Kutanga: Bhuroho reBumbiro reMitemo Pakati peHurumende Nesimba Rinotonga

Ukama pakati pehurumende nedzidziso yekodzero dzinokosha ibwe renheyo romutemo wemitemo yeAmerica yazvino uno. Iro rinokurukura mubvunzo wakakomba: igadziriroi dzeBill of Rights . pakutanga dzakagadzirirwa kuganhurira bedzi hurumende yehurumende yehurumende(8) inodzvinyirirawo zviito zvehurumende nevomunzvimbomo? Kupfurikidza nedzidziso yezvokubatanidza, Dare Rapamusoro reU.S. rakawedzera zvikuru, asi kwete dzose, dzedziviriro kuhurumende kupfurikidza neInternetic Amendment. Muitiro uyu wakagadziridzazve nyika yerusununguko rwomunhu, kuumba uriri hunokosha hwekodzero dzinoshanda mumitezo yose yehurumende. Unonzwisisa kuti kubatanidza kwakaita zvinhu kunoda sei kusanotarisisa pamashoko enhau, zvisarudzo zvinokosha zvokutonga, uye nharo dzinopfuurira pamusoro pekodzero dzekodzero dzekodzero.

Fandesheni Yenhau Yacho: Pamberi Pekusabvumirana

Kunzwisisa Kwepakutanga Kwekodzero

Apo Bill of Rights yakatenderwa muna 1791, kwakanzwisiswa zvakajeka kuganhurira bedzi hurumende itsva yehurumende, kwete nyika. Dare Rapamusorosaidzo rakasimbisa iyi dudziro mu Barron v. Baltimore [1833]), ichiita kuti kutora kwaGadziro yeFindmerment kusashanda kuhurumende kana kuti hurumende dzomunzvimbomo. Mutongi mukuru John Marshall akarangarira kuti Bill of Rights akanga aitirwa sonzvero pasimba rehurumende roga. Nokuda kwamakumi amakore anoverengeka akatevera, mitemo yenyika yakaramba iri manyuko makuru edziviriro nokuda kwekodzero dzomunhu oga, kuchitungamirira kumharadzo huru munyika yose.

Kuchinja Kwakavapo Hondo Yapera

Kuiswa kweChikamu che 13, chegumi nashanu Mutezo weChibvumirano cheChinese mukutevera Hondo yavagari vemo kwakashandura zvikuru dzikamo yehurumende. Inineth Amendment, yakagamuchirwa muna 1868, yakabatanidza zvitsauko zvinoverengeka zvikuru: Prilégeges kana kuti Immunion Claus . Kunyange zvazvo vavariro yapakuvamba yakanga iri kudzivirira kodzero dzavaAmerica vachangobva kusunungurwa, mutauro wemagariro wakanga wakafara. Maturaiwo airatidzika kuva mabanza e , uye [[FLT:] Equal dziviriro yeClaus [[FLT] [FLT] [5]] [FLT] [i] [i] yakakwana zvikuru] nokuda kweChikamu chapa.[3]

Dzidziso Yokusarudza: Mav.

Kusarudza: Kusvika Kusingachinji

Dzidziso yazvino uno yokubatanidza yakabuda zvishoma nezvishoma kupfurikidza nenhevedzano yenhau dzinotanga pakuvamba muzana ramakore rechi 20. Dare rakagamuchira kubatana kwakasarudzwa , kunzvera kodzero imwe neimwe muBill of Rights somunhu mumwe nomumwe uye kutema kana yakanga iri “yamatongerwe emitemo yeAmerica yeruramisiro” uye nokudaro inoshanda kumitengo. Uyu mutoo wakabvumira Dare kukudza dziviriro muNyaka, kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kuchitsamira pamurangariro we [[FLT:]] yakaita rusununguko[ uye kana yakanga yakajeka [FLT]] mu [FLT:] Palko].[FFLT] [5] [5] [4] [5] (3]) (3]) mumifungo wamashoko anopesana namashoko anopesana namashoko.[5]

Kupesana Kwakakwana Nekusabvumirana Kweruramisiro

Mutoo wakasiana, chitsama chinosvika , chakatsigirwa neMutongi Hugo Black. Iye akarangarira kuti Maropafadzo eMitemo ye 144 yePramendement kana kuti maImmuniti Claus aiitirwa kuita kuti Bill of Rights yose isungire nyika. Murangariro weBrack hauna kutongoraira voruzhinji, asi kusabvumirana kwake kwapesvedzera zvisarudzo zvakazotevera. Dare pakupedzisira rakaramba hwerengedzo, richichengeta kubatanidzwa kwakasarudzwa somutoo wavose. Zvisinei, kusimbisa kuoma kwerugwaro rwapakuvamba nerwomusikirwo rwekodzero dzinokosha.

Mhosva Dzedare Gurusa Murwendo Rwokusawirirana

Kugadziridzwa Kwokutanga Kwerusununguko: Mapiona

Kubatanidzwa kwamaruramiro eFirst Amendment kwakavamba nokushingaira ne Gitlow v. New York [1925]. Mu Gitlow[, Dare raidavira kuti Free Speak Claus Exption inoshanda kumitezo inopfuura napaIPFOM, kunyange zvazvo kutendiswa kwomukwidzi kwakatsigirwa padzimwe zvikonzero. Chisarudzo ichi chakazarura suo nokuda kwenhevedzano yenhau dzinotevera: [[FLT:]] Mbanga.[FLD] v[FLD]] [FLD]] [5]] [5] [ivongedzero yorudzi rumwe norumwe].[FLT]

Kodzero Dzematsotsi: Dare reWarren Court

Kuwedzera kunoshamisa zvikuru kwokubatanidzwa kwakaitika pasi poMutongi Mukuru Earl Warren muna 1960. Dare reWarren rakashandisa nzira dzoutsotsi dzakawanda kuhurumende, zvikurukuru dzichichinja kutarisirwa kweruramisiro. Mhaka dzemutongo weLandmark dzinosanganisira:

  • Mapp v. Ohio (1961) – Inobatanidza mutemo weGavhuramisiti weChina, kuvhara ufakazi hunowanwa kupfurikidza nokunzvera kusina mufungo uye nhunzvi.
  • Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) – I kubatanidza maruramiro eEchitanhatu Reformation kukupa zano muzvinoitika zvenjodzi.
  • Miranda v. Arizona (66) – Inobatanidza ropafadzo yeFindrencement yeshanu mukurwisana nokuzvipanikira sokwakashandisirwa kubvunzurudzo dzekodzero, ichida nyevero yazvino yefamilia “Manda.”
  • Duncan v. Louisiana (1968) – yakabatanidza maruramiro eEchitanhatu Echibvumirano chokutonga nedare rinobetsera vatongi mumhaka dzoutsotsi dzakakomba.

Zvisarudzo izvi zvakavimbisa kuti vaipomerwa mhosva vehurumende vaidzivirirwa zvakafanana nevaipomerwa hurumende, kuchinja kunoramba kuchipesvedzera zvikuru mumapurisa eAmerica uye mumatare.

Dzimwe Kodzero Dzinobatanidzwa

Kupfuura First Amendment nemuitiro woutsotsi, Dare rabatanidza dzimwe gadziriro. Kodzero yeChipiri yeFirst Amendment yokuchengeta nokutakura zvombo yakabatanidzwa mu McDonald v. Guta reChicago (202010), kutambanudza kubatwa kwe Dhiverset of Columbia. [FLT] [FLT]] [2008] kuhurumende nomunzvimbomo. Kudzorwa kweFifth Amend Amend kwakapindwa mu [FL:] Chati, Burton & lamp; gricking. V[FFF] [5] [9] [9]

Kodzero Dzisina Kubatanidzwa: Chinosara Kunze

Haisi gadziriro iri yose yeBill of Rights yakanyoreswa. Kurambidza kweThird Amendment pavana vamauto hakuna kutongobatanidzwa zvakananga, kunyange zvazvo dare rimwe rehurumende rakakarakadza kuti kungava kunokosha. Kodzero yeFindreFmendment kudare guru redare rinotonga inoramba isina kubatanidzwa, zvinoreva zvingashandisa dzimwe nzira dzakadai sedzokutangira nyaya. Chibvumirano cheSandetic Amendment kutongwa kwedare revagari vemo munhau dzevagari vemo hachina kushandiswa kumitengo. Iri basa rinoratidzira chimiro chakasarudzwa chokutonga: Dare rinosarudza kana kodzero “yakadzika midzi mutsika nehana yevanhu vedu sezvinokosha” [[[FLT:] der.[FLP]

Basa Regadziriro Isinganyanyi Kukodzera

Kubva Murusununguko Rwemari Kuenda Kuzvirongera Kwomunhu Oga

Kurongeka kwakabatana zvikuru nedzidziso huru ye muitiro wakafanira . Nepo kubatanidzwa kuchishanda maruramiro chaiwo kubva paBill of Rights kuenda kudzimwe nyika, mutoo unoziva kodzero dzinokosha dzisingadzivirirwiwo nekodzero dzehwakavanzika dzinodzivirirwawo neBasero reBase Claus. Idzodzi dzinobatanidza maruramiro akadai seroorano, ukama hwemhuri, kuvhara pamuviri, uye kubvisa mimba. Groldbrb v. Connecticut[[FL:] [5]], Dare iro rakati kuva revo rakarurama kuvandika, kunyange zvazvo risina kujeka mumifungo wapamutemo. Kunyange zvazvo zvakarongwa mumibatanidzwa mumifungo misere inoreve.

Mazano Egadziriro Yakafanira Nokuwiriraniswa

Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti zvose zviri zviviri kubatanidzwa nokubatanidza kwakafanira kunopa vatongi uchenjeri hukuru zvikuru hwokugadzira maruramiro matsva kana kuti kufutunura ekare kupfuura revo yavo yapakuvamba. Vanyori vepakuvamba, vakadai seMutongi wokupedzisira Antonin Scalia, vakaomerera kuti kubatanidzwa kunofanira kuganhurirwa kukodzero idzo dzakanzwisiswa munhau sedzaikosha panguva yeKinneth Amendrametic’s. Justice Clarence Thomas akatsigira kuvandudza maropafadzo kana kuti Immunities Clausce sehwaro yokudzivirira yose iri miviri uye isina kunyorwa.

Kutapura Kodzero Dzinokosha: Kuenzana uye Kurwira

Kugadzira Mudhuri Wezvidziviriro Zvorudzi

Chinonyanya kukosha pakubatanidza kwave kuri kuumbwa kwe muganhu wapakati penyika yose wekodzero dzinokosha. Pamberi pokubatanidza, munhu anganyimwa dziviriro dzokutaura dzakasununguka mune imwe nyika achiifarira. Nhasi, First Amendment inovimbisa kuti hapana hurumende ingavhiringidza rusununguko. Nenzira yakafanana, kodzero dzeSikisith Amendment yokupa zano inovimbisa kuti hapana munhu anomanikidzwa kumira muedzo pasina gweta. Iyi purogiramu inosimbisa mutemo uye inosimbisa pfungwa yokuti kodzero dzinokosha muAmerica yose, pasinei zvapo nemamiriro ezvinhu okugara kwavo.

Kusawirirana Nemagariro Evanhu uye Kudzora Kwomunzvimbomo

Panguva imwe cheteyo, kubatanidzwa kwakaderedza mano enyika okuedza nemitoo yakasiana yomutemo kururamisiro youtsotsi nerusununguko rwavagari vemo. Vatsoropodzi vokubatanidza kukuru vanotaura kuti kunosekesa utongi hwehurumende, nheyo yebumbiro remitemo iyo hurumende inofanira kuchengeta kuzvimirira kukuru kuti iratidzire mipimo yomunzvimbomo. Somuenzaniso, dzimwe nyika dzakambobvumira kunzvera kusina murairo mune mamwe mashoko uko Dare guru rakazorambidza. Kudzikamisa muganhu pakati pekodzero dzomunhu nechiremera choumambo kunoramba kuri chiteshiviso chikuru mumitemo.

Mibvunzo Yazvino Uno Yokuzvirumbidza Neisingapedzisi

Kuchinja Kwechipiri Kwenhau uye Kodzero Yokutakura Zvombo

Kubatanidzwa kweChipiri Pendment mu McDonald v. Guta reChicago (2010) rakamutsa kurondedzerwa kutsva pamusoro pekodzero dzepfuti. Chisarudzo chinodikanwa chehurumende nemaguta kururamisa mirau yazvo yepfuti mukuongorora kumwe kworumano kumwe cheteko kunodzora mitemo yehurumende. Matare epasi pevhu anopfuurira kurwisana nemibvunzo pamusoro pemitemo ipi yakati yepfuti inobvumirwa pashure pokutora rutivi. Iyi nharaunda inoratidza kuti kuva dzidziso yakabatana haisi dzidziso yakabatana asi inotangira seDare rinorondedzera kurongwa kwekodzero dzinokosha.

Kuva Wega Nekuchinja Kwechina

Fambiro mberi muruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu dzinomutsa mibvunzo mitsva. Nepo dziviriro yeFreadmerment paSpeedment yakabatira kare kuhurumende, nzira iyo dziviriro idzodzo dzinoshanda nayo kumashoko emichina nekombiyuta (yakadai sezvinyorwa zvenzvimbo yeserura, maemail, uye Internet kunzvera nhau dzenhau) ichiri kupfuudzwa. Chisarudzo cheDare repamusoro mu Carbert v. United States [2088], iyo yaiirangarira kuti hurumende inowanzoda maruramiro okuwana mashoko enzvimbo yenzvimbo yenhau, anovakirwa panheyo dzekareji yechinasidhiyo asi haapunzinoputsa nzvimbo itsva mumitengo youdzo imene. Zvisinei, zviitiko zvomunguva yemberi zvingaedza kana dzidziso ichigona kuva yakavanzika.

Agenda Aiwasurutswa: Chitendero Chikuru Nekodzero Dzehurumende

Sezvataurwa, chinodikanwa chikuru cheFindth Amendment chedare redare chinoramba chisina kubatanidzwa, zvinoreva nyika dzinogona kushandisa mimwe miitiro. Nenzira yakafanana, kodzero yeSaventh Amendment yedare revagari vemo haisungi mumatare ehurumende. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinotaura kuti kusiiwa uku kunoparira gadziriro yeruramisiro ine mvumo mbiri, umo vakwiridziri vehurumende vanofarikanya dziviriro huru dzedare asi vasingapomerwi nehurumende. Kana Dare razvino uno ringabatanidza kodzero idzi hakuzivikanwi, kupiwa mirangariro yapakuvamba neyoushamwari hwehurumende. Asi nhau yacho inoramba iri musoro unoshingaira wekurukurirano yapamutemo nedzidzo yezvoruzivo rwedzidzo.

Mugumisiro: Dzidziso Mupenyu Yorudzi Runochinja

Ukama pakati pechikamu che Mnonda [ uye kupfuura, Dare Rapamusoro rashandisa Gwende raMaminuro aNinethi Remite kuumba musengwa worudzi kurusununguko rwomunhu. Mazano akasarudzwa akabvumira Dare kugadziridza kodzero itsva apo rinenge richiremekedza mutemo wapakuvamba. Panzvimbo yaro, rinoratidzira kutenda kuti dzimwe kodzero dzinokosha kwazvo kuti dzidzivirirwe kuhurumende yose.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, nzvera mifungo yakazara yezvinoitika zvekiyi zvinobatanidza pa Gitlow v. New York uye Mapp v. Ohio paOyez, Cornell Information Institute ye [[FLT:]] dzidziso ye , uye kurukurirano yemuitiro wakafanira mu [[FTT:6]] Centritiotion [[FLT]] ANT].