Federalism igadziriro yokutonga inokamuranisa simba pakati pehurumende yepakati (munyika yose) nehurumende dzenharaunda, dzakadai senyika, maruwa, kana kuti midungwe. Iyi gadziriro inoparira paradzano yechiremera, inobvumira mwero mumwe nomumwe kushanda nenzira yakasununguka mune dzimwe nzvimbo apo inenge ichibatira pamwe panhau dzenyika. Federalism inorongedzerwa kugarisa vanhu vakasiyana - siyana munzvimbo dzose, ichiiita chisarudzo chakafanana nokuda kwenyika dzine tsika dzetsika, dzinza, kana kuti mitauro yakasiyana. Kusafanana nemibatanidzwa yetsika, umo hurumende yepakati ine chiremera chikuru, masangano anodzivirira masimba ehurumende ose ari ose ari maviri eruwa, achisimudzira chinzwano neIsabero.

Kunzwisisa Kurwira Nyika

Pamavambo payo, hurumende inotsvaka kubatanidza rudzi nepo ichiremekedza mhatsa nokuzvimirira kwenharaunda dzarwo. Iro igadziriro yokutarisira kuoma kwehurumende munyika huru, dzinodzorwa. Kuparadzirwa kwamasimba kunowanzorongwa mubumbiro remitemo rakanyorwa, iro rinoonesa kuti mitoro ipi yehurumende yorudzi, iyo iri yehurumende yenyika kana kuti maruwa, uye inogoverana. Iri boka rinobetsera kudzivisa kuiswa kwesimba uye kubvumira miraudzo kugadziridzwa kuzvinodikanwa zvomunzvimbomo. Urongwa hwehurumende hahusi murangariro wakabatana; hunochinja mukupindura kumiitiro yezvamatongerwe enyika, yenzanga, uye yezvemari, inotungamirira kumiitiro yakasiana - mativi enyika uye miitiro yenyika.

Nhoroondo

Mavambo ehurumende yehurumende anogona kurondwa achidzokera shure kupepuko dzakare, dzakadai seguta reGirisi remaruwa neRome Republic, iyo yakaedza nezvivako zvinotonga pamwe chete. Zvisinei, gadziriro yehurumende yazvino uno yakawana utanhamari nokuumbwa kweUnited States. Mutemo weU.U.S., wakasimbiswa muna 1788, wakagadza hurumende yehurumende ine masimba ose nepo ichichengetera mamwe masimba ose kuhurumende kana kuti vanhu. Iyi nzanga yakanga iri kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira pakati peavo vaida chiremera chikuru uye avo vaitya kutonga kukuru kubva kuhurumende iri kure. Mutevedzero weAmerica wakafuridzirwa mamwe marudzi, kubatanidza Switzerland (1848), Canada (1867), Australia (1901), uye Germany (19999).

Mativi Makuru Echinzvimbo

  • Kuwiriraniswa kwaMasimba: Federalism inobvisa masimba pakati pehurumende dzenyika nehurumende, kazhinji kazhinji inodudzwa mubumbiro remitemo. Aya masimba angava akazara (mwero mumwe bedzi une chiremera), panguva imwe (mwero yose iri miviri inogona kuita chiito), kana kuti yakachengetwa (kubva kunyika). Somuenzaniso, muUnited States, masimba enyika anobatanidza kuumba mari nokudzora kutengeserana kwenyika, nepo nyika dzichibata dzidzo nemitemo yomunzvimbomo.
  • [ Udzori hweMasangano eRegional Unity:[ nyika kana kuti maruwa zvine chiremera chokuzvitonga vamene munharaunda dzakatarwa, dzakadai sechokufambisa, zvokurapa, uye zviwanikwa. Uku kuzvitonga kunobvumira hurumende dzenharaunda kuita mitemo yemabhizimisi inoratidza zvinhu zvinokosha zvomunzvimbomo uye tsika.
  • Kupa muHurumende yeNational:[[FT:1] Gadziriro dzinowanzoratidzira mitemo yebhimeral, umo imwe kamuri inomirira chiverengero chavagari vemo (mutoo, Imba yaVamiriri) yeU.S. uye imwe inopa mufananidzo wakaenzana kunzvimbo kana kuti nharaunda (muchib., Dare reU.S.). chivako ichi chinovimbisa kuti zvose zviri zviviri fariro zhinji nedzomushoma dzinonzwiwa.
  • Intergovernmental Relations:[ Kubatira pamwe nerwisano pakati pemwero yehurumende zviri mumugariro wehurumende. Mipiro yakadai sezvipo, zvibvumirano, uye kurukurirano zvinobetsera kudzora ukama ihwohwu, asi kusabvumirana pamusoro petendero nemari kwakapararira.
  • A Bumbiro reMitemo rakanyorwa: Masangano ehurumende mazhinjisa anotsamira pabumbiro remitemo rakanyorwa iro rinorondedzera masimba emwero mumwe nomumwe wehurumende uye rinogovera gadziriro yokupedza nayo gakava kupfurikidza nehwirudzuro yedare.

Marudzi EchiFederalism

Nyanzvi dzakawana mifananidzo inoverengeka inorondedzera kuti simba rinoitwa sei uye kuti hurumende dzinoshanda sei.

Kubatana Kwemasangano Maviri

Dual university, inowanzonzi “layer àcakeism,” inobata hurumende dzenyika nehurumende sedzakasiana, nenzvimbo dzakaparadzana zvakajeka dzechiremera. Mwero mumwe nomumwe unoshanda wakazvimirira mukati menzvimbo yayo umene, uye kune kuwirirana kuduku. Uyu muenzaniso wakanga uchidzora muUnited States mukati mezana ramakore rechi 19, apo basa rehurumende raiganhurirwa zvikurukuru kukudzivirira nyika, nhau dzokumwe, uye kutengeserana kwapakati penyika. Hurumende dzakachengeta chiremera chikuru panhau zhinjisakawanda dzemhuri. Chifananidzo chekeke chebutiro chamapepa chinoratidzira kukamu chakatsvinda chakatsvinda.

Kushandira Pamwe Kwehurumende

Kofetinationalism, kana kuti “marble àcakeism,” yakabuda muzana ramakore rechi20 sezvo hurumende yenyika yakatora basa guru rokushingaira zvikuru munharaunda dzakachengeterwa nyika, dzakadai segarikano yenzanga, zvinhu, uye dzidzo. Mumuenzaniso uyu, mwero yose iri miviri yehurumende inogoverana mitoro nebasa pamwe chete kuti isvike zvinangwa zvakafanana. Federal inogovera jâinēaid, kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji nemigariro yakabatanidzwa, yakava chishandiso chinokosha chokubatira pamwe nehurumende. Mitsetse yechiremera yakakomba, yakafanana zvikuru neyamabhuroko. Iyi inokura mukati me Dial neGreat Societys muUnited States.

Kubatana Kunotanga

Chibvumirano chehurumende, chakabatanidzwa naPurezidhendi Lyndon B. Johnson we “Sosaiti Great” ya “Sangano Guru” muma 1960, yakasimbisa kubatanidzwa kwakananga kwehurumende mukutaura nhau dzenzanga dzakadai sourombo, maruramiro avagari vemo, uye kukura kwemaguta. Kwaipfuura hurumende dzehurumende muzvinoitika zvakati kupfurikidza nokupinza mari zvakananga kuhurumende dzomunzvimbomo, masangano asina mhindu yemhindu, uye mapoka enzanga. Iyi mitoo yakawedzerwa pesvedzero yehurumende uye kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji yakaiswa zvinodikanwa zvorumano pamashandisirwo emari, kuchitungamirira kunyadziso nehurumende idzo dzakarangarira chiremera chadzo kuva dzakaderedzwa.

Chibvumirano Chitsva

Chibvumirano chitsva chakabuda sechinorwisana nokuiswa kwesimba pakati pezana ramakore rechi520. Chakatsigirwa naMapurezidhendi Richard Nixon naRonald Reagan, chakanangidzira kudzorera masimba akati nemitoro kuhurumende. Ikoku kwakawanwa kupfurikidza nezvipo zvinopa mari yakasiana zvikuru mukushandisa mari yehurumende) uye kubviswa kwepurogiramu dzakadai sokuvandudza garikano. Pfungwa yakanga iri yokuderedza hurumende yehurumende ndokubvumira masangano kubatira se “nyanzvi dzehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu,” kuedza miitiro itsva ingagona kudzorwa kune imwe nzvimbo.

Kushanda Munzvimbo Yakatarisana Nevanhu

Hurumende yehurumende inonongedzera kuukama hwemari pakati pemitengo yakasiana- siyana yehurumende. Inonzvera kuti mari inosimudzirwa sei uye kuti ndyiko dzinogoverwa sei. Mumitengo mizhinji, hurumende yenyika inounganidza chikamu chikuru chemari yemitero kupfuura yainoda, nepo nyika dzichivimba nokutamisirwa nokupiwa mari yokutsigira mapurogiramu adzo. Iyi tsika inogona kuparira kusagadzikana uye kusagadzikana, zvikurukuru apo migariro yenyika inouya nezvinodikanwa zvingarwisana nezviripo.

Betsero Dzemagariro

Kubatsira uku kunobatsira kutsanangura chikonzero nei nyika dzakawanda kwazvo dzichigamuchira zvivako zvehurumende.

  • Nzvimbo yeAutonomy neResponsivence: Nyika dzinogona kugadziridza miitiro kuti isvitse zvinodikanwa zvakasiana zvavagari vemo vavo. Somuenzaniso, nyika ine chikamu chikuru chokurima ingaisa pakutanga maruramiro emvura negadziriro dzomumaruwa, nepo nyika yomuguta inganangidzira ngwariro pakufambisa kwavose nedzimba. Uku kuchinja kunobvumira hurumende kuva dzinodavidza zvikuru kuzvinhu zvinonetsa vagari vemo.
  • Gadziriro dzeProfication: Gadziriro dzinobvumira nyika kubatira semarabhoritari ehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Apo imwe nyika inoedza kusvika kutsva (kwakadai sezvoutano hwenyika yose muMassachusetts kana kuti kutengeserana kwecarbon muCalifornia/dzimwe dzinogona kucherekedza miuyo ndokugamuchira miitiro inobudirira. Uku kunzvera kwakafanira kunoderedza ngozi yokukundikana munyika yose.
  • Mitinhimira neMavambo: Kukamukana kwesimba pakati pehurumende dzenyika nehurumende kunoparira gadziriro yecheki nedzikamo zvinoganhurira kuiswa kwamasimba. Mitengo yose iri miviri inogona kunzvera zviito zvomumwe nomumwe, kudzivirira rusununguko rwomunhu oga uye kudzivirira chinhu chimwe chipi nechipi kuva chine simba zvikuru.
  • Kudzorwa kweKutora rutivi kwezvamatongerwe enyika: Kubatira pamwe kunogadzira nhandare dzakawanda nokuda kwokuvimbisana kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Vagari vanogona kuvhota mumunzvimbomo, hurumende, uye sarudzo, uye vanogona kumhanyira kana kuti kumhanyira nzvimbo ipi neipi. Iyi gadziriro inokurudzira kubatanidzwa kwehurumende uye inoita kuti hurumende isvike zvikuru.
  • Kudzivirirwa kweMitemo yakasiana---mbimbimbika: Munyika dzine dzinza, mitauro, kana kuti rudzidziso rushoma, unani hwehurumende hunogona kupa mwero wakati wouzvimiriri kumatunhu, kuchibetsera kuchengeta kuzivikanwa kwetsika ndokuderedza dzvinyiriro dzetsika. Somuenzaniso, gadziriro yemubatanidzwa yeIndia inokwana mapoka ayo akawanda emitauro kupfurikidza nokuronga maruwa mumitsetse yemitauro.

Matambudziko Okushanda Mumagariro Evanhu

Pasinei zvapo nebetsero dzayo, hurumende inopawo denho dzinokosha dzinogona kuomesa pesvedzero nokuitwa kwemiitiro.

  • Kuparadzirwa kwamasimba kunogona kutungamirira kukusava nechokwadi pamusoro pomwero wehurumende ine mutoro wenhau dzakati. Vagari vangaparapatika kuvhozhokera mativi ose, uye gakava pamusoro pedzoro. Somuenzaniso, mukati medenda reCOVID.19, mirairo inorwisana inobva kuzviremera zvehurumende nehurumende muUnited States yakaparira nyongano pamusoro pemirayiro nenzvimbo dzebhizimisi.
  • Kuenzana pakati peMatunhu: Misiyano muzviwanikwa, kubudirira kwemari, uye zvinhu zvinokosha pakati penyika zvinogona kuparira kusawirirana mumabasa avose uye kunaka kwoupenyu. Nyika dzeProfesi dzingagovera dzidzo iri nani nezvoutano, nepo nyika dzine urombo dzichiparapatika kuti dzipe zvirongwa zvinokosha. Ikoku kunogona kutungamirira ku “kupinda pasi. Saizvozvo nyika dzinokwikwikwidzana nokuda kwemabhizimisi kupfurikidza nokucheka mitero nemiraudzo.
  • Inter Hurlifment: Kusawirirana kunowanzomuka pakati pehurumende nehurumende, zvikurukuru pamusoro penhau dzinokakavadzana dzakadai sekutama, murairo wemhoteredzo, uye kutarisirwa kwoutano. Uku kurwisana kunogona kuguma nokukwirirana, mirairo yehurumende, uye hondo dzemitemo dzinoderedza kuitwa kwemiitiro.
  • Zvinetso zvokurongerana: Kushanda kwetsinhirano pakati pemitengo yehurumende kunokosha, zvikurukuru mukati mengwavaira dzomusikirwo kana kuti migariro youtano yavose. Zvisinei, kuputsika kwekurukurirano, zvinotanga zvakasiyana, uye kukwikwidzana kwezvamatongerwe enyika zvinogona kudzivisa mhinduro yakabatana. Kupindura zvishoma kwehurumende kuHurricane Katrina muna 2005 kwakasimbisa idzi denho dzokubatana kwetsika.
  • [ Kurongeka nokusakwanisa: Apo mwero yose iri miviri yehurumende inogovera mabasa akafanana, akadai sokuchengetwa kwomutemo kana kuti mari yezvokufambisa, mafomu okukopa anogona kuitika, kupambadza muripi wemari. Kudzokororwa kwenhamburiko idzi kunoda kuronga nokubatira pamwe kwokungwarira.

Mienzaniso Youdzvinyiriri Munyika Yose

Kunzvera iyi mienzaniso kunozivisa kuchinjika nemhatsa yehurumende.

United States

United States muenzaniso wakatanhamara wehurumende. Bumbiro rayo reMitemo rinodudza masimba ehurumende yomubatanidzwa (sezviro, kuzivisa hondo, kudzora kutengeserana kwenyika) uye kuchengeta mamwe masimba ose kunyika. Nokufamba kwenguva, chiyero chaenda kuchiremera chehurumende chikuru zvikuru, zvikurukuru pashure peNew Deal nokukura kwezvipo zvehurumende. Zvisinei, masangano anochengeta udzori hune revo pamusoro pedzidzo, ruramisiro youtsotsi, uye kushandiswa kwenyika. Dare rapamusoro redare rinoita basa guru mukududzira miganhuro yesimba.

Germany

Gadziriro yehurumende yeGermany yakavakirwa pa 16 Länder (zvikamu) izvo zvinotora rutivi muchisarudzo chorudzi kupfurikidza neBundesrat, imba yapamusoro yeparamende. Mutemo weSicial Law (constitution) unopa masimba makuru padzidzo, poropoti, uye nhau dzetsika. Germany inosimbisa batira pamwe yehurumende, uko hurumende inogadza mitemo yakafara uye Länder inoishandisa. Iyi gadziriro inosimudzira kuva mutezo wakaenzana mumipimo worudzi apo inochengeta utongi hwomunharaunda.

Canada

Chibvumirano chehurumende cheCanada chinoparadzira masimba pakati pehurumende yehurumende yehurumende namaruwa gumi. Chiteshi cheConstitution cha 1867, chinogovera masimba chaiwo kumwero mumwe nomumwe, namaruwa anodzora nharaunda dzakadai serezvoutano, dzidzo, uye pfuma yomusikirwo. Kusafanana negadziriro yeU.S., hurumende yeCanada ine chiremera pamusoro pomutemo woutsotsi neroorano, nepo maruwa achibata nzvimbo nekodzero dzavagari vemo. Gadziriro yacho inovawo nezivikanwo yeFrench yegas ji kupfurikidza negadziriro dzezvekudzosero dzinopa nharaunda yorumwe rudzi mumitezo mumiitiro yekubudamo nemutauro.

Australia

Gadziriro yehurumende yeAustralia, yakagadzwa neBumbiro reMitemo reHurumende muna 1901, inokamuranisa masimba pakati peCommonwealth (nyika yose) nehurumende nhanhatu. Commonwealth Anobata dziviriro, nhau dzokunze, uye kutengeserana, nepo nyika dzichitarisira dzidzo, utano, uye zvokufambisa. Mutero unodzorwa unounganidzwa zvikurukuru nehurumende yehurumende, iyo ipapo inoparadzira mari kuhurumende kupfurikidza nemipiro. Uku kusadzikama kwakaenzana kunoparira rudiriro asi kunobvumirawo nokuda kwemitero yakaenzana kubetsera nyika dzine urombo kuti dzichengete mibato.

India

India inyika ine vanhu vakawanda zvikurusa. Bumbiro rayo reMitemo rinogadzira Hurumende yepakati ine Union Universt yemasimba akatsaurwa, Hurumende yeHurumende yemasimba enyika oga, uye Rusaririra rweConnual umo zvose zviri zviviri zvinogona kuronga. Nyika dzinowanzorongwa mumitsetse yemitauro, iyo inobetsera kudzora mhatsa huru dzenyika. Zvisinei, chibvumirano cheIndia chinowanzorondedzerwa se “quasi [“ quasiäfederal" nemhaka yokuti hurumende huru inogona kubvisa hurumende dzehurumende ndokudzora mamiriro ezvinhu akaoma.

mhedziso

Ganhuriro inoramba iri gadziriro ine simba neinochinjika yehurumende inodzikamisa kudikanwa kwechinzwano chorudzi nechishuvo chokuzvitonga kwenharaunda. Kupfurikidza nokukamuranisa simba remitemo, inodzivisa mwero mumwe upi noupi wehurumende kuti irege kuva nesimba, inokurudzira kuvandudziko dzomunzvimbomo, uye mativi akasiana. Panguva imwe cheteyo, inoda kutarisirwa kwokungwarira kupedza kuoma, kusaenzana, uye rwisano yehurumende. Sezvo nyika dzinotarisana nezvinetso zvitsva (kuchinja kwemamiriro okunze kusvika kukuva zvakavanzika zvemagiramuro negadziriro dzamagariro adzo anopfuurira, kuratidzira kuvandudziko dzadzo neremutoo mukutonga kwazvino uno. Kunzwisisa kuti urongwa hwemitemo yehurumende inoshanda sei murondedzero yezvamatongerwe enyika uye kuparadzirwa kwesimba munyika.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, ona U.S. tsananguro yapamutemo yemasimba ehurumende , Britannica pautongi [, uye [[FLT:] Government yehwingiriro yeCanada yechibvumirano chehurumende yehurumende yeUnited States .