Sumo Sechisaririra Chesimba Rorudzi

Sumo yebumbiro remitemo inopfuura zvikuru kutanga kwokushongedza. Rinobatira segwaro renheyo rinoonesa mipimo mikuru, nheyo, uye zvishuvo zvenyika. Nepo mabumbiro amabumbiro emitemo achigovera gadziriro yapamutemo negadziriro yokutonga, kutanga kunopa kambasi youzivi netsika inotungamirira kududzirwa nokushandiswa kwenhevedzano yose yebumbiro remitemo. Basa rayo mukusimudzira kuterama kwenyika rakakura uye rakajeka, rinobata padudziro yepamutemo, kuzivikanwa kworudzi, kubatana kwenzanga, uye simba rokuchinja zvine rugare.

Munzanga dzinoratidzirwa nokuchinja kwenhau kwakasiyana - siyana, kwenhau, kana kuti kwezvamatongerwe enyika, mashoko okutanga anogona kushanda sesimba rinobatanidza, achiyeuchidza vose vari vaviri vagari vemo navatungamiriri nezvemisengwa inogoverana inovabatanidza pamwe chete.iyi nyaya inonzvera mhindumupindu yenhau yemazangariro, mabasa avo makuru mukutsigira dzikamo, mienzaniso yokuenzanisa inobva munyika yose, uye kushanda kwavo kusingagumi munhambo yechinjo yenyika yose.

Mavambo Enhau Nemhindumupindu Yemavambo

Mavambo Ekare Netsika Dzebumbiro Remitemo

Muitiro wokuvhura gwaro remitemo rehwaro rine donzo ramavambo ekare. Mienzaniso yapakuvamba inogona kuwanwa musumo kumitemo yakadai seKirati yemitemo yaHammurabi (chirca 1754 BCE), umo mambo akazivisa murairo wake woumwari nevavariro yake yokuunza ruramisiro kunyika. Nenzira yakafanana, Magna Carta wa1215 akavamba nokusuma kuonga misengwa yamambo kuna Mwari nenzvimbo, achigadza nzvimbo nokuda kwerusununguko rwakananga runodudzwa muchata.

Aya mashoko okutanga apakuvamba akabatira zvose zviri zviviri basa rokuita kuti zvive zvapamutemo neretsika. Vakatanga chiremera chechinyorwa chacho, vachichibatanidza nenhevedzano yetsika yakakwirira kana kuti yorudzidziso, uye vakaratidzira vavariro dzomupi wemitemo. Nokufamba kwenguva, iyi gamuchidzanwa yakashanduka kuva mavambo ebumbiro remitemo razvino uno sezvatinozviziva nhasi, uko manyuko echiremera anosimukira ku "vanhu" kubva kuna mambo kana mwari.

Kutanga kweBumbiro Romutemo Kwazvino Uno

American Constitution ya 1787 yakaratidzira nhambo yechinjo. Suo yayo yakakurumbira — "Isu People of the United States" — yakanga iri kutaura kwokuchinja kwouchangamire hwakakurumbira. Uku kutaura kwakazivisa kuti hurumende yakawana chiremera chayo kubva pamvumo yedzosero, kubva kwapakutonga kwehurumende. Yakadudzawo madonzo chaiwo: ku "umba Dare rakakwana zvikuru, kutanga Ruramisiro, kugovera dziviriro yavose, kusimudzira Welvel, uye kudzivirira zvikomborero zveRugare kuti isu timene neTspeter yedu."

Iyi muenzaniso wakabvumikisa kuva inopesvedzera zvikuru. Mabumbiro emitemo akatevera munyika yose akagamuchira mutauro wapamberi pevhu wakafanana, kazhinji kazhinji achichichinjira kuratidzira migariro yavo vamene yenhau, mipimo yetsika, uye zvishuvo zvezvamatongerwe enyika. Kutanga kweBumbiro remitemo reFrance ra1958 kunosimbisazve nheyo dzeChiziviso chekodzero dzomunhu nedzechiPotizeki. Mutemo weGerman Basic wa19949 unovamba nesimbiso yakasimba pachiremera chomunhu, kuita kwakananga kuutsinye hwenguva yeNazi.

Mabasa Okutanga Mukusimudzira Kugadzikana Kwenyika

Tsananguro Yapamutemo Nenhungamiro Yokutonga

Mamwe mabasa anokosha zvikuru okutanga ibasa rawo mukutungamirira kududzira kwepamutemo. matare ari munzvimbo dzakawanda anoreva kutanga kwegadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo dzisinganzwisisiki kana kuti pakusarudza kuti mutemo uri kutevedzerwa.

MuIndia, somuenzaniso, Dare Rapamusoro zvikurusa rakashandisa rashandisazve sumo — iyo inozivisa India kuva mutongi, musocialism, nyika inosarudzwa navanhu yakazvipira kururamisiro, rusununguko, kuenzana, uye kubatana — kududzira maruramiro makuru nenheyo dzenhungamiro. Sumo yakashandiswa kusimbisa dzidziso huru, iyo inoreva kuti zvimwe zvinhu zvikuru zvebumbiro remitemo hazvigoni kuchinjwa kunyange kupfurikidza nokugadziriswa. Uku kushandiswa kwedare kwokutanga kwemitemo kunobetsera kuteramo kukuva nechokwadi chokuti chinjo dzapamutemo nedzezvamatongerwe enyika dzinoramba dzichiwirirana nevavariro dzenyika dzakagadzwa.

Nenzira yakafanana, muCanada, sumo kuChirevo cheBumbiro reMitemo, 1867, iyo inonongedzera ku "Bumbiro reMitemo rakafanana nereUnited Kingdom," yakashandiswa kutsigira kubatanidzwa kwenheyo dzemitemo isina kunyorwa, zvakadai sokutonga kwomutemo, utongi hunosarudzwa navanhu vose, uye dziviriro yezvishoma. Iri basa rokududzira rinobetsera kuchengeta kupfuurira kwapamutemo nebatira pamwe, izvo zvinokosha nokuda kwetsiga kworudzi.

Kutsigira Kubatana Kwenyika Dzose Nokubatana Munzanga

Kutanga kwakasanorongwa kunogona kubatira sechinhu chine simba chokusimudzira nacho chinzwano chorudzi, zvikurukuru munyika dzine mapoka akadzika edzinza, omutauro, orudzidziso, kana kuti enharaunda. Kupfurikidza nokugoverana mipimo nezvishuvo zvakafanana, kutanga kunobetsera kuvaka pfungwa yokuzivikanwa kwavose uko kunopfuura ruvimbiko rwakati.

Sumo yeSouth Africa muenzaniso unogombedzera. Kuvambira munguva yorusaruraganda, inovamba: "Isu, vanhu veSouth Africa, Recogniest kusaruramisira kwenguva yedu yakapfuura; Kudziridza avo vakatambura nokuda kweruramisiro norusununguko munyika yedu; Ruremekedzo avo vakashanda kuvaka nokuvandudza nyika yedu; uye davira kuti South Africa ndeyavose vanogara mairi, vakabatanidzwa mumhatsa yedu. Mutauro uyu unobvuma zvakajeka apo unosimbisa musengwa wenguva yemberi inogovana. Hausati uchibvisa musiyano asi panzvimbo pezvo kuvandudza kuzivikanwa kworudzi pamusoro penheyo dzeyananiso, hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, uye kodzero dzavanhu.

Munyika dzine marudzi akawanda dzakadai seIndia, Indonesia, uye Kenya, sumo inoshanda sesungano yokufananidzira pakati penzanga dzakasiyana - siyana. Inoratidza kuti nyika ndeyevagari vose zvakaenzana uye kuti bumbiro remitemo ichibereko chezvisarudzo, kwete kuumbwa kweboka guru. Iri rokufananidzira rinosimbisa kuva nomutemo webumbiro remitemo uye rinoderedza ngozi yokukamukana kana kuti masangano evatsigiriri vemitemo.

Kukurudzira Kunaka Kwomubatanidzwa Nokutsigira

Mashoko okutanga anowanzotaurwa pamitambo yavose, muzvikoro, uye muhurukuro dzezvematongerwo enyika.

Apo vagari vemo vanoisa mipimo yataurwa mumashoko okutanga — zvakadai seruramisiro, rusununguko, kuenzana, uye uhama — sezvingabvira zvikuru vanotora rutivi nenzira inovaka muupenyu hwavanhu vose, vanoremekedza mutemo, uye vanoratidza kushivirira vamwe. iyi misengwa yenzanga inobetsera kutsinhirano yenzanga uye inoderedza bviro yerwisano. Kutanga kunonzwika navanhu kunogona kusimbisa chibvumirano chenzanga uye kusimudzira tsika yokuva mugari wehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu.

Sumo yeBumbiro reMitemo reJapan, rakagamuchirwa pashure peHondo yeNyika II, rinosimbisa rugare nebatira pamwe yamarudzi ose, rinoratidzira musengwa worudzi kurugare. Ikoku kwakaumba kuzivikanwa kwenzanga yeJapan negadziriro yokumwe kwamakumi amakore, kuratidzira kuti mipimo yapamberi pevhu inogona sei kupesvedzera mufambiro worudzi uye kubetsera kudzorero dzose dziri mbiri dzomumba neyamarudzi ose.

Kugovera Basa Rinokosha Nokuda Kwechinjo Yebumbiro remitemo

Mitemo haisati iri magwaro anowirirana. Inofanira kuchinja kuti isvitse migariro inochinja nezvinodikanwa. Zvisinei, chinjo yebumbiro remitemo ine ngozi. Kugadziridzwa kunopesana zvikuru nenheyo dzinokosha kunogona kusekesa kuwirirana kwebumbiro remitemo uye kuvimba navanhu. Sumo inogovera gadziriro inodzikamisa kupfurikidza nokuisa mipimo mikuru iyo kugadziridza kupi nokupi kunofanira kuremekedza.

Mumativi akawanda, sumo rutivi rwe "gadziriro yebumbiro remitemo" yebumbiro remitemo risingagoni kugadziriswa nenzira inoparadza nayo vara rayo rinokosha. Iyi dzidziso, yakatangwa neDare guru reIndia muchiratidzo che Kavandati Bharati [ mhaka ya1973], yakagamuchirwa nematare muBangladesh, Pakistan, Kenya, uye dzimwe nyika. Inodzivisa mativi makuru ezvematongerwe enyika kushandura nheyo dzenheyo dzenheyo, nokudaro ichidzivirira kodzero dzezviduku nedzokutendeseka kwegadziriro yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yegutsaruzhinji.

Kunyange apo dzidziso huru isingabvumiki nenzira yakarongwa, sumo inowanzobatira sepfundo renongedzero nokuda kwokunzvera kukarakadzwa. Varevereri navagari vemo vanogona kubvunza kana chinjo inokarakadzwa inowirirana nechiono chakajekeswa musumo. Iyi ratidziro inobetsera kuva nechokwadi chokuti chinjo yebumbiro remitemo ndeyeune, ine nheyo, uye inowirirana nemisengwa mirefu yenyika.

Kunzvera Kunoenzaniswa neBumbiro reMitemo

United States: "Isu Vanhu"

Sumo kuBumbiro reMitemo reUnited States zvichida ndiro rakakurumbira zvikurusa munyika. zvinangwa zvaro zvitanhatu zvakataurwa — mubatanidzwa, ruramisiro, runyararo rwomumba, dziviriro, garikano, uye rusununguko — zvakaumba tsika yeAmerica yezvamatongerwe enyika nomutemo webumbiro remitemo kwaanopfuura mazana maviri amakore. Nepo Dare Rapamusoro reUnited States kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji rakati kuvamba kwacho hakuisi masimba kana kuti kodzero zvapamberi, kwakadudzwa kusimbisa madonzo makuru orugwaro rwebumbiro remitemo.

Mutauro wesumo we "Isu vanhu" unoramba uri chiratidzo chine simba chedemocracy. Inosimbisa uchangamire hwakakurumbira uye inogadza bumbiro remitemo sechiito chokuzvitonga. Uku kuronga kwakatsigira kutangwa kwehurumende yegutsaruzhinji yeAmerica uye kwakagovera hwaro husingadaviriki hwemasangano anotsvaka kukudza kodzero nekuva pakati pehurumende, kubva pakudzima kodzero dzevanhu kusvikira kusangano rekodzero dzevanhu.

India: Ruramisiro, Rusununguko, Kuenzana, uye Kuberekwa

Sumo yeIndia, yakagamuchirwa muna 1950 uye yakagadziridzwa muna 1976 kuwedzera mashoko "venzanga" uye "sevel," inoratidzira kuzvipira kwenyika kuchiono chakazara cheruramisiro yenzanga nezvamatongerwe enyika. Inozivisa India kuva mutongi, mutsigiri wesocial, republic yenyika, hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu uye vimbiso dzokuita ruramisiro, rusununguko, uenzani, uye uhama nokuda kwavagari vose.

Sumo yeIndia yakaita rutivi rukuru murusarudziro rwebumbiro remitemo yenyika. Dare rapamusoro rakataura kuti kutanga rutivi rwebumbiro remitemo uye kunogona kushandiswa kupedza mativi mune dzimwe gadziriro. Yavewo iri chishandiswa mukukudziridza dzidziso huru, iyo yakadzivirira vara guru rebumbiro remitemo pakugadziridzwa. Munyika yemhatsa huru, kuvamba kunobatira sorugwaro runobatanidza runobvumikisa chiremera chakaenzana chavagari vose.

South Africa: Kuporesa Nokuyananisa

Sumo yeSouth Africa ya1996 ichinyorwa chinoshamisa cheruramisiro yokuchinja. Inobvuma zvakajeka "kururamisira kwemunguva yedu yakapfuura" uye inokudza avo vakatamburira rusununguko. Inosimbisa kuti "South Africa ndeyevose vanogaramo, yakabatana mumhatsa yedu." uyu mutauro wakasanogadzirwa kuparira kuyanana pakati pavaichimbova vadzvinyiriri navadzvinyirirwa, uye kuvaka kuzivikanwa kutsva kworudzi pahwaro hwekodzero dzavanhu nehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu.

Sumo yakadudzwa neDare reBumbiro reMitemo reSouth Africa munhau dzinoverengeka dzinokosha, kubatanidza idzo dzinobata nokuenzana, chiremera, uye chirango chorufu. Inosimbisa musengwa webumbiro remitemo ku "hadzi, isiri youteshi" nzanga uye inopa gadziriro yetsika yokugadzirisa kusaenzana kunopfuurira. Neiyi nzira, kutanga kunowedzera basa renguva refu rokuvaka chitendi, chakarurama, uye chisingasarudzirwi nehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu.

Germany: Chiremera Chomunhu Sechinokosha

Sumo kumutemo weGerman Basic Law (Grungesetz) wa 1949 inovamba nenongedzero kumutoro pamberi paMwari norudzi rwomunhu ndokuratidzira kutsunga kusimudzira rugare rwenyika.

Uku kusimbisa chiremera kwakanga kuri kurambwa kwakananga kwokuputswa kwakarongwa kwekodzero dzavanhu kwehurumende yeNazi. Sumo yakabetsera kutanga kuzivikanwa kutsva kwezvamatongerwe enyika nokuda kweGermany yapashure pehondo, kunobva muhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, hurumende, uye kuremekedza kodzero dzinokosha. Chinoitika cheGermany chinoratidzira kuti kusuma kunogona sei kupfavisa kuputsika nehurumende inodzvinyirira uye kuisa hwaro nokuda kwenguva yemberi yakagadzikana yedemocracy.

Canada: Rugare, Nhevedzo, uye Hurumende Yakanaka

Canada’s Constitution Act, 1867, inovamba nesumo inoratidzira chishuvo chokubatanidzwa muUmwe Vushe pasi poMuganhu weUnited Kingdom of Great Britain neIreland, neBumbiro reMitemo rakafanana nereUnited Kingdom." Mutauro uyu unoratidzira mhindumupindu yeCanada kubva kunharaunda inodzorwa nenharaunda yakazvimirira kunyika uye kuzvipira kwayo kuhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yeparamende uye utongi hwomutemo.

Dare Rapamusoro reCanada rakaita mashoko okutanga okuziva nheyo dzebumbiro remitemo dzisina kunyorwa, dzakadai sokutonga kwomutemo, utongi hunosarudzwa navanhu, uye utongi hwehurumende. nheyo idzi dzave dzichishandiswa kushatisa mutemo nokududzira mutemo.

Kutanga Sechishandiso Chechisarudzo Cherwisano

Kugadziridzazve Kwepashure

Munzanga dzinobuda muhondo yavagari vemo, kuuraya rudzi, kana kuti kutonga kweudzvinyiriri, kunyorwa kwebumbiro remitemo inguva yakakomba yokuvakazve kworudzi. Sumo inoita basa chairo muiyi mamiriro ezvinhu akapoteredza, sezvo ichifanira kubvuma zvakaipa zvomunguva yakapfuura, inosimbisa mipimo inogoverana, uye nyora nzira inoenda kunguva yemberi ine rugare. Muitiro wokutanga unogona kuva chimiro chokupedza rwisano, uchiunza pamwe chete vaichimbova vavengi kuti vabvumirane panheyo huru dzoupenyu hwavo hwose.

Muenzaniso weSouth Africa unorairidza zvakare. Kunyorwa kwebumbiro remitemo ra1996 kwakabatanidza kunzvera kukuru nekurukurirano pakati peAfrican National Congress, National Party, Inkatha Freedom Party, uye mamwe mapoka. Sumo yakaoneka yakaratidzira kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira uye kuvakwa kwebvumirano, ichivanzarika hwaro hwenhevedzano yakatsiga yedemokrati. Miitiro yakafanana yakaitika mumigariro yapashure yehurumende yakadai seRwanda, Bosnia neHerzegovina, uye Timor-Leste, umo misumo yakaitwa kuti itsigire kuyanana uye chinzwano.

Kutarisira Kusiyana - siyana Kwetsika Netsika

Ubati ushe hwehurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu hwakawanda hwakatsiga zvikurusa inzangawo dzakasiana zvikuru. Kudzora mhatsa iyi kunoda gadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo dzinoziva ndokugamuchira nzvimbo dzakasiana nepo dzichisimudzira pfungwa yokuva vanhu vose. Sumo inogona kuparira iyi nharidzano kupfurikidza nokuzivisa chiono chinobatanidza rudzi.

Sumo yeConstitution yeCanada, seinovandudzwa muna 1982, inobatanidza kuzivikanwa kwe "kutsigira Mwari nokutonga kwomutemo" asi, zvinokoshawo, inosimbisa maruramiro avanhu veIniversal. Kuzvipira kwesumo kweIndia ku "Kubatana" kunosimbisa ukoshi hwechinzwano pakati penzanga dzakasiyana- siyana. Kutanga kweIndonesia kunoratidzira chishuvo chokudzivirira rudzi rwose nendima yarwo, nepo kuchisimudzirawo ruramisiro yenzanga yavose. Iyi mienzaniso inoratidza kuti kuvamba kwemavambo kunogona sei kudzikamisa chinzwano nemhatsa, denho huru yokudzora kusingachinjiki munzanga dzinodzorwa mumapoka.

Matambudziko Achavapo Pachapfuura

Kutanga Kwezera Rokudyidzana Kwenyika Dzepasi Pose

Dzimwe nyaya dzakadai sokuchinja kwemamiriro okunze, kutama, ruzivo rwemazuva ano, uye mamiriro okugadzirwa kwezvinhu munyika yose dzinoda kuti vanhu vabatane pamwe chete.

Sumo yeKenyan Constitution ya2010, somuenzaniso, inobvuma kuzvipira kwenyika kumutemo wamarudzi ose nedziviriro yemhoteredzo. Sumo yeNepali Constitution ya 2015 inosimbisa kuzvipira kwenyika ku "kukurukurirana nenhau dzekare" uye kugarisana kune rugare. Idzi gadziriro dzinoratidza kuti kudzikama kworudzi hakusviki mukuva voga asi kunoda kuvimbisana nenzanga yamarudzi ose.

Kuchinja Kweruzivo Rwokugadzira Zvinhu Netsika Dzebumbiro Remitemo

Kufambira mberi kworuzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu, zvikurukuru munharaunda dzouchenjeri hwokugadzira, kuongorora, uye mashoko, zvinopa mibvunzo mitsva nokuda kwokudzora kwebumbiro remitemo. Nheyo dzinotaurwa musumo — dzakadai sorusununguko, chiremera, uye ruramisiro — dzinogovera gadziriro yokupedza zvinetso izvi. Apo matare navaiti vemitemo vanotarisana nenhau itsva, vanogona kushandisa mipimo yesumo kutungamirira zvisarudzo zvavo.

Somuenzaniso, Federal Constitution Court yeGermany yakavimba nenheyo yechiremera chomunhu, yakavakirwa musumo yeSicle Law neChikamu 1, kutaura kodzero yokuzvizivisa. Iyi maruramiro akashandiswa kuganhurira kunzvera kwehurumende uye kuronga mashoko. Saka kuvamba kwacho kunoramba kuri kwakakodzera semanyuko enheyo dzebumbiro remitemo dzinogona kuchinjira kumigariro mitsva pasina kurasikirwa netsika dzawo dzinokosha.

Mugumisiro: Kupemberera Kusingaperi Kwegumbo

Sumo yebumbiro remitemo haisati iri muitirowo zvawo kana kuti muunganidzwa wemashoko akakwirira asi asina maturo. Chikamu chinokosha chenhevedzano yebumbiro remitemo icho chinoshanda mabasa akawanda anokosha kuteramo yorudzi. Inotungamirira kududzirwa kwapamutemo, inotsigira chinzwano chorudzi, inoparira runako rwehurumende, uye inogovera gadziriro yechinjo yebumbiro remitemo remitemo. Kupfurikidza nokubatanidza mipimo nezvishuvo izvo zvinobatanidza vanhu pamwe chete, kutanga kunosimbisa chibvumirano chenzanga uye kusimbisa kuva nomutemo kwegadziriro yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Chinoitika chokuenzanisa chinobva kunyika dzakasiyana seUnited States, India, South Africa, Germany, uye Canada chinoratidzira simba resumo kuumba kuzivikanwa kworudzi, kubetsera kuyanana, uye kusimudzirwa kwebumbiro remitemo. Sezvo nzanga dzinopfuurira kushanduka ndokutarisana nedenho itsva, kutanga kunoramba kuri chiratidzo cherevo yebumbiro remitemo namanyuko okupfuurira. Mashoko adzo, akasarudzwa nokudzorwazve kwakakomba, anoyeuchidza vagari vemo navatungamiriri zvakafanana nezvemifungo izvo rudzi rwavo runoshuva kuziva, achigovera zvose zviri zviviri hwaro nokuda kwetsiganoro nejenga.

Sumo yacho inoita kuti zvinhu zvive sei nokuti inoti ndiani, isu tinodavirai, uye kuti tinotarisira kuva ani. Mupfungwa iyi, haisi kutaurawo zvako kwenguva yakapfuura asi musengwa unopfuurira kunguva yemberi. Bumbiro remitemo risina kutanga rakafanana nerwendo rusina nzvimbo yaanoenda. Bumbiro remitemo rine simba, rinobatanidza, rinopa mavambo ezvitsigiso zvorudzi runogona kutungamirira nyika munguva dzechinjo nedenho, richibetsera kuva nechokwadi chokuti chipikirwa chenhevedzano yapamutemo chinozadzikwa nokuda kwezvizvarwa zvinouya.