Ukama pakati pekodzero dzevanhu nemitemo inodzivirira hunoumba kusimba kwehurumende inotonga kwemazuva ano. Mabumbiro emitemo haangovaki masangano enyika; anorondedzera ukama pakati pehurumende nomunhu, anogadza ganhuriro pasimba rehurumende uye anosimbisa chiremera chakaberekwa nacho chomunhu wose. Nokuda kwavadzidzisi, vadzidzi, uye vanachiremba vemitemo zvakafanana, kunzwisisa kuti iyi mirangariro miviri inosimbisa sei kunzwisiswa kwezvose zviri zviviri chipikirwa nengozi yekodzero dzapamutemo. Nyaya inopa kunzvera kwakakwana kodzero dzavanhu, dziviriro dzapamutemo, nzira dzavo dzokuita nadzo, nzira dzokubatanidza nadzo, zvirongwa zvokubatanidza, uye zvinetso zvomunguva ino.

Hwaro Hwekodzero Dzevanhu

Kodzero dzavanhu ikodzero dzetsika nedzepamutemo idzo dziri dzomunhu ari wose nemhaka yorudzi rwavo. Hazvipiwi nehurumende ipi neipi; panzvimbo pezvo, ndezvomuzvarirwo, hazvitsaurwi, uye ndezvemunyika yose. Kodzero dzavanhu dzazvino uno dzakatanga muchiratidzo cheNyika II, chakasimbiswa muChiziviso cheUniversal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) chakagamuchirwa neUnited Nations General Assembly muna 1948. UDHR yakagadza mupimo mumwe wezvinoitwa navanhu vose namarudzi, ichibatanidza chiono chorusununguko, ruramisiro, uye rugare.

Nenzira youzivi, kodzero dzavanhu dzinowana pamagamuchidzanwa omuzvarirwo omutemo, vafungi vokuvhenekerwa vakadai saJohn Locke naImmanuel Kant, uye ziviso dzokuchinja zvikuru dzezana ramakore rechi 18 (Zviro yeKuzvimirira neziviso yeFrench Yekodzero Dzevanhu nedzechiHungu). Aya magwaro akasimbisa kuti dzimwe kodzero ndedzekare, kwete dzinotsamira pamutsa wavatongi.

Zviratidzo Zvekodzero Dzevanhu

Kodzero dzevanhu dzinowanzokamurwa mumapoka anoverengeka, rumwe norumwe rune mavara akasiyana uye miitiro yokuita kuti zvinhu zvitevedzerwe:

  • Chinoparirwa naMaruramiro ezvamatongerwe enyika: Izvozvi zvinobatanidza maruramiro kuupenyu, rusununguko mukutambudzwa, rusununguko rwokutaura negungano, maruramiro okutonga kwakarurama, uye maruramiro okutora rutivi muhurumende. Zvinowanzorondedzerwa se “chizvarwa chokutanga” uye kodzero dzinogamuchirwa zvakanakisisa, kureva vanhu vanogona kuzviita kuti zvivepo mumatare.
  • Yezvoupfumi, yenzanga, uye yetsika: Iyoyi inobatanidza maruramiro edzidzo, tarisiro youtano, dzimba dzakakwana, uye chengeteko yenzanga. Inorangarirwa “chizvarwa chechipiri” maruramiro ekodzero, inoda chiito chomugariro wakananga neganhuriro yemari, ichiita kuti zvive zvakaoma zvikuru kumanikidzira kupfurikidza nokupa mari bedzi.
  • Kuparira kana kuti Kudzikamisa Kodzero: Izvozvi zvine chokuita namapoka panzvimbo pavanhu vamwe navamwe uye zvinobatanidza maruramiro okuzvitema, maruramiro avanhu vemo, uye maruramiro okukura. Dzimwe nguva zvinozivikanwa se “chizvarwa chechitatu” maruramiro ndokuramba ari nhau yekurukurirano inopfuurira yepamutemo nezvamatongerwe enyika.

Zvikamu zvose zvitatu zvinozivikanwa muzvishandiso zvamarudzi ose zvakadai seInternational Country on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) uye International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICECR). UDHR, pamwe chete neiyi sungano mbiri, zvinoumba International Bill of Human Rights.

Kudzivirirwa kweBumbiro reMitemo: Chipikirwa Chapamutemo

Dziviriro dzeBumbiro reMitemo ikodzero nerusununguko zvakasimbiswa mugwaro remitemo rapamusorosoro rorudzi. Bumbiro remitemo rinobatira somutemo wakakwirira zvikurusa wenyika, rinobatanidza vatambi vose vehurumende nokugovera gadziriro yokushandiswa kwesimba ravose. Dziviriro dzamaruramiro kupfurikidza nebumbiro remitemo inopa betsero dzinoverengeka pamutemowo zvawo womutemo: Kodzero dzapamutemo dzakadzika midzi, revo hadzigoni kugadziriswa nyore nyore kana kuchinjwa nemitemo mikuru; ivo vanobvumira matare kuputsa mitemo inovaputsa; uye zvinogovera mupimo wakajeka unopesana nemabasa ehurumende anoyerwa.

Mativi Makuru Edziviriro Dzebumbiro reMitemo

  • [[FOL:0] Kurambwa: Bumbiro remitemo rokupedzisira. Mutemo upi noupi kana kuti chiito chehurumende chinopesana naro hachina maturo.
  • , Urongwa hwebumbiro remitemo hunochinja, zvikurukuru kodzero dzinokosha, kazhinji kazhinji hunoda kuva mukuru mudare remitemo kana kuti dare, kudzivirira maruramiro kubva muchinjo dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzinopfupikisa.
  • [[FUT:0] Judicial Review: Matare ane simba rokududzira bumbiro remitemo ndokuita kuti rive rechokwadi. Iri basa rinokosha kuti mukuru mukuru nemutezo wemitemo zvizvipikire.
  • Bhill of Rights: Mabumbiro emitemo azvino uno zvikurusa anobatanidza ndaza yakazvitsaurira yamaruramiro makuru, anowanzoratidzirwa pamipimo yamarudzi ose yekodzero dzavanhu. Mienzaniso inobatanidza Bill of Rights yeU.S., Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, uye South African Bill of Rights.

Mimwe mitemo inodzivirira haina kufanana munyika dzose, kufanana neGermany, inosimbisa zvikuru chiremera chomunhu uye inobatanidza miitiro yakasimba yokunyunyuta kwebumbiro remitemo. Zvimwe, kufanana neizvo zveUnited Kingdom, hazvina gwaro rimwe rakabatanidzwa asi zvinodzivirira kodzero kupfurikidza nemirau yakadai seHuman Rights Act 1998, iyo inobatanidza European Convention on Human Rights ichipinda mumutemo wehurumende.

Kupindirana Pakati Pekodzero Dzevanhu Nomutemo Webumbiro Remitemo

Ukama pakati pekodzero dzevanhu nedziviriro dzebumbiro remitemo nderengozi. Kodzero dzevanhu dzinowana chiremera chadzo munheyo dzetsika dzechiremera nokuenzana, asi dzinoda kuti kuratidzwa kwepamutemo kushandiswe. Mabumbiro emitemo, uyewo, anowana maruramiro mumhiko yavo yokudzivirira idzi kodzero. Pasina kodzero, bumbiro remitemo rinopinza mungozi kuva dhipatimendi rinongova haro resangano; pasina kudzika mutemo, kodzero dzavanhu dzinoramba dziri zviziviso zvoumbindo.

Mutambo uyu une mitaro yakasiyana - siyana:

  • Kubatanidzwa kwoMutemo waMarudzi ose: Mabumbiro emitemo mazhinji anobatanidza zvakajeka zvibvumirano zvekodzero dzavanhu zvamarudzi ose mumutemo wemhuri, zvimwe zvakananga kana kuti kupfurikidza nokuita mutemo. Somuenzaniso, Bumbiro reMitemo reSouth Africa rinoda matare kurangarira mutemo wamarudzi ose pakududzira Bill of Rights.
  • Nhungamiro yapamberi: Matare anowanzotarira kukodzero dzavanhu dzamarudzi ose nedzenharaunda pakududzira maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo. Somuenzaniso Dare rapamusoro reU.S., rakadudza panhambo nenhambo manyuko okumwe namarudzi ose muzvinoitika zvakadai se R2 v. Simmons [2005]
  • Kushanda nokuchinja: kodzero dzeBumbiro reMitemo hadzisipo. Sezvo mipimo yenzanga ichichinja, matare anokudza ukuru hwedziviriro dziripo(muenzaniso), achiziva roorano-yokubatana sekodzero yakaenzana pasi pemitsetse inodzivirira, sezvinoonekwa muU.S. mhaka bergeckack v. Hodges

Mafomu Akaenzana Ebumbiro reMitemo

Kuongorora mienzaniso mishomanana yakakurumbira kunoratidza zvose nheyo dzinozivikanwa nevakawanda uye zvinhu zvakasiyana - siyana zvenyika.

United States

Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S., kupfurikidza neBill of Rights negadziridzo dzinotevera (zvikurukuru muitiro wakafanira we 14th Amendment nemirau inodzivirira yakaenzana), rinogovera dziviriro yakasimba nokuda kwamaruramiro avagari vemo nezvamatongerwe enyika. Simba reDare Gurusa rehwiruchenjedzo, rakatangwa mu Marbury v. Madison [1803]), rinoigonesa kuputsa mutemo unoputsa rusununguko rwapakuvamba. Zvisinei, U.

South Africa

Dare reMitemo reSouth Africa ra1996 rinorangarirwa zvikuru serimwe rezvisarudzo zvinofambira mberi zvikurusa munyika. Chitendero charo chekodzero dzemunhu nedzezvamatongerwe enyika chinobatanidza kwete bedzi maruramiro echizvarwa nejoini asiwo maruramiro makuru ezvemari, enzanga, uye etsika, zvakadai sekodzero dzokugara, tarisiro dzoutano, zvokudya, mvura, uye dzidzo. Dare reMitemo reMitemo remitemo rakamanikidzira idzi kodzero muzvisarudzo zvechiratidzo se Goverment of Republic of South Africa v. Grootboom [2000]) paruramisiro yorudyi yedzimba, kugamuchira mupimo une mufungo.

India

Bumbiro reMitemo reIndia rinobatanidza ruramisiro inoita kuti pave nekodzero dzapamutemo (Party III) neMitemo yeHurumende isingamanikidzirwi yePrinciples of State Policy (Party IV). Dare Rapamusoro reIndia rakakudza nenzira yokufunga kodzero dzinokosha kupfurikidza nokududzira kwedare, kurava kodzero kuupenyu (Fortle 21) kubatanidza kodzero kumhoteredzo yakachena, kuutano, uye kukurarama. Fariro yavose yazovawo chishandiso chine simba chokushandisa kubatira maruramiro.

Germany

German Basic Law (Grundgesetz) inoisa chiremera chavanhu pachinhu chikuru, ichitaura kuti hachiremekedzwi uye chinofanira kuremekedzwa nechiremera chose chehurumende. Federal Constitution Court ine chiremera chakafara chokunzwa kunyunyuta kwebumbiro remitemo kumunhu mumwe nomumwe, uye zvisarudzo zvayo zvakaumba nharaunda dzakadai sedziviriro yemashoko, rusununguko rwokutaura, uye maruramiro okuvanda.

Canada

Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (1982) inovimbisa rusununguko rukuru, kodzero dzedemokrati, kodzero dzokufamba, kodzero dzepamutemo, kodzero dzokuenzana, uye kodzero dzomutauro. Rutivi rwakasiyana i “mifungo” (Kupa (1), inobvumira ganhuriro dzine mufungo pakodzero kana kururamiswa nenzira inobvumirwa munzanga yakasununguka neyoudhimoni. Dare Guru reCanada rakashandisa ikoku kudzikamisa maruramiro avanhu nefariro dzeboka, somuchinoitika cha . Oakes[FLD 1] (1986).

Kumanikidza Michina Nokuhwirudzura

Kuongorora nyaya dzinotongwa nedare ndiko kunonyanya kuita kuti kodzero dzepamutemo dziteererwe, asi mamwe mabasa anokosha.

Matare Anotevedzerwa Nemitemo Nematare Akakwirira

Munyika dzakawanda, matare chaiwo ebumbiro remitemo (mutoo, Germany, South Africa) kana kuti matare makurusa (mutoo, United States, India) ane chiremera chokunzwa mhaka dzinotaura kuputswa kwekodzero dzebumbiro remitemo. aya masangano anogona kubudisa rutongeso runosunga, kurova mitemo isina wirirano yemitemo, uye kuronga mishonga yakadai semubhadharo kana kuti kuyamura.

Masangano Ane Kodzero Dzavanhu Nemisangano Yemiitiro Yavanhu

Masangano ekodzero dzevanhu anotsigira kuchengetwa kwedare nokuongorora zvichemo, kubvunza, kusimudzira kuziva, uye kurumbidza.Mienzaniso inosanganisira South African Human Rights Commission uye South African Rights Commission.

Kutarisira Kwamarudzi Ose

Kana mishonga yomumba yapera, vanhu vanogona kunyunyuta kumasangano emarudzi ose akadai seUnited Nations Human Rights Committee (pasi peICCPR) kana kuti matare enharaunda akaita seEuropean Court of Human Rights.

Zvinetso Zvinovapo Munguva Ino Kukodzero Dzevanhu Dzomutemo

Kunzwisisa matambudziko aya kunokosha chaizvo kune munhu wose anopinda mudzidzo yekodzero dzevanhu kana kuti mudzidzo yekodzero dzevanhu.

Kuderera Kwemasangano Ehurumende Nokutonga kwoMutemo

Munyika dzinoverengeka, hurumende dzakasarudzwa dzakasekesa kuzvimirira kwokutonga, dzakadenha vadziviriri vekodzero dzevanhu, uye dzakagadziridza mabumbiro emitemo kuti atsigire simba radzo. Kudzokera shure kwakadaro (kazhinji kazhinji kwakanzi “kudzora pamutemo kwehurumende” (jeka rimene renheyo dzemitemo.) Mienzaniso inobatanidza chinjo dzebumbiro remitemo dzeHungary idzo dzakaganhurira simba reDare reBumbiro remitemo rePoland nechinjo dzekutonga dzakaitiranwa nharo.

Kodzero Dzemadhigirii Nekuva Woga Muzera Remashoko

Ruzivo rutsva runodenha gadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo iripo. Muunganidzwa wakapararira wemashoko omunhu oga anoitwa nehurumende namasangano unomutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pekodzero yokuva woga, rusununguko rwokutaura, uye rusununguko rwesonganiro. Mabumbiro emitemo akawanda akanyorwa pamberi penhambo yemitengo, achida kuti matare adudzire zvibvumikiso zvekare mumanovhero. Schrems II chisarudzo neEuropean Court of Justice muenzaniso mukuru wekugadziriswa kwamaruramiro emunhu oga.

Kuchinja Kwemamiriro Okunze Nekodzero Dzezvakatipoteredza

Chinjo yemamiriro okunze inotapura zvakananga kufarikanya kodzero dzavanhu (kubatanidza maruramiro kuupenyu, utano, zvokudya, uye mvura. Nenzira inowedzera, vatengi vari kukumbira maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo kumanikidza hurumende kuti dziite miitiro yemamiriro okunze akasimba zvikuru. Zviitiko zveLandmark zvinobatanidza Urgenda Foundation v. State of the Netherlands[FLT]] [FLT] [2029]), umo Dare rapamusoro reNetherlands raidavira kuti mugariro wehurumende hauna kukwana unoputsa kodzero youpenyu noupenyu noupenyu nehwogaro pasi peEuropean Convention.

Kuparadzira uye Zvematongerwe Enyika Ekodzero

Masangano ePopulist anowanzoumba maruramiro avanhu senzvimbo dzakatanhamara kana kuti dzokumwe, kuisa “vanhu” mukurwisana nedare risingasarudzei. Kutaura kwakadaro kunogona kutungamirira kuvhozhokero dzemitemo dzezvisarudzo zvedare, zvikarakadzo zvedare zvinokasha, uye kuganhurirwa kwedziviriro dzamaruramiro. Uku simba kunooneka munharo pamusoro pokupinda munyika, rusununguko rworudzidziso, uye uenzani hwechikadzi.

Kusaenzana Kwemari Nekaha pakati Pekodzero Nechokwadi

Kunyange apo kodzero dzebumbiro remitemo dzinowanika papepa, kusaenzana kukuru kwezvemari kunogona kuita kuti kutongwa zvakanaka kuve kusina revo kuvanhu vakawanda. Kodzero yokutonga kunoreva zvishomanene kana munhu asingagoni kuwana gweta; kodzero youtano inoreva zvishoma kana mabasa okutarisira utano asingasvikiki. Kugadzirisa mukaha uyu hakudi bedzi kuchengetwa kwedare asiwo kusimba kwemitemo yenzanga uye nzanga yevagari vemo inoshingaira.

Kuongorora Nyaya: Kodzero Dzevanhu Dzebumbiro Remitemo Dziri Kushanda

Kunzvera nhau chaidzo dzemitemo kunoratidzira kuti dziviriro yamaruramiro avanhu nebumbiro remitemo inoshanda sei.

Fundo yenhau 1: Brown v. Board of Education (United States, 1954)

Iyi chisarudzo chenhau cheDare Gurusa chairangarira kuti rusaruraganda muzvikoro zvehurumende rwakaputsa Actal Protection Claus of the 144th Amendment.

Nyaya 2: [[FLT: 0] Shemibu v. State (South Africa, 2005)

Dare reMitemo reSouth African Constitution, munhevedzano yenhau pamaruramiro okugara, rakaraira hurumende kugovera rusununguko rwechinguvana nokuda kwavanhu vanodzingwa mumisha yavo. Chisarudzo mu [[FLT: 0] Milbu [ yaida kuti nyika itore mutemo une mufungo uye mamwe matanho kuti isvike kuziva kunofambira mberi kwamaruramiro okugara kwakakwana, kuratidzira maruramiro enzanga nezvemari akapinzwa mubumbiro remitemo.

Nyaya 3: Chiremera cheMabasa ezvemitemo enyika kuv. Union of India (Indiya, 2014)

Dare rapamusorosoro reIndia rakaziva vanhu vanochinja kuva vechirume nechechitatu uye rakasimbisa maruramiro avo ebumbiro remitemo kukuenzana, kusasarura, uye kuzvirumbidza. Rakatsamira paZvikamu 14, 15, 16, uye 21 zveBumbiro reMitemo reIndia, pamwe chete nenheyo dzamarudzi ose. Mhaka iyi inosimbisa kuti matare anogona sei kuwedzera dziviriro dzebumbiro remitemo kumapoka anoganhurirwa.

Nyaya 4: Obergefell v. Hodges (United States, 2015)

Mu Obergefell, Dare Gurusa reU.S. rakati Dare reChineith Amendment rinoda kuti hurumende dzose dzibvumidze michato pakati pavakwanyina vane mitezo mimwe cheteyo yevatano uye kuziva roorano dzakadaro dzinoitwa mudzimwe zviremera. chisarudzo chinoraira roorano kuva nekodzero huru yokuroora uye fariro yerusununguko yeSTE Procesting Clause, inoratidzira mhindumupindu yekodzero dzamabumbiro emitemo kupfurikidza nokurangarira kwokutonga.

Kupedzisa uye Nzira Iri Mberi

Ukama pakati pekodzero dzevanhu nemitemo inodzivirira hwakadzika midzi uye hunochinja zvikuru. Mitemo inogovera gadziriro yepamutemo yokudzivirira kodzero dzevanhu, asi inoshanda bedzi samasangano anodzimanikidza nenzanga inodzitsigira. Kodzero dzavanhu dzinopawo mitemo yetsika dzakakodzera uye kambasi yokududzira.

Kutarira mberi, zvinoverengeka zvinotanga. Chokutanga, dzidzo inopfuurira pamusoro pekodzero negadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo inonetsa. Vadzidzi navagari vemo vanofanira kunzwisisa kwete bedzi kodzero dzavanadzo asi nzira yokudzitaura nayo nokudzidzivirira. Chechipiri, gadziriro dzapamutemo dzinofanira kuchinjira kuzvinetso zvitsva(magirabhu, kuchinja kwemamiriro okunze), uchenjeri hwokugadzira (*) pasina kuisa mberi rusununguko runokosha. Chechitatu, kodzero dzevanhu munyika yose uye kudzivirira kwemitemo yenyika yose zvinofanira kupfuurira kusimbisana, zvikurukuru sezvo tyisidziro dzinoda kugadziridzwa. Pakupedzisira, vatsigiri, vadzori, vamiriri vemitemo, uye vadzidzisi vanofanira kuramba vakangwarira pakuedza kuderedza kunzvera kwemitemo yemitemo uye ganhuriro.

Kudzivirirwa kwekodzero dzevanhu kuburikidza nemitemo hakungoiti chinhu chimwe chete asi kurwisana kunopfuurira. Nokudzidza ukama uhwu, tinozvishongedzera kuti tibatanidze zvine revo basa rinopfuurira rokuvaka zvakarurama, norusununguko, uye zvakaenzana.