Kunzwisisa Simba Rezvamatongerwe Enyika: Kunzvera Kunotambudza

Simba rezvamatongerwe enyika ipfungwa ine fandesheni musayenzi yezvamatongerwe enyika nenzanga, inonongedzera kusimba ravanhu vamwe navamwe, mapoka, kana kuti masangano okupesvedzera, kudzora, kana kuti kutungamirira mufambiro wavamwe nezvisarudzo zvehurumende. Hachisi chinhu chinobva kumwe asi muitiro une simba unoumba mitemo, mirauriro, uye zvivako zvechikwata. Kubva kunyanzvi dzendangariro dzakafanana naMax Weber, uyo akarondedzera simba sebanza rokuisa kunyange kuda kwomunhu mukupesana, kuvaongorori vemazuva ano vakafanana naSteven Lukes, uyo akanzvera zviso zvitatu zvesimba (kuita nguva yapamberi, kuronga, uye kudzorwa kwesimba rezvamatongerwe enyika), kunoramba kuri kunzwisiswa kukuru kukudzora, ruramisiro, uye rwisanopesana.

Simba rezvamatongerwe enyika rinoshanda pamwero yakawanda: mukati memasangano epamutemo (anotonga, emitemo, anotonga), kupfurikidza negadziriro yamasanga (vazivi vezvipfuro, mapoka ezviwanira hanya, masangano enzanga), uye kupfurikidza nemipimo yetsika iyo inoumba zvinorangarirwa kuva zvinobvira kana kuti zvinogamuchirika. Nyaya inonzvera mavara makuru, marudzi, kushandiswa, simba rerondedzero, uye denho dzezvamatongerwe enyika, zvichigovera gadziriro yakakwana yokunzvera kuti simba rishande sei munzanga yazvino.

Zviratidzo Zvesimba Rezvamatongerwe Enyika

Simba rezvamatongerwe enyika rinogona kunzwisiswa kupfurikidza nomwero unoverengeka unokosha unorisiyanisa nesimba routsinye kana kuti pesvedzerowo zvayo.

Chiremera

Chiremera chinomirira maruramiro apamutemo okuita zvisarudzo nokumanikidzira mitemo. Chinosiana nemitemo nemhaka yokuti avo vanodzorwa nechiremera vanoigamuchira sechinosungisa, kazhinji kazhinji nemhaka yegamuchidzanwa, miitiro yapamutemo, kana kuti utungamiriri hwesimba resimba. Max Weberhebro yakakurumbira mumarudzi matatu akanaka: redigiography[ [vatungamiriri venhaka vagara nhaka), [FLT], [FLT]] magale-ault[FLT] (maburecurecuriacracy, mabudis), uye [[FLT:] .[FLT] [valct:] [valm] [vatungamiriri vemumuuyo, mipimo yemipimo yemipimo yemitemo yetsika].

Pesvedzero

Pesvedzero isimba rokutapura mufambiro kana kuti zvitendero zvavamwe pasina murairo wakananga kana kuti kugombedzera. Inogona kushandiswa kupfurikidza nokunyengetedza, unyanzvi, kukumbira kwetsika, kana kuti kunyengera. Funga nezvenyanzvi yemiitiro inoumba mutemo kupfurikidza nokupa ufakazi, kana kuti mutevedzeri wenhau wenzanga anopesvedzera murangariro wavose panhau dzezvamatongerwe enyika. Pesvedzero inowanzoshanda seri kwezviono, ichikuita kwakaoma zvikuru kuyera kupfuura chiremera chetsika asi chine simba zvakaenzana.

Kudzora

Kudzorwa kunonongedzera kumano okutungamirira zviwanikwa, masangano, uye miitiro kumiganhu yakati. Kudzora kwezvamatongerwe enyika kunobatanidza kuronga purogiramu yemitemo, bhajeti, uye kuronga simba rehurumende (hurumende, mauto). Somuenzaniso, purezidhendi anodzora bazu guru anogona kuisa mipimo yakati apo anenge achidzivisa vamwe. Kudzora kunotambanudzirawo kukudzora mashoko: hurumende dzinoganhurira kushandiswa kworusununguko kupfurikidza nokuganhurira izvo vagari vemo vanoziva.

Marudzi Esimba Rezvamatongerwe Enyika

Kunzwisisa marudzi aya kunobetsera kuratidza chikonzero nei vamwe vatambi vachipesvedzera nepo vamwe vasingakuvadzi.

Simba Rokudhonza

Simba rinobatira pamwe rinotsamira patyisidziro kana kuti kushandiswa kwesimba kumanikidza kuzviisa pasi. Ikoku kunobatanidza chiito chehondo, kuchengetwa kwamapurisa, kuiswa mutorongo, kana kuti zvirango. Nepo simba routsinye riri chimiro chinooneka zvikurusa, kazhinji kazhinji inzira yokupedzisira nemhaka yokuti inoparira pfundepfunde netsoropodzo. Hurumende dzamasimba masimba dzinowanzotsamira pasimba rebatira yokudzivisa kupesana. Zvisinei, kunyange hurumende dzinotonga dzinotonga dzinotonga dzinotonga dzinoshandisa nenzira yapamutemo mukuwirirana nemitemo yapamutemo, apo mapurisa anomanikidzira mitemo yomumugwagwa kana kuti matare anoisa mitongo.

Simba Rokutusa

Simba retuso rinobatanidza kupa betsero mukutsinhana nokuteerera kana kuti tsigiro.Mune zvamatongerwe enyika, ikoku kunogona kubatanidza kuronga kwokutsigira, zvibvumirano, mari inotsigirwa, kubhuroka kwemitero, kana kuti mari inopirwa vanhu nokuda kwemabasa. Gavhuna angatusa muiti wemitemo akavimbika nedare, kana kuti hurumende ingapa sundo kumasangano kunzvimbo dzinogadzirwazve. Simba rinopa ruvimbiko asiwo rinogona kuparira kuvimbika asi kuparirawo kushatiro noushati kana zvikashandiswa zvisina kururama.

Simba Rakarurama

Yakatorwa kubva munzvimbo dzakarongwa mukati memiitiro . yakadai sebasa rakasarurwa, zvikwata zvinotonga, kana kuti zvikamu zvavakuru vakuru zvinotenderwa nemitemo nemirau. Voreta vanopa maruramiro kupfurikidza nesarudzo; mabumbiro emitemo anorondedzera ukuru hwesimba rimwe nerimwe. Purezidhendi ane simba rapamutemo rokutonga mutemo, asi mukati memiganhu yebumbiro remitemo. Rudzi urwu rwesimba runotsigiswa nemhaka yokuti runoiswa muzvivako zvesangano, asi runoda chivimbo chavanhu chinopfuurira kuti rurambe ruchibudirira.

Simba Renyanzvi

Simba rezvounyanzvi rinobva muzivo chaiyo kana kuti mano ayo vamwe vanokoshesa. Masayendisiti anopa zano pamusoro pomuitiro wemamiriro okunze, nyanzvi dzezvemari dzinotungamirira zvisarudzo zvezvemari, kana kuti vamiririri vanokurukura zvibvumirano zvose zvinoshandisa simba renyanzvi. Vaiti vezvisarudzo vanotsamira panyanzvi nokuda kwemashoko akarurama, vachipa nyanzvi pesvedzero dzisina kunanga pamusoro pemigumisiro. Zvisinei, simba renyanzvi rinogona kukwikwikwidzwa (8) sezvingaonekwa mukati medenda reCHOVAD apo nyanzvi dzezvoutano dzehurumende dzakashorwa navatungamiriri vezvamatongerwe enyika uye mashoko asina kururama.

Simba Rinopa Mutezo

Simba rinoparirwa nemhindu yomunhu oga, ukama, kana kuti zita nomutungamiriri. Kusafanana nesimba rakagadzwa, simba rinogamuchirwa rinowanwa kupfurikidza nokuyemura, kuvimba, uye batano yemirangariro. Vatungamiriri vePopulist vakadai saHugo Chávez kana kuti vanhu venhau saMartin Luther King Jr. vanokurudzira mamirioni kupfurikidza nesimba rinodzorwa. Rudzi urwu runova runochinja nemhaka yokuti runotsamira pakuramba kuchidiwa nomunhu, uye runogona kushandiswa kutsigira hurumende yedemokrati kana kuti zvimwe kubatira chigaro.

Simba Risinganyanyi Kusimba

Muukama hwenyika yose, simba rakakomba [inobatanidza] simba rehondo neremari naJoseph Nyaye]. Nyika inopinza mari muyamuro yokumwe, tsinhano yetsika, uye zvinobudisa mashoko zvinovaka simba rakapfava. [[FLT:] [[FLT]] Simba risingadzoreki rinobatanidza simba rehondo neremari. Rudzi runoisa mari muyamuro yokumwe nyika, shambadzirana yetsika, uye zvinobudisa nhau zvinobudisa nyika zvinovaka simba rakapfava. United States’s Hollywoopenland neGermany imiedzo dzakasimba renyika rinoshanda zvikurusa mu [[FLT] [FLD]

Kushandiswa Kunoitwa Simba Rezvamatongerwe Enyika

Simba rezvamatongerwe enyika haringovi naro bedzi; rinoshandiswa nokushingaira kupfurikidza nemhatsa yemitoo, kuvambira pakudzora kwomuitiro kusvikira kupesvedzero yendangariro yamanomano.

Kudzika Mitemo uye Kuronga Mitemo

Kuita mitemo ndiyo nzira yakananga zvikuru yesimba rezvematongerwe enyika. Mitemo inodzora chinhu chiri chose kuvambira pamutero kusvikira kukodzero dzavagari vemo. Muitiro wacho unobatanidza kuwirirana, kugadziridza, uye mavhoti (jekita rose rinotamba.) Somuenzaniso, Affordcable Care Act yaida makore okukurukura, kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira, uye kuronga. Vagadziri vemitemo vanoshandisawo simba kupfurikidza nokugadzira utongi hwehurumende: masangano akafanana neEvironmental Protection Agency inopa mitemo ine simba romutemo, kazhinji kazhinji neutarisiri hushoma hwewiginion.

Nyengetedzo Yavose Nokuumba

Kudzora nhauro chishandiso chesimba ramasimba. Vatungamiriri vanoshandisa kutaura, misangano inobudisa, uye zvinobudisa nhau kuti vagadzirire kuti nhau dzinonzwisiswa sei. Murangariro we unobudisa []. Kumirira nhau muchiedza chakati kuti kugona kusarudza kana mutemo uchigona kuwana tsigiro. Somuenzaniso, kubhadhara nzvimbo mutero wenzvimbo se “mutero wekufa” unoibatanidza sechirango, unopesvedzera pfungwa dzavose. Nenzira yakafanana, kushambadza kwezvamatongerwe enyika kukweva kuda kuita kuti zvisarudzo zvakafanana norutyo kana kuti tariro. Kukurukurirana kwezvamatongerwe enyika zvino igadziriro yemabhirioni akawanda eindaneti, inosimudzira kukura.

Kugadzirira Agenda

Sezvinoratidzwa nenyanzvi dzaJohn Kingdon, mano okuronga purogiramu irudzi runokosha rwesimba. Avo vanosarudza kuti ndezvipi zvinetso zvinogamuchira ngwariro(///ndizvi zvinofuratirwa). Zviteshi zvenhau zvenhau, marangi, uye mapoka ezviwaro anokwikwikwidzana kukwikwidza nhau dzakadai sokuchinja kwemamiriro okunze, kubuda munyika, kana kuti kutarisirwa kwoutano. Munguva dzenjodzi, hurumende dzinogona kuronga nokukurumidza zvimwe zvinhu, sezvinoonekwa nezvitapudzo zvekurumidziro. Nenzira yepanikiso dzekurumidziro.

Chivako Chokudyidzana Nokubatanidza

Mugadziriro dzedemocracy, hapana mutambi mumwe anowanzova nesimba rakakwana rokuita ari oga. Chivako chebvumirano chamasangano anoshandira pamwe chete, mapoka ezviwanwa, kana kuti marudzi(anokosha). European Union inoratidzira simba rakavakirwa pawirirano, umo mitezo inotaurirana nokuda kwokubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira. Kubatanidza kubvumira kubvumiranwa kwemitezo yokuberekana. Masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika anowanzoumba hurumende dzakabatana pashure pesarudzo, kuparadzira masuo akavakirwa pasimba rakaenzana. Kundikana kuvaka mibatanidzwa yemibatanidzwa kunogona kutungamirira kukudzoresarudzo kana kuti kudzorwa kwemitemo.

Kushandiswa Kwesangano

Vatambi vezvamatongerwe enyika pane dzimwe nguva vanochinja mitemo yomutambo umene kuva inoisa simba ravo. Girmaning(-8] Kukweva mitsetse yoruwa kuti ifadze mubato(imuenzaniso wakatanhamara. Matare angazara namatsigiri, masangano anosarudzwa anochinjwa, kana kuti masimba akakudzwa. Viktor Orbán yeHungary akashandisa systonic kusimbisa simba rapamusoro, kusimudzira itiro pamusoro pokuchinja kwehurumende.

Mirangariro Yakaipa Pasimba Rezvamatongerwe Enyika

Nyanzvi dzakatanga mifananidzo inokwikwidzana kuti dzitsanangure kuti ndiani ane simba rezvematongerwe enyika uye kuti rinoshanda sei.

Platuralim

Nyanzvi dzezvokududzira zvitendero dzakadai saRobert Dahl dzinotaura kuti simba rezvamatongerwe enyika rinoparadzirwa pakati pamapoka akawanda anokwikwidzana. “‘ Mapoka anoitira hanya, mapato, zvinobudisa nhau, mapepanhau, masati ari maaposci mazvino. (asina kudzora nguva dzose.) Mufundo yaDahl yeNew Haven (1961), akawana kuti mapoka akasiana - siana akapesvedzera nhau dzakasiana - siana, achidzivisa vapi navapi vapi navapi vakatanhamara mukudzora miuyo yose. Chitendero chePlato yehurumende chinofunga kuti hurumende inoita somuregiteri. Zvisinei, vatsoropote vanocherekedza kuti kusabatana kwetsika kunopa masangano uye kuwanikwa kwapfuma, kuita kuti kuve kwakakodzera zvikuru kupfuura chaizvoizvo.

Dzidziso Yakaoma

Vachipesana nedzidziso dzezvizhinji, vazivi vakatanhamara vakafanana naC.Wright Mills naG. William Domoff vanopikisa kuti vatungamiriri vaduku, vakabatana vane simba mumapoka ezvemari, ezvamatongerwe enyika, uye ehondo. “simba rakatanhamara” rinogoverana migariro, makirabhu, uye fariro, zvichivagonesa kuumba zvisarudzo zvikuru mufariro yavo. Mibatanidzwa yemiitiro inoratidzira kuti masimba anofunga sei, nheyo, uye makambani emasangano anowirirana. Erite anosimbisa sei kuti simba rezvamatongerwe enyika rinonangidzira sei pasinei zvapo namasangano ehurumende, zvikurukuru mukutsigira mari nokutsigira mari.

Mirangariro YamaMarxist

Nokuda kwaMarx, simba rezvamatongerwe enyika pakupedzisira rinobva muukama hweboka rezvemari. Hurumende chishandiso cheboka rinotonga(*) bourgeoisie(anzi yashandiswa kuchengeta kushandiswa kwechikamari. Kunyange nyika dzehurumende yedemocracy dzinoonekwa sedzinochengeta kusaenzana kwemapoka kupfurikidza nemiitiro yakafanana nokucherwa kwemitero nokuda kwavapfumi kana kuti dzidzo. Vanamabhii avareveri, vakadai saAntonio Gramsci, vanotanga pfungwa ye [FLT: 0] gemony: boka rinotonga rinotambanukira simba munzanga yevagari vemone, dzidzo, uye zvinobudisa nhau, zvinoita kuti kudzora kwaro kuve kwakasikirwa. Hegemony anotsanangura chikonzero nei mapoka anodzvinyirirwa pane dzimwe nguva achitsigira fariro dzavo.

Simba reFoucault

Michel Foucault anoumba simba rokufunga serisiriwo zvaro rinodzvinyirira asi rinobudirira. Simba rinobatanidzwa mumiitiro yezuva riri rose(mazvirango atinozviranga nawo timene, masangano anoisa sei vanhu, maitirwe ezivo. Somuenzaniso, gadziriro dzetorongo dzinoumba “dentins”; zviremera zvezvokurapa zvinorondedzera“ zvamafaro.” Foucault’s [[FLT:] panopticon[[[[FLT: 1]] dimic inorondedzera kuti simba rezvamatongerwe enyika rinoparira sei kuzvidzora kwenguva dzose. Iyi mirangariro inozivisa kuti simba rezvamatongerwe enyika harisati riri rokungova rapamusoro chete asi rinopfuudzwa kupfurikidza nemipimo yenzanga negadziriro dzenzanga, ichiita kushora kukuru.

Basa Resimba Rezvamatongerwe Enyika Munzanga

Simba rezvamatongerwe enyika rinozadza anenge mativi ose oupenyu hweboka, kubva pakudzora kusvikira kukuzivikanwa kwetsika.

Kudzora Nokuronga

Simba rezvamatongerwe enyika rinoumba nzira iyo nzanga dzinorongwa nayo (kunyangwe kupfurikidza nehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, udzvinyiriri, kana kuti hurumende dzemibatanidzwa. Zvirongwa zvakafanana nedzimba dzomutemo, matare, uye mabhureaucracy igadziriro dzesimba dzinoita chisarudzo chemukoto. Gadziro dzeBumbiro reMitemo reMitemo (presidential v.ary, community vs. community) dzinogovera simba rakasiana. Somuenzaniso, dzinogovera simba rakananga kumusoro, nepo kubvumira udzori hwenharaunda.

Ruramisiro Yenzanga Nokusaenzana

Simba rezvamatongerwe enyika rinosakisa masangano nokuda kwokuenzana.

Mutezo Wezvemari Nokugara Panzvimbo Yepfuma

Chiratidzo chinooneka zvikuru chesimba rezvematongerwe enyika imari inobhadharwa. Zvisarudzo pamusoro pemitero, kupedza mari pakutarisira utano, dzidzo, dziviriro, uye garikano yenzanga zvinorwisana nezviwanikwa. Vatambi vane simba mune zvemari (jenis) /mabhanki, masangano, masangano, kuumba marusaitirwo emitemo nemitero. Somuenzaniso, pesvedzero yezvemari pashure penjodzi ya2008 yakatungamirira kukuvakwa kwemitero yakaganhurirwa, nepo mapurogiramu okudaidza anokanganisa mabasa enzanga.

Magamuchidzanwa Nezvendangariro

Simba rezvamatongerwe enyika rinoshandawo nenzira yokufananidzira: rinopa mipimo yakati, nhau, uye zvinotanga. Nhevedzo yezvidzidzo zvesangano reNational, zvipupuriro zvehurumende, uye zvinobudisa nhau zvinoratidzira tsika dzinodzora. Hurumende dzinogona kutsigira nhau dzechinzwano chorudzi kana kuti kudzvinyirira manzwi anopesana. Funga nezvekurukurirano pamusoro pokudzidzisa rondedzero yedzinza inotsoropodza kana kuti zviyeuchidzo zvenhau kuvatungamiriri. Simba rokurondedzera kuzivikanwa kworudzi ndekwezvamatongerwe enyika zvikuru, richipesvedzera chinorangarirwa kuva chokuda nyika kana kuti kumukira.

Matambudziko Esimba Rematongerwe Enyika

Hakuna chimiro chesimba rezvamatongerwe enyika chakakwana, chinotarisana nenharo yenguva dzose inobva kumanyuko akasiana - siana, ayo anogona kuvhiringidza hurumende uye kumanikidza kuchinja.

Kuramba Kwapachena Nokushora

Kuramba kwevagari vemo kuvambira pakukumbira kupfuudzira kupfuvurira kupfuuvurira. Chitendero cheArab Spring, kutsutsumwa kwechisimba cheHong Kong, uye sangano reBlack Live Matter zvinoratidza kuti chiito chakabatana chinogona sei kukanganisa hurumende kana kuti kumanikidza. Zvinobudisa nhau zvenzanga zvinodzivisa kusabvumirana kupfurikidza nokuronga uye kuparadzira dzimwe nhau. Zvisinei, hurumende dzinowanzopindura nokudzvinyirira, kuongorora, kana kuti kuisa kurukurirano, kuratidza kuti kusabvumirana kwacho nguva dzose muitiro unowirirana.

Kushora Kwezvamatongerwe Enyika Nemakwikwi Eboka

Muhurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu, masangano etsoropodzo anobatira sedenho dzesangano. Vanonzvera miitiro, vanopa dzimwe nzira, uye vakagadzirira kutora simba kupfurikidza nesarudzo. Chishoro chakasimba chinochengeta masimba anotonga achizvidavirira, asi apo chishoro chinoneta, chakapinzwa pasi, kana kuti chakanyaradzwa, simba rinova risingadzorwi.

Kunzvera Kwezvinobudisa Nhau uye Kuongorora Journaligatistism

Chinyorwa chenhau chakasununguka icherekedzo yamagamuchidzanwa pasimba. Rusando rwenhau runofumura uori, kushatiswa, uye zvinyorwa zvakavanzika. Chinyadziso cheWatergate, Panama Pepas, uye kushuma kwemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi pamusoro pemari yokugamuchira zvakatungamirira kukurega basa, miedzo, uye chinjo. Zvisinei, simba renhau rinogona kuderedzwa nokuiswa pasi nehushe hwehushe hwemari (Unigaro yeRupert Murdoch’s per), kuvhura tsika, uye kudenha vatori venhau (“kupomera mhaka”). Kuderera kwenhau dzomunzvimbomo kuderedza kuzvidavirira, zvikurukuru munharaunda dzomumaruwa.

Kudyidzana Kwenyika Dzepasi Pose uye Kudyidzana Kwenyika Dzose

Masangano amarudzi ose , masangano amarudzi ose akaita seUN kana kuti WTO, nzanga yavagari vemo yepasi pose inodzorwa simba renyika. Zvibvumirano zveTrade zvinoganhurira kudzorwa kwemibato yehurumende dzekodzero dzavanhu pakubatwa kwevaduku; zvibvumirano zvemamiriro okunze zvinoda kubviswa. Kudyidzana kwepasi pose kunosimbisa vamwe vatambi (vadaviri vemibato) nepokuganhurira vamwe (hurumende). Chirevo chePpolici chinodzivisa kudzorwa kwehurumende yenyika yose chinoratidzira uku kuoma, sezvo vatungamiriri vanosunungura uchangamire hwenyika.

Kuchinja Kwezvigadzirwa uye Simba Remagetsi

Internet nenhepfenyuro dzenzanga zvine simba rezvamatongerwe enyika rakafanira munzira dzakati asi zvinogonesawo maSangano emitemo matsva okudzora. Mitemo inoumba izvo vagari vemo vanoona, uye makambani ezvoruzivo rwemichina akadai seFacebook kana kuti Google anosvika zvikuru. Hurumende dzinoshandisa kunzvera kwemichina yewirirano yenzanga yeChina, kuunganidzwa kwemitengo mizhinji) kuongorora kusabvumirana. Munguva ino, kudzorwa kwechirongwa cheIndaneti neramendesheni (kupindira kweRussia mukuvhotarudzo) kugona sei kurwisa ruzivo rwezvigadzirwa nehurumende.

Mugumisiro: Zvinorehwa Nesimba Risingaperi Rezvamatongerwe Enyika

Simba rezvamatongerwe enyika harina kunaka kana kuti rakaipa mariri rimene; rutivi rusinganzvengeki rwoupenyu hweboka. Simba rinowanwa, rinobvumidzwa, rinoshandiswa, uye rinodenhwa rinosarudza rudzi rwokutonga, mwero worusununguko, uye kuparadzirwa kwamabanza. Kunzwisisa simba rezvamatongerwe enyika kunoda kwete bedzi kufunda nzvimbo dzakarongwa nemitemo asiwo simba ramanomano repesvedzero, udzori hwezvirongwa, uye mirangariro.

Kuvanhu vanobva munyika, kuziva kuti vane simba rekutsigira hurumende ndiyo nzira yokutanga yokuita nayo kuti pave nehurumende inotonga zvakanaka.