Table of Contents

Ukama pakati pehurumende nehurumende hunomirira rimwe ramativi makurusa neaoma zvikuru echidzoreso cheAmerica. Iyi gadziriro yakaoma kunzwisisa, inozivikanwa sehurumende, yakaumba United States mamiriro ezvinhu ezvamatongerwe enyika chifo chokutangwa kwenyika yacho uye inopfuurira kupesvedzera kuti mitemo inoumbwa sei, inoiswa, uye inomanikidzirwa sei munyika yose. Kunzwisisa ukama ihwohwu hunokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anotsvaka kunzwisisa kuti Hurumende yeAmerica inoshanda sei pamitezo mizhinji yehurumende.

Kunzwisisa Kushanda Kwehurumende: Fandesheni yeHurumende yeAmerica

MuUnited States, hurumende ikamukwaniriso yebumbiro remitemo yesimba pakati pehurumende dzehurumende yeUnited States nehurumende yeUnited States. Iyi gadziriro yakagadzirwa namaune navaFramers veBumbiro reMitemo kukurukura utera hweSteating of Confederation, iyo yakanga yaumba hurumende yapakati ine simba rakaneta ine chiremera chakaganhurirwa chokutonga nenzira inobudirira.

Federalism inonongedzera kumukano nokugoverana kwesimba pakati pehurumende dzorudzi nehurumende. Panzvimbo pokuisa chiremera chose chehurumende muchinhu chimwe, gadziriro yeAmerica inoparadzira simba mumwero yakasiana - siana, ichiparira dzikamo yakashanduka nenzira ine revo inopfuura mazana maviri amakore. Uku kuparadzirwa kunobatira madonzo akawanda, kubva pakudzivisa udzvinyiriri kubvumira mhatsa yomunharaunda mukuitwa kwemiitiro.

Nhoroondo Yemagariro Evanhu

United States yazivisa kuzvimirira kwayo muna 1776, Continental Congress yakaronga Theaples of Confederation and Perpetual Union, iyo yakava hwaro hwenyika itsva. Gwaro racho rakapa simba guru kunyika 13 uye zvishoma zvikuru kuCongress, zvichiita kuti hurumende yenyika ishande uye ive nerwisano pakati pehurumende.

Nhume dzehurumende gare gare dzakasangana muna 1787 kuti dziite Bumbiro reMitemo reUnited States. Iyi Bumbiro reMitemo itsva rakatanga gadziriro yehurumende ine masimba ehurumende akadzikama zvikuru. Zvisinei, ikoku hakuna kupedza zvechigarire nhau yacho. Munhau yose yenyika, hurumende dzehurumende nehurumende dzeUnited States dzakarwisa pamusoro pesimba.

Kubvira pakatangwa nyika yacho, uye zvikurukuru pakapera Hondo Yevagari Vemo yeAmerica, simba rakabviswa kubva kunyika uye kuenda kuhurumende yenyika.

Chikonzero Nei Kuwirirana Kuchikosha

Gadziriro yehurumende inopa betsero dzinoverengeka dzinokosha dzakabetsera kutsigira hurumende yeAmerica. Kupfurikidza nokuramba hurumende ipi neipi yakakwana pamusoro peitiro hanya dzose dzoupenyu hwavose, unani hunodzivirira rusununguko rwomunhu pasimba risingafungidziri. Uku kukamukana kwechiremera kunoparira nzvimbo dzakawanda dzesimba, kuchikuita kuti kuve kwakaomera zvikuru sangano ripi neripi kuva rinodzvinyirira.

Imwe betsero inokosha ipfungwa yemitemo se "masangano ehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu". Ikoku kunobvumira mitongo kuedza pfungwa nenzira yakazvimirira. Vanogona kushanda sa "masangano ehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu," sokutaura kwakaita Mutongi weDare Gurusasa weU.S. Louis Brandeis. Apo nyika dzinoedza miraudzo yakasiana- siyana, miitiro inobudirira inogona kugamuchirwa nedzimwe nyika kana kuti kuiswa pamwero wehurumende, nepo kundikano dzichiramba dziripo.

Kushanda kwehurumende kunowedzera kuzvidavirira kwavakuru vakuru vehurumende vakasarudzwa kuvagari vemo.Federalism inobatira kugovera mutoro wezvamatongerwe enyika, kwete kuuvhara.Vagari vemo vanogona kuziva zviri nyore zvikuru mwero upi wehurumende ine mutoro nokuda kwemiitiro yakati uye vanoita kuti vakuru vakuru vakafanira vazvidavirire kupfurikidza nomuitiro wokuvhota.

Kukamukana Kwemasimba: Federal, Hurumende, uye Kuwirirana Kwenguva

Kunzwisisa mapoka aya kunokosha kuti tinzwisise kuti hurumende nehurumende dzinobatana sei uye dzimwe nguva dzinorwisana sei.

Masimba Akaumbwa Nehurumende

Chikamu I, Chikamu 8 cheBumbiro reMitemo chinorondedzera masimba chaiwo ayo ari ehurumende yehurumende. aya masimba anonongedzerwa kwaari samasimba anorongwa. aya akajeka anopiwa anobatanidza chiremera chokudzora kutengeserana kwenyika dzose nedzemarudzi ose, mari yemari, kutanga mahofisi epositi, kuzivisa hondo, kusimudza uye kutsigira mauto, uye kuita kuti mitemo yose iri madikanwa neyakafanira nokuda kwokuita aya masimba.

Dzidziso yamasimba inodudzwa inovimbisa kuti hurumende yehurumende inoshanda mukati memiganhu yakarondedzerwa. Masimba anogoverwa neBumbiro reMitemo kuhurumende yehurumende yehurumende mashoma uye anorondedzerwa. Aya achasara ari muhurumende dzeHurumende akawanda uye haatongovipo. Iyi nheyo, yakataurwa naJames Madison muFederalist No. 45, inoratidzira vavariro yapakuvamba yokuumba hurumende yenyika yakaganhurirwa.

Masimba Akachengetwa Ehurumende

Kuchinja uku, kwakasimbiswa muna 1791 sorutivi rweBill of Rights, kunobatira sedziviriro yebumbiro remitemo nokuda kwechiremera chehurumende.Tenuth Amendment yakagadza nhungamiro dzehurumende muUnited States.

Pakati pemamwe masimba, izvi zvinosanganisira kugadzira gadziriro dzezvikoro, kutarisira matare ehurumende, kugadzira gadziriro dzekotsekano dzavose, kutarisira bhizimisi neshambadzo mukati mehurumende yemo, uye kutarisira hurumende dzomunzvimbomo. aya masimba anonongedzerwa kwaari samasimba akachengetedzwa.

Masimba akasiyiwa masimba api naapi ayo hurumende dzehurumende dzinochengeta muKudzikamisa kweTgumi.United States ine simba ripi neripi iro Bumbiro Remitemo risina kugovera kuhurumende yehurumende kana kuti kusabvumirwa. chiremera ichi chinoreva kuti hurumende dzine masimba amapurisa akafara okudzora utano, chengeteko, uye garikano yavagari vadzo.

Simba Riripo

Masimba akabatana anonongedzera kumasimba anogoverwa nedzose dziri mbiri hurumende dzehurumende dzehurumende.Izvi zvinobatanidza simba remitero, kuvaka migwagwa, uye kuparira matare maduku. Mitezo yose iri miviri yehurumende inogona kushandisa aya masimba panguva imwe cheteyo, kunyange zvazvo mutemo womubatanidzwa uchitora nzvimbo yokutanga apo rwisano dzinomuka.

Mamwe masimba ebvumirano anobatanidza mano okukwereta mari, kugadza mabhangi, masangano esangano, kugombedzera mitemo nokuranga vapunzi vemitemo, uye kutora nzvimbo nokuda kwamadonzo avanhu nebhadharo chete.

Chinetso chaClaus: Requot Federal-State Conflicts

Apo mitemo yehurumende neyehurumende inorwisana, Bumbiro Remitemo rinopa mutoo wakajeka wokusarudza kupfurikidza neSupremacy Claus, unowanwa muChikamu VI, Ndima 2.

Mashoko Ebumbiro reMitemo Nerevo

Bumbiro reMitemo rine Supremacy Claus, iro rinorava kuti, "Iyi Bumbiro reMitemo, uye mitemo yeUnited States ichaita mukuwirirana naro; uye zvibvumirano zvose zvinoitwa, kana kuti zvichaitwa, muchiremera cheUnited States, zvichava mutemo mukurusa wenyika; uye vatongi munyika iri yose vachasungwa nenzira iyoyo, chinhu chipi nechipi muBumbiro reMitemo kana kuti mitemo yeHurumende ipi neipi pasinei zvapo nechakaipa.

Ikoku kunoreva nenzira inobudirira kuti apo mitemo yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende inorwisana nemitemo yehurumende, mutemo wehurumende uchatsiva mutemo wehurumende. Zvisinei, uku ukuru hahusati huchingoshanda bedzi kumitemo yehurumende inoitwa "mupursuance" yeBumbiro remitemo, kureva kuti mitemo yehurumende inofanira kuva yemitemo yemitemo kuti itaure kuva mukuru.

Kutanga Munhau yaClaus Ane Mukurumbira

Supremacle yakanga iri mhinduro kuzvinetso neZvikamu zveConfederation, izvo zvakadzora United States kubva muna 1781 kusvikira muna 1789. Nyaya dzacho nenzira inooneka dzakanga dzisina gadziriro ipi neipi yakafanana yokuzivisa mutemo wehurumende kuva mukuru kumutemo wehurumende. Somuuyo, mukati menhambo yeConfederation, mitemo yehurumende haina kusunga matare ehurumende mukusava nomutemo wehurumende unoshanda.

Supremacke iri pakati pegadziriro dzinonyanya kukosha dzeBumbiro reMitemo. Mukupera kwezana ramakore rechigumi namasere namakumi mapfumbamwe, Dare Gurusa rakavimba naClaus kuti ritange basa rakasimba rehurumende yehurumende mukutarisira nhau dzorudzi. Nhau dzapakuvamba dzeDare Gurusa dzakatanga kushandiswa kunoshanda kwoukuru hwehurumende munharaunda dzinovambira pakuchengetwa kwechibvumirano kusvikira kumurairo wokubhangisa mari.

Mashandiro Anoita Mugadziri Wemashiripiti Claus

Dare rapamusoro rakatsanangura kuti Supremacy Claus itsika yokutonga kupedza rwisano pakati pomutemo wehurumende nowehurumende. Iro harisati richipa masimba okuwedzera kuhurumende yehurumende asi panzvimbo pezvo rinogadza mutemo unotekeshera apo mitemo yehurumende nehurumende inorwisana.

Chiziviso chaClaus chitsama cherwisano chinozivisa kuti mamwe mabasa enyika anotora nzvimbo yokutanga pachiito chipi nechipi chehurumende chinorwisana nezviito izvozvo zvorudzi. Ikoku kunoreva kuti vatongi vorudzi vanofanira kushandisa mutemo womubatanidzwa kunyange apo unopokanidza mabumbiro emitemo kana kuti mirau, chero mutemo wehurumende uchiva webumbiro remitemo uye mukati memasimba eCongress anorongwa.

Kusunungurwa: Apo Mutemo Wehurumende Unobvisa Mutemo Wehurumende

Dzidziso yokusunungurwa kwomubatanidzwa, yakabva muSupremacy Claus, inosarudza apo mutemo womubatanidzwa unodzivisa kudzora munharaunda dzakati. Kunzwisisa kusunungurwa kunokosha nokuda kwokunzwisisa ukama hunoshanda pakati pehurumende nehurumende.

Kuedzwa Kwakaita

Mitongo yeDare inozivisa marudzi anoverengeka okusunungurwa. Pamwero wakakwirira zvikurusa wekuparadza, mutemo womubatanidzwa unogona kusunungura mutemo wehurumende nenzira yakajeka kana kuti nenzira yokufananidzira. Rudzi rumwe norumwe rworudzikinuro runoshanda nenzira yakasiana uye runoda kunzvera kwakasiana.

Rudzikinuro rungaratidzirwa kana kuti rungarehwa. Runoratidzirwa apo rwunotaurwa zvakajeka mumutauro wemitemo yehurumende. Ipa mhosho inoitika apo Congress inotaura zvakajeka mumutemo mutemo uyo mutemo wehurumende unotsiva mutemo womutemo munzvimbo yakati. Somuenzaniso, mirau yakawanda yehurumende inobatanidza zvitsama zvemitsetse yakananga yainoratidzira uko iyo inodzora mirau.

Congress inogona kuratidza chinangwa chayo chokubvisa mutemo wenyika munzira mbiri: kupfurikidza nokutaura kudaro "nemhaka" (chakananga) mumutemo wehurumende (unozivikanwa se "kudzvinyirira kusunungurwa") kana kuti kupfurikidza nokutaura saizvozvo "zvisingadzorwi" kupfurikidza negadziriro kana kuti donzo romutemo wehurumende (inozivikanwa se "kudzingirwa kwapamberi"). Kusunungurwa kumene kunoitika kunova zvimiro zviviri: Kana chimiro kana kuti donzo romutemo wemubatanidzwa zvikakuita kuti kuve kusingabviri kuwirirana nomutemo womubatanidzwa nomutemo womutemo panguva imwe cheteyo, ipapo Dare rinofungidzirwa kuva rakaronge raronga kubvisa mutemo. Ikoku kunozivikanwa serwisanotangira.

Kusunungurwa mumunda kunomirira chimwe chimiro chokusunungurwa kunorehwa. Apo murairo womubatanidzwa unova wakakwana kwazvo zvokuti une rutivi rwose rwomutemo, matare angagumisa kuti Congress yaivavarira kubvisa murairo wenyika chose chose, kunyange kana mitemo yehurumende isingarwisani zvakananga nemirau yehurumende. Ikoku kazhinji kazhinji kunoitika munharaunda dzeitiro hanya yegamuchidzanwa yehurumende, zvakadai sokutama, nhau dzokumwe, uye mativi akati ezvokutengeserana kwenyika.

Kufunga Kuti Hazviiti Kuti Vave Mumuedzo

Kudzivisa masimba matsva ehurumende akakudzwa kubva muchiremera chehurumende chokudzosa mutemo, Dare rakaganhurira panguva imwe chete migariro umo mutemo wehurumende wakadzikwa. Kunze kwokubva mudivi rinongozviitikira rapakuvamba ramakore rechimakumi maviri, Dare rakataura murangariro pamusoro pokuda kusunungurwa, umo mutemo wehurumende usingadzikisi mutemo wehurumende kutoti idofo rakanga riri donzo rakajeka nerinooneka reDare.

Iyi pfungwa inobvuma kuti masangano emapurisa anoshandiswa nenzira yegamuchidzanwa kudzivirira utano, chengeteko, uye garikano yavagari vemo vavo. Matare anovamba nefungidziro yokuti Congress haina kuronga kubvisa mutemo wehurumende kutoti pane ufakazi hwakajeka hwedonzo iroro. Iyi nheyo inobetsera kuchengeta dzikamo yehurumende uye inodzivisa kuderera kwokusakurumidza kwechiremera chehurumende.

Zvimiro Zvemagariro: Chinjo Nokufamba Kwenguva

Ukama pakati pehurumende nehurumende hwakavapo zvinoshamisa munhau yose yeAmerica, uye nyanzvi dzinoziva nhambo dzakajeka dzinoratidzirwa nenzira dzakasiyana - siyana dzokutonga kwehurumende.

Dual Federationlism (1788-1937)

Dual univertist (1788-1937): inonongedzerwawo kwairi se "yayer-cake" yehurumende, umo simba rehurumende rinokamuraniswa pakati pehurumende dzehurumende nehurumende, boka rakajeka uye rinorondedzerwa, uye masimba acho akasiana, akarongwa muBumbiro remitemo. Mukati menhambo ino, hurumende dzehurumende nehurumende dzinoshanda munzvimbo dzakasiana zvikuru, nenotambanuko duku munharaunda dzadzo dzakasiana dzechiremera.

Muhurumende mbiri dzehurumende, Dare Gurusa raiwanzoputsa mutemo wehurumende warairangarira seunopindira pamasimba ehurumende. Dare rakachengeta miganhu ine mwero pakati pechiremera chehurumende nehurumende, richiganhurira simba rehurumende zvikurukuru kunharaunda dzinodudzwa zvakajeka muBumbiro remitemo. Uku kwakaratidzira murangariro wakaganhurirwa zvikuru wechiremera chehurumende, zvikurukuru pamusoro pemitemo yezvemari nomuitiro wenzanga.

Kofessiti yeFederalism (1937 - Prese)

Cooperative universitionism (kubvira muna 1937): ichinongedzerwawo kwairi se "kake" yehurumende, yakabuda mukati meNew Deal, umo hurumende dzehurumende nehurumende dzakatanga ukama hunochinjika nehumwe hunowirirana ndokugoverana simba mukubatira pamwe kuti dzipedze nhau dzakati kana kuti gadziriro dzokushandisa. Iyi chinjo yakaitika sezvo hurumende yehurumende yakakudza basa rayo mukupindura Great Depression nedenho dzamarudzi dzakatevera.

Kukamukana kwaichimbova kwakasiana kwemitoro pakati pehurumende yenyika nehurumende yenyika kwakanga kwarondedzerwa se "keke rerayer," asi, nemirairo yebasa rakajeka, rehurumende inobatira pamwe yakafananidzwa ne "keke rakaoma" kana kuti "fenderefenzi". Hurumende dzeFederal nehurumende dzakashanda pamwe chete nenzira inowedzera, nepurogiramu dzehurumende dzinoda kazhinji kazhinji kuitwa kwehurumende namapurogiramu ehurumende kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kugamuchira mari yehurumende.

Mienzaniso inobatanidza: mari inopa, umo hurumende yehurumende inogovera mari kuti ishandise nokuda kwedonzo rakati kana kuti muitiro mukuru; uye hurumende inodzorwa, umo hurumende yehurumende inogadza mitemo nemirau yakagadzwa kuti nyika dzitevere, nemari kana kuti pasina Hurumende. Izvi zvinobvumira hurumende yehurumende kupesvedzera muitiro wehurumende kunyange munzvimbo dzakachengeterwa nyika.

New Federalism (1970s - Preseapor)

Chibvumirano chitsva chehurumende (chifo cha 1970): uzivi hwezvamatongerwe enyika hwekubvisa shanduka - shanduka, kudzorera kana kuti kutamisira simba rehurumende kunyika, uko hurumende dzinogombedzera mirau ndokuchengeta udzori hukuru. Mumwe muenzaniso imari inobva kuhurumende yehurumende yakagoverwa kunyika dzacho, noutariri hushomanene hwehurumende uye udzori pamusoro penzira iyo nyika dzinoshandisa nayo mari kukurukura miitiro kana kuti mapurogiramu okushandisa.

New Federalism inomirira nhamburiko yokudzorera dzikamo yakati kugadziriro yomubatanidzwa kupfurikidza nokudzorera masimba akati nemitoro kuhurumende.

Michina Yesimba Rinochinja Kutevedzerwa Nehurumende

Kunyange munharaunda umo hurumende dzinochengeta chiremera chikuru, hurumende yehurumende yakatanga miitiro yakasiana - siana yokupesvedzera muitiro wehurumende pasina kubvisa zvakananga mutemo wehurumende.

Vatengesi Vane Mhindu Nemari Yakafanira

Hurumende yehurumende ingasadzora zvakananga idzi nharaunda, asi inogona kupa sundo dzokuita hurumende dzadzinoda kupfurikidza nezvipo nezvirevo.

Simba rehurumende rokushandisa rinoibvumira kubatanidza migariro kumari yomubatanidzwa, inokurudzira nenzira inobudirira kana kuti inoda nyika kuti igamuchire miitiro yakati. Nyika ine chisarudzo chokuramba mari yehurumende ndokuchengeta miitiro yayo imene, asi sundo dzemari kazhinji kazhinji dzine revo zvikuru zvokusagona kuderera. Ikoku kunoparira chimiro chokudzora kwemubatanidzwa kusina kunanga panzvimbo dzakachengetedzwa namaruwa.

Madate

Somuenzaniso, Congress yakabatanidza mari yomumugwagwa kugadza zera duku rokutenga doro mumakore 21. Iyi mirayiro isina kutengwa kana kuti inotsigirwa zvishoma inoda nyika kuti dzisvitse mipimo yehurumende kana kuti kurasikirwa nengozi yokushandisa mari yehurumende munzvimbo dzisina kubatana.

Mirayiro yehurumende inogona kumutsa nharo nemhaka yokuti inomanikidza nenzira inobudirira kuwirirana kwehurumende pasina kugovera mari yakazara nokuda kwokuitwa.

Nzvimbo Dzokupindira Nokushandira Pamwe

Pasinei zvapo nokubvira kwerwisano, matare ehurumende nehurumende anowanzoshandira pamwe chete kupedza migariro yakaoma iyo inopfuura miganhu yakagadzwa.

Kudzivirirwa Kwemhoteredzo

Gadziriro yemhoteredzo inoratidzira ukama hwebatira pamwe pakati pehurumende nedzimba dzehurumende. Mitemo yeFederal yakadai seCease Air Act neClean Water Act inogadza mipimo miduku yenyika nepo ichibvumira nyika kugamuchira mimwe mirau yakakomba. Hurumende dzinowanzobatira semarabhoratori ekuvandudza mhoteredzo, kuvamba kwemitemo iyo gare gare ingapesvedzera mutemo wenyika.

Environmental Protection Agency inoshanda nemasangano ehurumende emhoteredzo kuti ashandise mapurogiramu ehurumende, kazhinji kazhinji nyika dzichitungamirira mukubvumidza, kuchengetedza, uye kuongorora.

Muitiro Wokutarisira Utano

Kutarisira utano kunomirira imwe nzvimbo yemubatanidzwa mukuru wehurumende. Nepo hurumende dzinodzorwa negamuchidzanwa reinishuwarenzi youtano, kurapa, uye utano, kubatanidzwa kwehurumende kwakawedzera zvinoshamisa kupfurikidza namapurogiramu akadai seMedicare, Medicaid, uye Affordal Care Act. Medicaid, zvikurukuru, inoshanda sebatirano yehurumende yehurumende, nehurumende inogovera mari uye inogadza zvinodikanwa zvikuru apo nyika dzinoshandisa zvirongwa uye dzinoita zvisarudzo zvakawanda.

Nyika dzinopfuurira kuvamba mumuitiro wezvoutano, kuedza mitoo yakasiana-- siyana kukudziridza kufukidzwa, kudzora ndyiko, uye kunatsiridza. Mimwe mikana yehurumende, yakadai sechinjo yezvoutano yeMassachusetts, yakapesvedzera purogiramu yehurumende, nepo mapurogiramu ehurumende akasunda nyika kukudza mabasa nokugamuchira mienzaniso mitsva yokubereka.

Dzidzo

Dzidzo yave iri mutoro wenhau nenhau, nehurumende dzinogadza mipimo yezvidzidzo, zvinodikanwa zvokunyora magwaro omudzidzisi, uye nzira dzokushandisa mari dzechikoro.

Hurumende yehurumende inopesvedzera muitiro wedzidzo zvikurukuru kupfurikidza nokushandisa mari kunotsamira pamigariro, ichipa mari yokusvitsa zvinodikanwa zvomubatanidzwa.Ikoku kunobvumira hurumende yomubatanidzwa kusimudzira nharidzano dzedzidzo yenyika uku ichichengeta udzori hwehurumende pamativi mazhinjisa omuitiro wedzidzo nokushandiswa.

Ruramisiro Youtsotsi

Ruramisiro youtsotsi inoenzanisira nhevedzano yakaoma pakati pechiremera chehurumende nehurumende.

Masangano ehurumende neanotarisira mutemo anowanzobatira pamwe pakunzvera nokupomera mhaka, achigoverana zvinhu namashoko okurwisa utsotsi nenzira inobudirira zvikuru.Federal inopa gadziriro dzehurumende nedzomutemo womunzvimbomo, nepo mutemo wehurumende wakadai seRhale Against Women Act uye zvikwereti zvoutsotsi zvakasiana - siana zvakapesvedzera miitiro youtsotsi yehurumende.

Makakatanwa Apashure Pakati Pehurumende Nomutemo Wehurumende

Pasinei zvapo nemitoo yebatira pamwe, rwisano pakati pomutemo wenyika nowehurumende dzinopfuurira kumuka, dzichida chisarudzo chokutonga nekurukurirano yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kumanikidzwa Kutama

Kutama kwakabuda senzvimbo huru yerwisano yenyika yehurumende mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura aya. Nepo mutemo wokutama uri zvikurukuru mutoro womubatanidzwa, hurumende dzakaedza kukurukura nhau dzinobatanidzwa nokutama kupfurikidza nemutemo wadzo dzimene. Dzimwe nyika dzakagadza mitemo inoraira vashandirwi kusimbisa kusagona kushanda kwomushandi, kubvumira mutemo wehurumende kunzvera mugariro wokutama, kana kuti kugovera betsero kuvatami vasina kukohwa.

Matare akaputsa mitemo yehurumende yokutama seyakapinzwa mumutemo wehurumende kana kuti seinovhiringidza kuchengetwa kwokupinda munyika kwehurumende. Zvisinei, hurumende dzinochengeta chiremera panhau dzakati, dzakadai sokuva nerezinesi rokutyaira nokukwanisa kuwana betsero dzehurumende, kuchiparira basa rakaganhurirwa remitemo munyika yose.

Kunyoreswa pamutemo

Kunyange zvazvo nyika dzakawanda dzakanyoresa mbanje kuti ishandiswe mune zvokurapa kana kuti zvokuzvivaraidza, mbanje inoramba iri pamutemo pasi pomutemo wehurumende seSamende I yaidzora kusava nechokwadi kwepamutemo kwemabhizimisi, vatengi, uye kuchengetwa kwemitemo.

Hurumende yehurumende yakasarudza kusamanikidza zvakasimba mitemo yemubatanidzwa yembanje mumashoko ayo akainyoresa, asi kusawirirana kwacho kunoramba kusina kugadziriswa.

Maguta Anogara Vanhu Vasina Kutsarukana uye Kutama

Mitemo yeguta yesande, iyo inoganhurira batira pamwe yomunzvimbomo nokuchengetwa kwehurumende kwevatami vehurumende, yakatanga gakava rinokosha nedenho dzapamutemo. hurumende yehurumende yakataura kuti iyi mirau inodzongonyedza kuchengetwa kwokupinda kwavanhu kwomubatanidzwa ndokuputsa mutemo womubatanidzwa, nepo nyika nenharaunda dzichisimbisa maruramiro adzo okuisa mutemo pakutanga ndokudzivirira ruvimbo rwenzanga.

Matare akatsigira kazhinji kazhinji nheyo yokuti hurumende yehurumende haigoni kuraira hurumende nevakuru vakuru vomunzvimbomo kumanikidza mutemo womubatanidzwa, asi gakava dzinopfuurira pamusoro potambanuko iyo hurumende dzinogona kudzongonyedza nokushingaira nhamburiko dzokuita kuti mauto ashande.

Basa Rematare Anotengesa Panzvimbo Yehurumende

Vatongi, zvikurukuru Dare Rapamusorosoro, vanoita basa rinokosha mukududzira Bumbiro Remitemo nokupedza gakava pakati pehurumende nehurumende.

Kuhwirudzurwa Kworutongeso Kwesimba Rehurumende

Kune hwaro hwakajeka hwetsika dzokutonga dzemitemo yehurumende dzinonzi dzinopfuura masimba eCongress anorongwa. Supremacy Claus inosimbisa mutemo wechisarudzo chematare anoshurikidza maruramiro namabasa emitezo pasi pomutemo wose uri muviri wenyika nouri muhurumende. Dare rinofanira kusarudza kana mitemo yehurumende ikaitwa "mubumbiro remitemo" pamberi pokuipa ukuru pamusoro pomutemo wenyika.

Iri basa rokutonga rinovimbisa kuti simba romubatanidzwa rinoramba riri mukati memiganhu yebumbiro remitemo. Apo matare anowana mutemo wehurumende unopfuura masimba eCongress anodudzwa, anogona kuputsa mutemo, achichengeta chiremera chehurumende munharaunda iyoyo. Iyi nzvero pasimba romubatanidzwa inokosha kukuchengeta dzikamo yomubatanidzwa.

Kuhwirudzurwa Kwomutemo Wehurumende

Matare anohwirudzurawo mitemo yehurumende kuva nechokwadi chokuti havapunzi Bumbiro remitemo kana kuti rwisano nomutemo wehurumende une simba. Kunogamuchirwa zvikuru kuti Bumbiro reMitemo rinobvumira matare kuhwirudzura ndokushatisa mitemo yehurumende inorwisana nemirau yehurumende. Uku kutarisira kwokutonga kunodzivisa nyika kusekesa muitiro womubatanidzwa kana kuti kuputsa maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo.

Dare rehurumende rinoita basa rinokosha zvikuru muuyu muitiro, sezvo kazhinji kazhinji riri rokutanga kupedza rwisano pakati pehurumende nomutemo wehurumende.

Kuratidzira Mhaka Dzapamusorosoro Dzedare

MuMcCulloch v. Maryland, Dare Gurusa reU.S. rakasimbisa chisarudzo chikuru sechiremera chinodzora mutemo webumbiro remitemo. McCulloch akagadza mupimo watinoziva nhasi nokuda kwerwisano pakati pemitemo yehurumende neHurumende: Bumbiro reMitemo rinokunda. mutemo weFederal unotsiva mitemo inorwisana. Ichi chisarudzo cha 1819 chakagadza nheyo huru dzokukwirira kwehurumende uye masimba ehurumende ayo anopfuurira kuumba chibvumirano chehurumende nhasi.

Zvimwe zvinoitika zvechiratidzo zvakarondedzera miganhu yesimba rehurumende nerehurumende munharaunda dzinovambira kumirairo yezvokutengeserana kusvikira kukodzero dzavagari vemo. Zvisakiso zvakafanana Gibbons v. Ogden, United States v. Lopez, uye [FLT] National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius yakaumba kunzwisisa kwedu kwechiremera chenyika neganhuriro dzayo.

Muitiro Womutemo: Misiyano Yehurumende Nehurumende

Kunzwisisa kuti matare ehurumende neehurumende anoshanda sei kunobatsira kujekesa ukama hwawo uye mabasa akasiyana - siyana aanoita mukudzora kweAmerica.

Gadziriro Yomutemo WeFederal

Dare rehurumende, Congress, rine makamuri maviri: Imba yaVamiririri neDare. Imba ine mitezo 435 inogoverwa navagari vemo, nepo Dare rine mitezo 100, miviri inobva munyika imwe neimwe. Ichi chivako chamacameral chinoratidzira kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira pakati penyika huru neduku paKokorodzano yeBumbiro reMitemo.

Mutemo wehurumende unofanira kupfuura makamuri ose ari maviri muchimiro chakafanana ndokugamuchira mvumo yapurezidhendi (kana kuti kupfuura purezidhendi weveto) kuva mutemo. Muitiro wacho unobatanidza kuhwirudzurwa kwedare, kurukurirano youriri, uye zvinodikanwa zvemipimo yakasiana - siana zvakarongedzerwa kuva nechokwadi chefungidziro nokuvaka. Mitemo yeFrederal inoshanda zvakafanana munyika dzose, kunyange zvazvo kuita kwacho kungasiana.

Gadziriro Yomutemo Wehurumende

Masangano ehurumende anosiana muruvako, ukuru, uye kushanda, kunyange zvazvo vazhinjisa vachitevera muenzaniso webicameral wehurumende. Nebraska ndiyo hurumende bedzi ine mubatanidzwa wehurumende unicameral. Hurumende dzinovambira pamisi inoverengeka inosangana nedzimba dzevagari vemo kwemwedzi mishomanene gore riri rose kusvikira kumasangano enguva yakazara anosangana negore pamwe chete.

Miitiro yehurumende inowanzoratidza muitiro wehurumende, nemabhiri anoda kupfuura nezvose zviri zviviri makamuri netendero yeguberna. Zvisinei, maruwa kazhinji kazhinji ane mitemo yetsika yakasiana, ganhuriro dzeshoko, uye ganhuriro dzebumbiro remitemo. Mitemo yehurumende inoshanda bedzi mukati memiganhu yenyika, ichiparira mhatsa muzvinodikanwa zvemitemo munyika yose.

Kutanga uye Kudzorera

Nyika dzakawanda dzinogovera hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu zvakananga kupfurikidza nokutanga uye miitiro yekoretera, dzichibvumira vagari vemo kukarakadza uye kuvhota pamitemo zvakananga. Iyi nzira, isingawaniki pamwero womubatanidzwa, inopa pesvedzero yokuwedzera vagari vehurumende pamusoro pomutemo uye inogona kuguma nemiitiro inosiana zvikuru nemitoo yomubatanidzwa.

Kutanga uye maapendium akashandiswa kupedza nhau dzenharo dzinovambira pamuitiro wemitero kusvikira kunhau dzenzanga, pane dzimwe nguva kuchiparira rwisano nomutemo wehurumende kana kuti muitiro. iyi miitiro yehurumende yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu inomirira musiano unokosha pakati pemiitiro yehurumende nehurumende yemitemo.

Fiscal Frederalism: Simba Rechitoro

Ukama hwemari pakati pehurumende dzehurumende nehurumende hunopesvedzera zvikuru ukama hwadzo hwokutonga uye muitiro.

Manyuko Emari Inotambirwa Nehurumende

The federal government relies primarily on income taxes, payroll taxes, and corporate taxes for revenue. The federal government's superior revenue-raising capacity gives it significant leverage over state policy through conditional spending programs. Federal grants constitute a substantial portion of state budgets, creating financial interdependence.

Manyuko Ezvibereko zveHurumende

Mitero yehurumende inosiyana zvikuru, dzimwe nyika dzisina mutero wemari uye dzimwe dzisina mutero wemari.

Kuendeswa Kwehurumende

Federal inopa mari kunyika zvimiro zvakasiyana - siyana, kubatanidza mipiro yakakwana nokuda kwamadonzo akati, zvivharo zvinopa mari nokuda kwenharaunda dzakafara zvikuru dzemiitiro, uye kugoverana mari. Uku kutama kunobvumira hurumende yehurumende kupesvedzera zvinhu zvehurumende zvokutanga ndokuvimbisa mipimo midukusa munharaunda dzakadai soutano, dzidzo, uye gadziriro. Zvisinei, zvinoparirawo kutsamira pamunhu uye zvinogona kuganhurira mitoo yehurumende yokuzvitonga.

Masimba Ezvamatongerwe Enyika Echiuto

Ukama huri pakati pehurumende nehurumende hunoumbwa kwete bedzi negadziriro yebumbiro remitemo asiwo nesimba rezvematongerwe enyika nokufunga nezvevapanduki.

Matongerwe Enyika Nemagariro Evanhu

Mapoka ezvamatongerwe enyika anoita basa rinokosha mukuumba ukama hwehurumende. Apo boka rimwe chetero rinodzora dzose dziri mbiri hurumende dzomubatanidzwa nehurumende, batira pamwe inokombamira kuwedzera. Apo mapoka akasiana - siana anodzora mwero yakasiana - siana, rwisano ingakura sezvo mwero mumwe nomumwe unoronda nhevedzano yemiitiro yakasiana - siana.

Mirangariro yehurumende yakachinja pashure penguva yakati, namapati pane dzimwe nguva anoreverera chiremera chehurumende uye pane dzimwe nguva nokuda kwesimba rehurumende zvichitsamira pamwero wazvinodzora uye kuti imitemoi yazvinotsvaka kufambisira mberi. uku kufambira mberi kwehurumende kunoratidzira chimiro chezvamatongerwe enyika chekurukurirano pamusoro pesimba rehurumende.

Mapoka Anofarira Nokubira

Mapoka efariro anoshanda pamwero yose iri miviri yehurumende nehurumende, pane dzimwe nguva achitsigira mipimo yenyika yakafanana uye pane dzimwe nguva nokuda kwokuchinjika kwehurumende. Mapoka ebhizimisi angatsvaka kusunungurwa kwehurumende kuti adzivise kuwirirana nemirau yehurumende yakasiana, nepo mamwe mapoka angada kuva adzorerwe nehurumende uko ane pesvedzero huru.

Mazano okuita zvinhu zvine chokuita nemitemo pamwero wakasiyana - siyana wehurumende anoita kuti pave nemikana yemapoka anofarira asi akaomawo kuronga. Mapoka anofanira kutanga nzira dzinoita kuti pave nokukurukurirana pakati pehurumende nehurumende uye kuti kubudirira pamwero mumwe kungakanganiswa pane mumwe.

Zvinetso Zvomunguva Yemberi Nemiitiro

Ukama huri pakati pehurumende nehurumende hunoramba huchichinja zvichienderana nezvipingamupinyi zvitsva uye kuchinja mamiriro ezvematongerwo enyika.

Ruzivo Nezvokutengeserana Zvenyika

Mibvunzo pamusoro pehurumende inogona kubhadhara mutero paIndaneti, nzira yokudzora nayo nzvimbo dzepaIndaneti, uye kuti ndiani anofanira kudzivirira kuvanza mashoko kunoda kubatana kwehurumende nehurumende. Kushambadza kwemichina yemagetsi kungasimudzira kubatanidzwa kukuru kwehurumende, nepo nyika dzichiedza kudzivirira chiremera chadzo chehurumende nemari.

Kuchinja Kwemamiriro Okunze uye Kutevedzerwa Kwezvakatipoteredza

Kuchinja kwemamiriro okunze kunopa zvinetso zvinokurira miganhu yenyika asi zvinotapura nzvimbo dzakasiyana - siyana.

Zvinodiwa Noutano Zvevanhu Vose

Denda reCOVID ne19 rakasimbisa zvose zviri zviviri simba noutera hwehurumende mukupindura migariro yeutano yavose. Nepo hurumende ichibvumira kuchinjika nokuda kwemhinduro dzinowirirana nemigariro yomunzvimbomo, kushaikwa kwetsinhirano pane dzimwe nguva kwakaneta. Zvinetso zvoutano hwavanhu munguva yemberi zvichada kudzikamisa utungamiriri hwehurumende nokuitwa kwehurumende uye kuchinjika.

Kuchinja Kwepfungwa Nechibvumirano

Kuwedzera kweparadzano yezvamatongerwe enyika kunotapura kupfurikidza nokuwedzera rwisano pakati pehurumende nehurumende yehurumende apo inodzorwa namapoka akasiyana - siyana.

Zvinetso Zvinoshanda Zvevagari Nemabhizimisi

Ukama hwakaoma kunzwisisa pakati pehurumende nehurumende yehurumende hune revo chaiyoiyo nokuda kwavanhu namasangano anofambisa mutemo weAmerica.

Zvinetso Zvinokurira

Mabhizimisi anoshanda munyika dzakawanda anofanira kuwirirana nezvose zviri zviviri mutemo womubatanidzwa nemitemo yenyika yakasiana - siana, kuchiparira kuoma kwekuteerera nendyiko.Kunzwisisa mwero wehurumende inodzora mibato yakati uye kuti zvinodikanwa zvakasiyana zvinokosha sei nokuda kwokuteerera kwapamutemo. Federal predetion inogona kurerutsa kupfurikidza nokugadza mipimo yenyika yakafanana, asi inogonawo kubvisa dziviriro dzinobetsera dzehurumende.

Kodzero Nedziviriro

Vagari vanofarikanya kodzero nedziviriro muzvose zviri zviviri mutemo wehurumende nehurumende.Bhuku remitemo yehurumende nemitemo pane dzimwe nguva zvinogovera dziviriro huru zvikuru kupfuura mutemo wehurumende, nepo mutemo wehurumende uchigadza mipimo miduku iyo nyika dzisingagoni kuwira pasi. Kunzwisisa kubatanidzwa kwekodzero dzehurumende nedzehurumende kunokosha nokuda kwokudzivirira rusununguko rwomunhu oga uye kutsvaka mishonga yapamutemo.

Kutora Rutivi Rwezvematongerwe Enyika

Vagari vemo vanogona kupinda nevakuru vakuru vomunzvimbomo, vehurumende, uye vehurumende kuti vape simba. Kunzwisisa mweroi wehurumende ine chiremera panhau dzakati kunobetsera vagari vemo kutungamirira kudzora kwavo nenzira inobudirira uye kuita kuti vakuru vakuru vakakodzera vazvidavirire.

Kupedzisa: Mhindumupindu inofambira mberi yeFederalism

Ukama pakati pehurumende nehurumende hunoramba huchishanda uye hwakakwikwidzana anopfuura mazana maviri amakore pashure pokuvakwa kweBumbiro reMitemo. Iyi gadziriro youchangamire hwakakamukana yakabvumikisa kuva inochinjika nenzira inoshamisa, kuchitsiva chinjo huru munzanga yeAmerica, upfumi, uye zvamatongerwe enyika nepo ichichengeta nheyo huru dzebumbiro remitemo.

Kushanda kwehurumende yeUnited States kunopfuurira kushanda mabasa anokosha muhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yeAmerica, kubatanidza kudzivirira rusununguko kupfurikidza nesimba rakakamuraniswa, kuchigonesa kuedza mitoo yetsika nokuvandudza, kugadzikisa mhatsa dzomunharaunda, uye kugovera mikana yakawanda yokupinda mubato wezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kunzwisisa ukama pakati pehurumende nehurumende kunokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anotsvaka kunzwisisa hurumende yeAmerica nomutemo. Uhwu ukama hunoumba chinhu chiri chose kubva pamitero yatinoripira kusvikira kukodzero dzatinofarikanya, kuvambira padzidzo iyo vana vedu vanogamuchira kuenda kumhepo yatinofema. Sezvo denho itsva dzinobuda uye simba rezvamatongerwe enyika, dzikamo pakati pehurumende nechiremera chehurumende ichapfuurira kupfuurira kushanduka, kuchida ngwariro inopfuurira nebvumirano zvinobva kuvagari vemo, vagadziri vemitemo, uye nyanzvi.

Unyanzvi hwehurumende yeAmerica hahusi mukuwana dzikamo yakakwana, yakadzikama pakati pesimba rehurumende nerenyika, asi mukuita gadziriro yakapfava yakapfava zvakakwana kuwiriranisa nemigariro inochinja nepo tichichengeta nheyo huru dzehurumende yakaganhurirwa nouchangamire hwakakurumbira.

Nokuda kwaavo vanofarira kudzidza zvakawanda pamusoro pehurumende negadziriro yemitemo yeAmerica, Consitution Ansitution inobva kuRaibhurari yeCongress inogovera kusanonzvera kwamasangano emitemo, nepo Lygal Information Institute pa Cornell Law School inopa tsananguriro dzinosvikwa dzemifungo yepamutemo. [[FLT:] Hurumende yeNyika] Inogovera zvitemo zvemitemo yeNyika yeChegiswo yeChenity Center [ inogovera zviteshiviso zvedzidzo uye masangano ehurumende kubetsera kugovera mamiriro ezvinhu ehurumende. [[FLT]