzinodenha chiito choukuru, uye dzidziso yokumira, kururamisirwa, uye mibvunzo yezvamatongerwe enyika zvinoganhurira kupindira kwokutonga. Kunyange zvakadaro, bviro yokuhwirudzura kudzokororwa kwedare inodzivisa chiito chapurezidhendi, zvikurukuru munharaunda dzine muenzaniso wapamutemo wakajeka.

Kusimbiswa kweDare

Zano reDare uye basa rokubvuma kugadzwa rinogadzira nzvero yakananga pasimba raSanihedrini. Nepo kudzorwa kwakawanda kwedare kusimbiswa, vadzorwi vanomutsa nharo vangatarisana nokunzwa kwakarebeswa, kuisa, kana kuti kuramba chose chose. Muitiro wokusimbisa wazova wokuwedzera kudzorwa, nokunonotsa uye hondo dzinotapura kumhanya kwokuzadza nzvimbo dzebazu.

Dare rinosimbisawo vatongi vehurumende, kubatanidza vatongi veDare Rapamusoro, richipa pesvedzero huru painoitwa namatare. Iri simba rakawedzera kuva nomuuyo sezvo kugadza kwokutonga kwazova chinhu chikuru kukusimudzira gadziriro yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kushanduka Kwenhau Kwesimba Roupurezidhendi

Simba rapurezidhendi rakawedzera ndokutora munhau yose yeAmerica, rakaumbwa nenjodzi, utungamiriri, uye kariro dzavanhu dzinochinja.

Nguva Yokutanga Nezana Remakore Rechi19

Mapurezidhendi apakuvamba akashandisa chiremera chakaganhurirwa, achimanikidzwa nehurumende duku noutungamiriri hwesangano hwakasimba. George Washington akatanga mienzaniso mikuru, kubatanidza gadziriro yekabhineti negamuchidzanwa rokutsvaka zano kuvakuru vemadhipatimendi. Thomas Jefferson’s Louisiana Purchase akaedza chiremera chehurumende, nepo Andrew Jackson akawedzera simba rehofisi kupfurikidza nokushandisa kwake vavhuro uye kutaura kwake chiremera chakakurumbira.

Hondo yavagari vemo yakakudza simba rapurezidhendi zvinoshamisa pasi paAbraham Lincoln, uyo akarembedza habeas corpus, akabudisa Emancip Proclation, uye akatungamirira gadziriro yehondo pasina tendero yesangano. Zviito zvaLincoln zvakagadza muenzaniso wokuti Purezidhendi ane masimba ekurumidziro mukati menjodzi dzorudzi.

Nguva Inofambira Mberi Nechiito Chitsva

Theodore Roosevelt akarondedzera rondedzero yomutariri, achiramba kuti Purezidhendi aigona kuita chiito chipi nechipi chisina kurambidzwa zvakajeka nomutemo. Uyu murangariro mukuru wakasiana nerondedzero yebumbiro remitemo yaWilliam Howard Taft, iyo yaidavira kuti Purezidhendi aigona bedzi kuita apo aibvumirwa neBumbiro remitemo kana kuti neDare.

Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal yakashandura purezidhendi kuva sangano guru rehurumende yeAmerica. Kukurukurirana kweFDR kwapanze pemoto kwakashandiswa kukurukura zvakananga navanhu, zvirairo zvake zvokutungamirira zvakatanga mapurogiramu matsva makuru, uye utungamiriri hwake mukati meGreat Depression neHondo Yenyika II zvakasimbisa chiremera chehurumende. Dare Guru rapamberi pevhu rakatanga kuputsa mapurogiramu eNew Deal asi pakupedzisira rakaramba, uye mashoko mana eFDR akasimbisa mutsigirisi wazvino uno.

Kutungamirira Kwemadzimambo Nemiganhu Yakwo

Vietnam War nenyadzi yeWatergate zvakaparira kupesana nesimba guru rapurezidhendi. War Powers Resolution ya 1973, Bajenya neImpoundment Control Act ya 1974, uye Ethics in Government Act ya 1978 zvose zvakatsvaka kudzvinyirira chiremera chavakuru vakuru. Kurega kwaPurezidhendi Nixon kwakaratidzira kushanda kwebasa rechibvumirano, kunyange kana kubviswa kusati kwaitika.

Makumi amakore achangobva kupfuura aya akaona wedzero yakamutsidzirwa yesimba rapurezidhendi, zvikurukuru muchengeteko yenyika. Pashure penhambo ya9/11 yakaunza Chibvumikiso Chokushandisa Mauto Ehondo, gadziriro dzokunzvera dzakafutunurwa, uye kuumbwa kweBato reHomeland Security. Mapurezidhendi amativi ose ari maviri akasimbisa chiremera chakafara munharaunda kubatanidza kuuraya kwakadenhwa, kuchengeteka kweIndaneti, uye kuchengetwa kwokubuda munyika.

Kutungamirira Kwazvino Uno Kunoshanda

Mapurezidhendi epanguva ino anotarisana nematambudziko aisagona kufungidzirwa nevaakatanga naye.

Ruzivo Nekurukurirano

Masangano enzanga anobvumira purezidhendi kukurukura zvakananga navagari vemo, kudarika vachengeti vemagedhi ezvinobudisa nhau. Uku kusvika kwakananga kunogona kusimbisa asi kunogonawo kuparira ngozi, sezvo kurukurirano yapakarepo ichigona kutungamirira kuzvikanganiso, nharo, uye kuderera kwetsika dzesangano. Mapurezidhendi azvino uno anofanira kutenderera nhambo yemaawa 24 enhau, kuongorora maidi, uye kukwikwidzanisa nhau kubva kumanyuko enhau.

Mapurezidhendi anofanira kuchengetedza nyaya dzokuchengeteka nekodzero dzavo, kazhinji achiita zvisarudzo zvine chokuita nerusununguko rwevanhu.

Kudyidzana Kwenyika Yose uye Kutsigirana

Kudyidzana kwenyika dzepasi pose, kuchinja kwemamiriro okunze, uye tyisidziro dzamarudzi ose zvinoda utungamiriri hwapurezidhendi pamwero wenyika yose. Mapurezidhendi azvino uno anotaurirana zvibvumirano zvezvokutengeserana, mhinduro dzinotsinhirana kuzvirwere, uye nhau dzinoda kudzokera miganhu. [FLT] White House Office[[FLT]] [[FLT]]] yakawedzera kubatanidza madare navakuru vakuru vezvoutano hwepasi rose, gadziriro yemiganhuro, uye kukurukurirana kwemiganhuro yemiganhu.

Masangano enyika dzakawanda nemibatanidzwa, kubatanidza NATO neChibatanwa chaMarudzi, zvose zviri zviviri zvinogonesa uye zvinomanikidzira kuita sapurezidhendi. Mapurezidhendi anofanira kudzikamisa fariro dzenyika nezvibvumirano zvamarudzi ose, dzvinyiriro yakura zvikuru munguva yourudzi inowedzera.

Kuchinja Kunoita Kudenga

Kuwedzera kweparadzano kunotapura rutivi rwuri rwose rwapurezidhendi. Mirairo yavakuru vakuru nezviito zvokutarisira zvinova zvinotsiva mutemo apo Congress inomiswa. Kugadza kwoRuramisiro kunova nzvimbo dzehondo dzinoparadzanwa. Zviverengero zvetendero zvapurezidhendi zvinokamuraniswa nenzira inowedzera mumitsetse yebato, zvichideredza sundo yokubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira kwebipartis.

Kubatana uku kunotapurawo hurumende pachayo, sezvo mapurezidhendi anoshandisa kuronga kudzora kwezvamatongerwe enyika mumasangano ebasa.

Mugumisiro: Zvinorehwa Nesimba Routungamiriri Hwehurumende

Masimba ePresidenti anorondedzera simba reBazu reVatungamiriri rinodzora nenzira inobudirira. Kuvambira pahwaro hwebumbiro remitemo muChikamu II kusvikira kuzvinhu chaizvoizvo zvakaoma zvehofisi yazvino uno, chiremera chapurezidhendi chinoratidzira zvose zviri zviviri simba nenyanduko dzehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yeAmerica. Purogiramu, necherekedzo dzayo nedzikamo, zvinopfuurira kuumba kuti purezidhendi anoshandisa sei simba uye kuti mamwe mapazu anoridzvinyirira sei.

Nokuda kwavadzidzi vehurumende yeAmerica, masimba anonzwisisa apurezidhendi anogovera nzwisiso pamusoro penzira iyo rudzi runoita nayo denho dzarwo hurusa. Hurukuro inoramba iri sangano rine simba, kuchinjira kumigariro inochinja nepo ichishanda mumiganhu yebumbiro remitemo. Sezvo United States inotarisana nedzvinyiriro itsva dzomumba neyamarudzi ose, dzikamo pakati pechiito chokutungamirira chinobudirira nokuzvidavirira kwoubati ushe hwehurumende yehurumende ichava nhau huru yokutonga kweAmerica.