Ukama Pakati Pechisarudzo Ne Amendedzero Yechipiri

United Constitution’s Bill of Rights yakamisa pakuvamba hurumende yehurumende yehurumende bedzi. Dare reChipiri, richidzivirira maruramiro okuchengeta nokutakura zvombo, rakamira senhoo yehurumende kwaanodokusvika mazana maviri amakore isati yashandiswa kunyika. Iyi purogiramu yakaitika kupfurikidza nedzidziso yokusarudza, gadziriro yokutonga inoshandisa Siteji yeGrandment ye 1450 yeStandation Ression Clausces kuti iite chibvumirano chakananga chehurumende. Ukama pakati pavasarudzi neChipiri hahusi unongova hahwo hurevo mashoko omuzasi enhau; inzvimbo ine simba nekakavarakanwa yomutemo unopfuurira kuumba rutivi rwuri rwose rwechipfurati chepfuti cheAmerica, kubva mukunzvera kutora mvumo. Kunzwisisa uku kunoda kunyurwa kukuru mumavambo ehurumende yeChine Chisipinde, uye kushanduka huru yenhau, kupfurikidza nedare remitemo, kupfurikidza nedavitirwe nemitemo.

Kunzwisisa Kutevedzerwa Kwechipiri Mumashoko Akwo Apakuvamba

Gemende Yechipiri, yakabvumirwa muna 1791 sorutivi rweBill of Rights, inorava, kuti: “Militia inodzorwa zvakanaka, ichiva iri madikanwa kuchengeteka kweHurumende yakasununguka, maruramiro avanhu okuchengeta nokutakura Zvombo, haisati ichizodziviswa.” Kuzhinji kwenhau yeAmerica, kugadziriswa kwakarangarirwa sekudzivirira kodzero yeboka ine chokuita nebasa remauto. Kutaura kwokuti “mutevedzero wakanaka Militia” kwakanzwisiswa sechinhu chinobvumirwa nehurumende yakarurama kugadza mitemo yepfutisipo pasina denho huru yebumbiro remitemo.

Zvisinei, boka rinokura redzidzo nemurangariro wokutonga mukupera kwezana ramakore rechi20 rakataura kuti First Amendment yeChipiri inodzivirira maruramiro omunhu kuva nepfuti nokuda kwokuzvivhima, kuvhima, uye mamwe madonzo apamutemo. Uyu murangariro wakarurama wakawana muganhu ndokuguma muchisarudzo cheDare gurusa cha 2008 mu Perecule of Columbia v. Heller[FLT] [FLT] [FLT] [1], uyo wakarevera zvakajeka kuti Pendmenting inodzivirira maruramiro eChipiri okuchengeta pfuti pamusha nokuda kwemunhu amene. [[FLT:]] [FLT]] [FLT]]

Basa Rejeri Rekuchinja Zvinhu Regumi Nerechigumi Nezvina

Kubatanidzwa kwechisarudzo idzidziso yebumbiro remitemo yakatangwa neDare Rapamusorosoro rinopfuura zana ramakore rechi 20. Rinogara paKineth Amendment, rinosimbiswa muna 1868, iro rinobatanidza Gwero reChibvumirano Claus: “Hapana Hurumende ipi neipi hainganyimi munhu upi noupi woupenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti chinhu, pasina muitiro wakafanira womutemo.” Dare rakadudzira “nenzira” sedzinobatanidza maruramiro akati okutanga kubva kuBill of Rights, richiita kuti dzimanikidzirwe mukurwisana nehurumende. Hadziri kodzero dzose dzaka “dzipinzwa"; Dare rakasarudza kuashandisa nechinhu chimwe chete, nokudaro shoko rokuti“ asarudza.”

Muitiro wakavamba muna 1897 ne Chahicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad Co. v. City of Chicago (mubhadharo wakarurama nokuda kwokutora) uye wakapfuurira nomuma 1960, kubatanidza dziviriro dzakadai serusununguko rwokutaura ([[FLT:]]] Gitlow v. New York[FLT][FLT], 1925], rusununguko rwemichina ([[FLT:]]] Nearthromes[FLT],[FL] 1931]), inova kurura , inova yakaita zvibvumirano zvose.

Mutezo Wechipiri Usati Wadzorwa: Kururama Kwakavakirwa Pasimba Rehurumende

Pamberi pokubatanidza, Supper yeChipiri yakanzwisiswa serambidzo bedzi pahurumende yehurumende. Chisarudzo cheDare Rapamusorosarefu muna 1876 mu United States v. Cruikshank chakataura zvakajeka kuti Second Amendment “haina chimwe chinhu kunze kwokuganhurira masimba ehurumende yenyika.” Mhaka yacho yakabva paColfax kupondwa muLouisiana, uko vachena vakabvisa zvitunha ndokuuraya vagari vemo vechitema. Dare rakaramba kushandisa Pendement Yechipiri kunyika, richisiya nzanga dzevara dzichiva nechero kutsika kuhurumende.

Nenzira yakafanana, mu Preserser v. Illinois (186), Dare rakatsigira mutemo weIllinois unorambidza masangano ehondo avanhu, richitonga kuti Amendment yeChipiri haina kuganhurira simba rehurumende. Izvi zvisarudzo zvapakuvamba zvakasimbisa pfungwa yokuti kodzero yokutakura zvombo yaiva nhau yemutemo wenyika, kwete dziviriro yebumbiro remitemo. Somuuyo, hurumende yaigona kugadza mitemo yakafara yokudzora pfuti kubva pakurambidzwa kwezvipfuti kusvika kuzvirongwa zvokudzosairwa.

Nzira yokupinda: Heller uye [[[FT]MCDHADY

[[FOL:0] Ditional of Columbia v. Heller (2008)

Nguva yokuchinja yakauya muna 2008. MuGavhura reColumbia v. Heller, Dare Rapamusoro-soro rakakurira Washington, D.C. chirambidzo chepfuti, richitaura kuti Second Amendment inodzivirira munhu kodzero yokuva nepfuti yake amene mumba. Chisarudzo chakanyorwa naMutongi Antonin Sctalia, chaitsamira pakududzirwa kwepakutanga kworugwaro nenhau. Dare rakacherekedza zvakajeka kuti maruramiro akanga asina kuganhurirwa. Kwazvo hakuna kudzivirira “zvombo zvipi nezvipi nezvipi mumugariro upi nezvipi nezvipi nezvipi zvazvipi. Chisarunga, chakanyorwa naMutongi Antonin Sctalia, chakasano kushandurwa nomutemo.

Zvisinei, nemhaka yokuti Washington, D.C., iboka rehurumende, chisarudzo hachina kushanda zvakananga kuhurumende nenharaunda.

McDonald v. City of Chicago[[FLT] (2010)

Mu McDonald v. City of Chicago, Dare rapamusoro rakanangana nomutemo weChicago uyo wakarambidza nenzira inobudirira kuva nechibhamu kupfurikidza nokuda kunyoreswa kusina kumbobvumirwa. Vatengi vakataura kuti Second Amendment inofanira kunyoreswa kupesana nehurumende kupfurikidza neKinneth Amendment’s Standation Claus. Mune chisarudzo cha5+4, Dare rakabvumirana.

Murangariro wakawanda, wakanyorwa naMutongi Samuel Alito, waidavira kuti kodzero yokuchengeta nokutakura zvombo nokuda kwenhau yokuzvidaidza “yakavakirwa pagadziriro yorudzi yorusununguko rwakarairwa.” Dare rakaita kuti Dare riite Second Amendment kupfurikidza neGuer Proces Claus, richishandisa muedzo mumwe chetewo wakashandiswa nokuda kwedzimwe kodzero dzakabatanidzwa: kana kodzero yacho yaka “dzika midzi zvikuru munhau negamuchidzanwa zvorudzi urwu.” Dare raidudza mutemo weEngland, mitemo inodzorwa nemitemo yehurumende yapakuvamba kuratidzira kuti kodzero yokuzvimiririra.

Dare [[FLT:] MCDONAld chisarudzo chakanga chava kubatira hurumende nehurumende dzomunzvimbomo nenzira inobudirira [[FTL:2] Cruikshank uye Nhamba dzokutaura pamusoro penhau yekubatanidza. Amendment yakanga yava kubatira hurumende nehurumende dzomunzvimbomo, kureva kuti mitemo yepfuti yepfuti yaigona kudenhwa pasi peU.S. Constitution.

Michina Yokusarudza: Kushanda Kwainoita

Kusarudza hakungoerekani kwaitika. Dare Gurusa rinofanira kusarudza, pahwaro hwakarurama nechakarurama, kana dziviriro chaiyo iri “mupfungwa yorusununguko rwakarairwa” kana kuti“ kurangarira gadziriro yemitemo yeAmerica." Nokuda kweSamende Yechipiri, Dare mu McDonald[ yakashandisa muedzo wemasitendi maviri: kutanga, kunzvera kana kunokosha mune zvenhau; yechipiri, kuishandisa kupfurikidza nezvinotaurwa neStatu Claus.

Nenzira inokosha, kubatanidzwa pasi peGungano reChibvumirano chaClaus kunoreva kuti hurumende dzehurumende dzakasungwa nomupimo mumwe chetewo webumbiro remitemo unoshanda kuhurumende yehurumende. Asi mupimo wacho umene unogona kushanduka. Somuenzaniso, pashure pa McDonald[, matare maduku akarwisa kurondedzera “chinjo” yeChimbichimbichimbidzo cheChimbichimbidziro chakarurama, mirairoi inobvumirwa? Dare rapamusoro rakagovera nhungamiro mu New York State Rifle & Lamp; Pristol Association. Bruren[FLT:] [202]), iyo yakaita kuedza kutsva: miraudzo yepfumbapfura yepfuti inofanira kuwirirana nomuitiro wenhau yezvombo muUnited States. Iyi inonzvera mitemo yenhau yazvino unona.

Mamiriro Azvo Ezvinhu Azvino Uno Okukodzerana Nezvinonetsa Zvawo

Chii Chakabatanidzwa?

Kupfurikidza na [[NT.0] McDonald, maruramiro makuru okuchengeta pfuti mumusha nokuda kwe-difense akabatanidzwa. Dare harisati rabatanidza zvizere maruramiro okutakura pfuti kunze kwomusha [[FLT:] nhau yakanyorerwa [[FLT:] Bru3], asi [[FLT:] Bruson chisarudzo chakashandiswa kumutemo weNew York, uye nhau yeContension haina kunyorwa nemhaka yokuti [FFF:] [F] [F] .N]

Chii Chisati Chabatanidzwa?

Hadzisi nhau dzose dzeChipiri dzeFindrement dzinopedzwa. Somuenzaniso, Dare harina kutonga kana Dare richidzivirira kodzero yokuva nepfuti nezvisiri zvigaro, kana kuti kodzero dzinotambanukira kumarudzi akati ezvombo (sokudenha kana kuti magazini makuru). Iyi mibvunzo inoramba yakazaruka, uye matare maduku akakamuraniswa. Kuwedzerazve, muedzo wenhau kubva ku Bruen[[FLT]] [[FLT]] inoshanda kuzvose zviri zviviri mutemo nomubatanidzwa, asi kuti kuedza ikoko kunobatanidza sei namagamuchidzanwa enyika kuchiri kutsaurwa. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinotaura kuti kunzvera kwenhau kunofanira kutsanangura nokuda kwemiraudzo yakatorerwa nguva refu isati yaiswa, neyavamwe inongoomerera pamitengonguva yeChipiri chekugadziriswa kwechine (RGene791) kana kuti iko kugadziriswa kwechine).

Kunetsa Mutemo Nenzanga

Kutapura Mitemo Yepfuti yeHurumende

Kubatanidzwa kweChipiri Amendment kwachinja zvikuru nzvimbo yepamutemo. Pamberi pa McDonald, hurumende dzinogona kuisa zvinenge zvirambidzo zvinenge zvinenge zvitsama zvinenge zviduku paShonas-Zunis-Chicago. Pashure pa MCDNAld, kurambidza kwakadaro kunofanira kugadziridza mitemo yavo kuti iwirirane neSanduko reChipiri sokududzirwa nematare ehurumende. Somuenzaniso, vakawanda vanotaura kuti vanoda “chikonzero chakanaka” chairatidza kuti raiseibhurari rinotarwa rakavigwa rakatongerwa kutevera hurumende dzinotevera [FLD:] BBRU]

Panguva imwe cheteyo, kubatanidzwa hakuna kubvisa misiyano yose yehurumende. Hurumende dzinochengeta simba guru rokudzora pfuti, chero bedzi mirau yacho isingaputsi Pendement Yechipiri seyakabatanidzwa. Somuenzaniso, hurumende dzinogona kurambidza matsotsi kuva nepfuti, kuganhurira pfuti muzvikoro nezvivako zvehurumende, uye kunoda kunzverwa kwemitemo inobvumirwa inoramba iri nhau inokwikwidzanwa zvikuru mumatare nedzimba dzemitemo.

Nharo Dzapamutemo Nemhaka Dzedare Dzinopfuurira

Kusarudzwa kweMitemo Yechipiri kwakamutsa nharo dzakawanda dzepamutemo. Mibvunzo inokosha inosanganisira:

  • Mupimoi wehwirudzuro unoshanda kudenho dzeChipiri me Amendment? Dare mu Bruen rakaramba “kunzvera kwemugumo” uye panzvimbo pezvo rakagamuchira nzvero yenhau. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti uyu muedzo haushandi uye unoparira miuyo isingawirirani. Vatsigiri vanoti unodzorera revo yapakuvamba yeSecond Amendment.
  • Ko Findrence Yechipiri inodzivirira maruramiro okutakura pfuti pachena here? Bruen chisarudzo chakakufungidzira kuchidaro asi kusiira udzame kumatare akaderera. Nyika zhinji kubvira panguva iyoyo dzakaona kuiswa kwepfuti pamusoro peganhuriro dzinotakura vanhu.
  • Ko muedzo wenhau unoda kunzvera kana zvombo zvakadaro zvakadzorwa nenzira yakafanana munhau. matare epasi anokamurwa; mamwe akatsigira zvirambidzo pashure pokuwana mashoko enhau, nepo mamwe akazviuraya.
  • Zvakadiniko ne “nzvimbo dzinotapurika”? Dare mu Bruen rakakarakadza kuti kurambidzwa munzvimbo dzinotapurika (zvikoro, dzimba dzedare, nzvimbo dzokuvhotera) kunoshanda nenzira yemufungo, asi matare akaderera ari kurwisa kurondedzera ukuru hweboka iroro.

Nhau dzakakwirira dzinoverengeka dzakamira panguva ino mumatare akaderera uye dzingasvika Dare Rapamusorosoro. Somuenzaniso, denho kuchirambidzo cheCalifornia pamusoro pezvombo zvokudenha uye magazini makuru anoiswa mudenga, ganhuriro itsva dzakavanzika dzeNew York, uye mitemo yehurumende inorambidza kuva nepfuti navanhu vamwe navamwe vadzorwa nemasimba masimba omumba anodzivisa mirairo iri yose inoita nzira yavo mumatare. Muuyo weiyi mhaka ucharondedzerazve miganhu yeChipiri Amendment kurudyi.

Simba Revanhu

Kubatanidzwa kweChipiri Amendment hakuna kungova bedzi nerepamutemo asiwo revo huru. Kwakapa vanhu simba rokudenha mitemo yepfuti inoganhurira, asi kwakaganhurirawo mano ehurumende okupedza masimba masimba epfuti kupfurikidza nomutemo. Vatsigiri vomurangariro wekodzero dzepfuti vanobatanidza sedziviriro iri madikanwa yerusununguko rwomunhu oga, nepo vatsigiri vanodzora pfuti vanotaura kuti inodzivisa matanho okudzivirira ruzhinji.

Kurongeka kunotapurawo miitiro yokuchengetwa kwomutemo. Somuenzaniso, mu Bruen, Dare rakashayisa simba “chisakiso chakafanira” cheNew York, icho chakanga chashandiswa kuramba mvumo kuvakwidzani vazhinji. Somuuyo, vanhu vazhinji vanotakura zviri pamutemo pfuti muvoruzhinji, izvo zvinochinja vatano yamapurisa nesimba renzanga. Miuyo refu yenhambo pamitengo youtsotsi, mano amapurisa, uye nzwisiso yavose ichiri kufundwa.

Nhoroondo Nenzira Yasina Kutorwa

Kwakafanira kucherekedza kuti Dare Rapamusoro raigona kuva rakabatanidza Penzurudzo Yechipiri kupfurikidza nenzira yakasiana yapamutemo. Maropafadzo kana kuti masangano Claus we 14neth Amendment. Chikamu ichocho, icho chinoti “Hapana Hurumende ichaita kana kuti kumanikidzira mutemo upi noupi uchavhara kana kuti kudzivirira vagari vemo veUnited States,” chakanga chiri hwaro hwapakuvamba hwokushandisa Bill of Rights kuhurumende. [[FLT:M] [FLD]]] Case-Indlu [1873]), Dare rakarava nenzira inobudirira kuti chitsaudze kupiwa kweGeneticmentalm, kuganhurirwa kukodzero shomanene dzehurumende. Kana Dare mu [FLT:] Donve [FFT]

Nhau dzenhau nemhaka yokuti dzinotapura ukuru hwekodzero dzakabatanidzwa. Musi weGuiat Procession Claus, kubatanidza kunotsamira pakuva “kwakarurama.” Pasi pemaropafadzo kana kuti maImmunitunition Claus, rudyi rungava rwakafara, sezvo rungagona kudzivirira “kusununguka” kupi nokupi kwekodzero dzenyika. Zvisinei, Dare harina kuratidza chishuvo chokuputsa Host - House[, naizvozvo Muitiro waGwaro unoramba uri mutemo.

Mugumisiro: Ukama Hunochinja

Ukama hunosarudza neMbengwa yechipiri inhau yokuchinja kwebumbiro remitemo. Kubva kurudyi rwaichimboshanda kuhurumende yehurumende chete, Dare reChipiri reMitemo rakaumbwa sechisungiro chikuru cherusununguko pahurumende yose. Iyi mhindumupindu yakagadziridzazve muitiro wepfuti dzeAmerica, yakatangazve nharo dzepamutemo dzinotyisa, uye yakachinja kuenzana kwesimba pakati pehurumende nehurumende. Asi muitiro wacho hauna kupera. Nenhau itsva imwe neimwe, Dare Repamusorosoro rinonatsa mwero worudyi, richiedza miganhuro yenhau yenhau nemitemo yehurumende.

Sezvo nzvimbo yepamutemo inopfuurira kuchinja, chinhu chimwe chakajeka: kubatanidzwa kweChipiri kwePendekosti kwakaita kuti rutivi rukuru uye runokwikwidza rwomutemo wezuva nezuva weAmerica ruve rutivi rune simba uye runokwikwidza.Kungava kupfurikidza nehoro dzeCongress, matare ehurumende, kana kuti Dare Rapamusoro, gakava pamusoro peizvo mitoo yeChipiri yePendezment ichapfuurira kwamakore anouya.

[[[[IT]Ingano:[[[FT:1]