Kutarisira kwomutemo kunomira serimwe ramabasa anokosha zvikurusa ehurumende inomirira, achibatira somutoo wetsika wokunzvera, kuhwirudzura, uye kutungamirira mibato yamasangano ehurumende navakuru vakuru vehurumende. Nepo basa guru redare richiita mitemo, simba raro rokutarisira kuitwa kwemitemo iyoyo rinokosha zvakaenzana. Mumuitiro, utarisiri hwemitemo hunovimbisa kuti mabasa ehurumende anowirirana nevavariro yemitemo, mari inodzorwa nenzira inodzorwa, uye maruramiro evagari vemo nefariro zvinoramba zvakadzivirirwa pasimba rehurumende rinosarudzwa kana kuti rinokurira. Pasina kudzorwa kukurusa kwomutemo unogona kushatiswa kana kuti kufuratiswa, kubviswa ruvimbiko rwavose nokuzvidavirira kwavose.

Pachikamu chayo chikuru, kutungamirira kwemitemo kunoshanda segadziriro yecherekedzo dzinopfuurira nedzinochinjika pakati pemapazu emitemo neanotungamirira. Inogonesa vagadziri vemitemo kuunganidza mashoko, kuyera basa, kuziva tsvina kana kuti kushatiswa, uye kurumbidza zviito zvokururamisa. Iri basa harisiriwo zvaro asi rinoshanda asiwo rinoshanda, kubvumira miraudzo kuumba migumisiro kupfurikidza nokuongorora kunopfuurira uye kugadziridza mitemo kuti igadziridze mamiriro ezvinhu. Mugadziriro dzehurumende yedemocracy pasi pose, kurangarirwa kuva kunokosha mukudzivisa kuiswa kwesimba nokuchengetedza mutemo. Nyaya ino inonzvera pfungwa, ukoshi, mitoo, tarisiro, uye miitiro yakanakisisa yemitemo inodzivirira sei migariro inodzivirira migariro yavagari vemo nefariro.

Kunzwisisa Utariri Hwomutemo: Tsananguro Nemifungo

Kutarisira kwomutemo kunogona kurondedzerwa sehwirudzuro, kutarisirwa, uye kutarisirwa kwebazu guru uye masangano aro nedare rewisc. Kunobatanidza mhatsa yakasiyana- siyana yemibato, kuvambira pakubvunza kwetsika nokunzwa kusvikira kukunzvera kwakarongwa nokunzvera. Vavariro ndeyokuva nechokwadi chokuti mitemo inoshandiswa nokutendeka, kuti zviwanikwa zvavose zvinoshandiswa zvakanaka uye mutsika, uye kuti mitemo yehurumende inoita miuyo yayo yakarongwa. Kutonga kunogoverawo mukoto kuti vagadziri vemitemo vazvirongwa vazvidzore, iyo iri nzira inokosha yehurumende yehurumende yedemocratic utongi.

Murangariro woutariri wakavapo kwamazana amakore. Zvimiro zvapakuvamba zvinogona kurondwa kusvikira kukudzora kweMitemo yeEngland pakushandiswa kwemari yeHurumende. Munguva dzazvino uno, sezvo hurumende yakakura kuva mabasa egarikano akaoma zvikuru, gadziriro dzokutarisira dzakava dzakaisvonaka. Nhasi, masangano emitemo anoshandisa mabhii, masangano ezvokuzvidavirira kwehurumende, uye mutevedzeri mumwe nomumwe wemitemo kuti aite basa iri. Mutezo woutariri unofukidza chinhu chiri chose kubva pakushandiswa kwemari uye kubatira kwomutemo nokudzivirirwa kwekodzero dzevanhu.

Kune mienzaniso miviri yerondedzero yakafara youtariri: mapurisa anotenderera mugwagwa" uye ar app yomoto". Muteveri wemapurisa anobatanidza kushingaira, kutarisirwa kwapakati kunoitwa nevanopa mitemo uye mapurisa avo (*kufanana namapurisa anorinda mumhanzi. Chiratidzo chemoto chinotsamira pamachikamu echikamu nemapoka ezvifariro kumutsa, kufambisa kupindira kwemutemo apo zvinetso zvinomuka. Hurumende zhinjisariradzo dzinoshandisa mubatanidzwa wezvose zviri zviviri, asi migove inotapura migove, kupindura, uye ukudzikama.

Kukosha Kwoutariri Hwokuchengetedza Vagari Vemo

Kutarisira kwomutemo kunodzivirira zvakananga vagari vemo kupfurikidza nokuva nechokwadi chokuti zviito zvehurumende zvinoramba zviri mukati memiganhu yapamutemo ndokubatira fariro yavose.Mativi makuru anoverengeka anosimbisa iri basa rokudzivirira:

  • Kuzvidavirira: Kudzorwa kunopa vakuru vakuru vehurumende mutoro wezvisarudzo zvavo nezviito. Apo masangano anokundikana kusvitsa mipimo yapamutemo kana kuti kushandisa zvisina kufanira chiremera, mirau yemitemo nemishumo zvinogona kufumura idzi mitoo yokururamisa. Ikoku kunoparira chidziviso mukurwisana nomufambiro wakashata uye kunovimbisa kuti vakuru vakuru vapindure vamiriri vakasarudzwa.
  • Trap: Kupfurikidza nokuda masangano kugovera mashoko, kupupurira, uye kururamisa zviito zvavo, utariri hunosimudza chifukidziro pamabasa ehurumende. Vagari vanowana nzwisiso pamusoro penzira iyo madhora omutero anopedzerwa nayo, kuti mirau inodzo inodzorwa nayo, uye kuti mitemo inotapura sei upenyu hwavo hwezuva nezuva. Hurumende inosimudzira nokugonesa kuwirirana kwavanhu vose.
  • Kutsiva kwokushandisa zvisina kufanira Simba: Kudzora kunobatira secherekedzo pakunzverwa kwevakuru vakuru. Kunogona kufumura ushati, rwisano dzefariro, kunzvera kusiri kwapamutemo, kana kuti kudzikamisa pamutemo. Somuenzaniso, matare emitemo akafumura mitoo yokuputsa kodzero dzevagari vemo mudzimba, mapurisa, uye kunyoreswa kwevagari vemo, kuchitungamirira kukudzivirira vagari vemo vasina dziviriro.
  • Kudzora kunobvumira vagari vemo namasangano enzanga kukurukura zvinovanetsa kuvaiti vemitemo. Kupfurikidza nokunzwa, tsinhiro dzavose, uye mishumo yeririro, vagadziri vemitemo vanodzidza pamusoro pemiuyo isingakarirwa yemitemo kana kuti kukundikana kwesangano. Uku kugadziriswa kunobetsera mirau yokuvandudza kuti vagari vemo vabati vabatire zviri nani zvinodikanwa.
  • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kana masangano afuratira mirairo yapamutemo kana kuti kupfuvura chiremera chawo, kupindira kwemitemo kunogona kudzorera gadziriro yapamutemo yakafanira, kudzivirira maruramiro avanhu pachiito chehurumende choushiviriro.

Munzanga dzinosarudzwa nevanhu, basa rokudzivirira kutarisira rinonyanya kunetsa mapoka asina kutarisirwa zvakanaka angave asina simba rezvematongerwe enyika kana kuti pfuma yokudzivirira kodzero dzawo.

Nzira Nezvinhu Zvokutarisira Mutemo

Mitemo inoshandisa mutoo wakasiana - siana wokutarisira nawo. Sarudzo yemitoo inotsamira pachinyorwa, zviwanikwa zvinowanika, uye mamiriro ezvinhu ezvamatongerwe enyika. Mitoo inozivikanwa navose inobatanidza:

  • Committee Livings: Akamira kana kuti kusarudza matare anobata kutongwa kuvakuru vakuru vesangano, nyanzvi, uye vaparidzi. Kunzwa kunogona kuva kunzvera, kutarisira, kana kuti kusimbisa. Iwo imotokari yokutanga yokuunganidza mashoko nokuedza pachena. Kunzwa kunorongwa kunogona kusimbisa zvinetso zvegadziriro yetsika ndokuparira kufukidzwa kwemasangano anodzvinyirira kuti agadziridze.
  • Investory: Apo pomero dzakakomba dzekusazvibata kana kuti kundikano yemitemo dzinomuka, vagadzi vemitemo vangabvumira matare chaiwo kuitisa munzvero dzakadzika. Izvi zvinobatanidza chaizvoizvo masimba echipupunu, chipupuriro chenyanzvi, uye chinyorwa chakakura. Mienzaniso inobatanidza kunzvera kweChibvumirano cheU.S. kunzvera kweWatergate-in uye 9/11 yebvunziro yeProms.
  • Nzvero nenzvero: Masangano mazhinji emitemo ane masangano chaiwo okunzvera, akadai seHofisi yeMasarendi yeHurumende yeU.S. (GAO) kana kuti mahofisi okunzvera enyika, ayo anoitisa bvunzurudzo dzemari nedzemari. Uku kunzvera kwakazvimirira kunoyera kana mapurogiramu achisvitsa zvinangwa zvawo uye kana mari ichishandiswa zvakanaka. Mishumo yeDhikita yePUS inopa mashoko echinangwa icho vaiti vemitemo vanogona kushandisa kukumbira kuvandudza.
  • Komiti dzeMishumo yeProtongedzero: kazhinji kazhinji inoshuma kupeta zvawawana, rumbidzo, uye zviito zvinodikanwa. Mishumo inogona kunyandura chinjo dzemitemo, gadziridzo dzemari, kana kuti chinjo dzemitezo yesangano. Inobatirawo sezvinyorwa zvavose zvomubato woutariri.
  • Nguva dzeKupindura neMibvunzo nokuda kwemhinduro Yakanyorwa: Gadziriro zhinji dzeparamende dzinoratidzira nhambo yebvunzo yenguva dzose umo vafundisi vanobvunzurudzwa navagadziri vemitemo vanoshora. Mibvunzo yakanyorwa inobvumirawo mibvunzo ine udzame inoda mhinduro dzakarongwa, ichiparira pepa revo rekuzvidavirira kwevakuru vakuru.
  • Bridget Reviews ne Appropries: Simba rechikwama ndichimwe chezvishandiso zvakasimba zvikurusa zvokutarisira. Kupfurikidza nokudzora mari, matare emitemo anogona kuganhurira kana kuti kuita zviito zvesangano.
  • Kufema nzeve: Mumiitiro umo masangano emitemo anogadza chigaro anosimbisa vadzorwi, kunzwa kunonzvera zvikwaniriso nemirangariro yemiitiro yavamirine. Uyu muitiro unogona kuumba nhungamiro yesangano uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti vakagadzwa vanosungirwa kudzorwa novezvematongerwe enyika.
  • [ Mitemo yeWattleer Dziviriro: inodzivirira vanoridza mhete vanoshuma kusazvibata kunopfavisa kutarisira kupfurikidza nokukurudzira vatsigiri kupinda. Mitemo inogona kusimbisazve iyi dziviriro ndokushandisa chipupuriro cheridzo sechinotungamirira kunzvero.

Ruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu runokosha zvikuru. Kuziva nezvemapepa ezvirongwa zvehurumende, zvikuva zvakavhurika, uye maturusi anoshuma nemadhigirii kunobvumira masangano okutonga basa resangano panguva chaiyo.

Matambudziko Anotadzisa Kutungamirira Zvinobudirira

Pasinei nokuti utungamiriri hwehurumende hunokosha, hungasangana nezvipingamupinyi zvinotoita kuti husabudirira.

  • Mitemo nePartisan Press: Mitemo inowanzotarisana nevimbiko dzinopesana(kutungamirira boka), kuvatungamiriri vebato, kana kuti vapinyi venhimbe. Kunyanyodzora kungasawiriranwa apo ruzhinji runodzivirira bazu rinotungamirira rinodzorwa nebato rimwe chetero. Njodzi, mapoka anoshora angashandisa utarisiri sechombo nokuda kwebetsero yechikamu panzvimbo pokuzvidavirira kwechokwadi. Kutarisira nezvokwadi yezvamatongerwe enyika kwakaoma.
  • Kusanovaka Manyuko naExplorence: Kutarisira kunoshanda kunoda vashandi vane unyanzvi, nguva, uye mari. Masangano mazhinji okugadza pamutemo, zvikurukuru munyika dzichiri kubudirira kana kuti nyika kana kuti mwero yehurumende, kushaiwa upfumi hwakakwana hwokuita nzvero huru. Vabati kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji vanorebesa, uye vagadziri vemitemo vangava nounyanzvi hushomanene panhau dzemiitiro yezvoutano kana kuti chengeteko yenyika.
  • Zvirongwa zveHurumende yaMazuva ano: zvinova zvakaoma kunzwisisa nenzira inowedzera, kubatanidza masangano akawanda, zvivako, uye zvikwata zvehurumende. Ubati ushe hunoda nzwisiso yemashoko akaoma, gadziriro, uye miuyo yenhambo refu. Masimba angarwisa kuti avambirane noukuru hwebasa rehurumende.
  • Kupesana neKusabatira pamwe kuBhironzero Dzinodzora: Kuda kugadziridza kunganonoka mhinduro, kungagovera mashoko asina kukwana, kana kuti kutaura zvakavanzika (zvakadai seropafadzo yavakuru vakuru kana kuti chengeteko yenyika) kudzivisa kunzvera. Kunyange apo kunenge kuchidikanwa pamutemo kubatira pamwe, mamwe masangano anoshandisa nzira dzinodzosera mativi ose idzo dzinodzongonyedza nhamburiko dzokutarisira.
  • Rack of Teew-Fodown: Kunyange apo utariri hunozivisa zvinetso, rumbidzo dzingasateererwa. Pasina mitoo yokudzikamisa mutengo yakadai semabhajeti anodzivisa, chiito chemitemo, kana kuti dzvinyiriro yavose(aPProfections) ingafuratira zviwanwa. Musiyano pakati pezviwanwa zvoutariri nezvinoitwa unoramba uri denho inopfuurira.
  • .Jidicial and Legal Constrects: Mune dzimwe nharaunda, matare anoganhurira utariri hwemitemo kupfurikidza nokukumbira kuparadzana kwamasimba kana kuti maruramiro avanhu. Nepo iyi miganhu iri madikanwa, pane dzimwe nguva inogona kudzivirira zviito zvechiremera mukunzvera kwapamutemo.

Kugadzirisa zvinetso izvi kunoda kuda zvamatongerwe enyika, kuchinja zvinhu, uye tsika yokuzvidavirira. mitumbi inotarisira yehurumende, masimba akasimba zvikuru, uye mikoto yakadzivirirwa nokuda kwokuridzira varidzi verimba irumbidzo dzinozivikanwa navose.

Kuongorora Zvisarudzo Mukutarisira Kwomutemo

Kuongorora mienzaniso yenyika chaiyo kunoratidza kuti kutungamirira mitemo kunokwanisa uye hakukwanisi.

Ramgate (1973 - 1974)

Chinonyadzisa cheWatergate chinoramba chiri nhau inoshamisa yokutarisira kwomutemo kunobudirira. Dare reU.N. Sarudza Dare rePresidential Campaiting Activities, rakapiwa basa rokuteerera naSam Ervin, rakazivisa zvikuru zvaibatanidzwa nedare reNixon mukuputsa uye kufukidza. Kupfurikidza nemhedziso dzinopikiswa, dare rakaratidzira kushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwesimba, kubatanidza kushandiswa zvisina pamutemo uye kushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwamasangano ehurumende. Kunzwa kwakafumura mifungo yavose uye kwakatungamirira kukubudiswa kwechinjo huru: Chibvumirano chePuncicence Act, Freegatect Act inosimbisa, uye kugadzwa kwegadziriro kwegadziriro yazvipo nemitemo. Muenzaniso uyu unoratidza kuti kutarisira kunogona sei kuratidzira uori, kumanikidza, uye kubudisa gadziriro yokubvisa mamiriro amabasa ehurumende kodzero dzavagari vemo.

Dambudziko Remari ra2008 uye Kutarisira Kunotevera

Njodzi yezvemari ya2008 yakatanga kutarisirwa kukuru kwemitemo, zvikurukuru muUnited States Congress Komiti yeSangano reMitengo yeManishoni neDare reDare reDare reMasangano reMasangano eSanimari rakava nemhesva dzakawanda kuti rinzvere zvisakiso, kubatanidza basa ravakweretesi vedzimba, mabhangi ezvemari, uye masangano ezvokuronga zvinhu zvakadai seSafecurence and Exchange Commission. Financial Intestem yeIntelligation , boka redare reSanteginment rakaitwa neCongress Committenment, rakabudisa mushumo une udzamendero wakakwana wokuratidza kukundikana mumitemo nokutarisira. Basa iri ringatungamirira kumiteveridzo huru yakaitwa sei ku Madhik-Frank Street Reformation neFive Protection Act [F 1], iyo yakaisa miraudzo itsva itsva itsva itsva, yakagadzira zvemari yemari yePrejinitor Bureauganda, uye kudzo. Chipote

United Kingdom: Dare Rokusarudza reParamende

Dare reUK Paramende rine gadziriro yakasimba yedare inodzora madhipatimendi ose ehurumende. Somuenzaniso, Dare reMaakaundi eVhoriya rekuongorora ukoshi hwemari mumari yehurumende, nepo Dare reHome Affairs Committee richiongorora kubuda nokudzorwa kwemitemo yemapurisa. Chimwe chinhu chikuru chakanga chiri kuongorora kweDare mhosva yeropa yakasvibiswa, yakaratidza kusava nebasa reropa mumabasa eNHS. Kubvunzurudza kwedare kwokusashivirira uye mishumo yehurumende kumanikidza kukumbira ruregerero nokutanga chirongwa chokubhadhara. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti kutarisira dare kunoramba kunoitwa kunyange panenge pakatadza kushanda zvakanaka kwenguva refu.

Miitiro Yakanakisisa Yokusimbisa Kutarisira Kwomutemo

Kuti pave nokubudirira kwekutungamirira mitemo uye kudzivirira kodzero dzevagari vemo zviri nani, miitiro yakanakisisa inoverengeka inofanira kushandiswa:

Kutarisira Kwomutemo Mundima Yenyika Yose

Masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika akasiyana - siyana anoshandisa nzira dzakasiyana- siyana dzokutarisira. Mumiitiro yePuercerial seUnited States, Congress inoshandisa tarisiro ine simba kupfurikidza namatare uye mano okutungamirira vakuru vakuru vebazu vanodzora. Mumasangano eparamende, mukuru mukuru anotorwa kubva kudivi rehurumende, iro rinogona kuva nemiraukwano isina kujeka yekuzvidavirira(5) uye madare okusarudza anogovera mitongo. Nyika dzakawanda dzakatanga mahofisi akadai se U.S Officeal auccountriation Office [[FL:1] kana kuti mahofisi okubhajekisirwa enyika anobatira mabasa adzorwa asingatsigiri. Mumatsva, masangano okutarisira angagoveranwa kuva asina kuganhurirwa kwapato. Masangano enyika ose, akadai seInter-Parliatic Union ne World Bank, anopa basa rokutarisira mabasa okubetsera basa rawo munyika yose.

Mugumisiro: Kungwarira

Kutarisira kwomutemo hakusati kuri muitiro woga wezvokudzora wehurumende. Kupfurikidza nokuita kuti gadziriro yokutonga kwehurumende ive nokuzvidavirira kwakarurama, kusimudzira kuoneka, kudzivirira kushata, uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti mitemo inoshanda sezvakarongwa, kutarisira zvakananga vagari vemo. Zvinetso (jekiseti) zvezvamatongerwe enyika, mitemo inodzivisa mari, kudzivirira kwesangano (kwazvo chaizvoizvo), asi zvinogona kukurirwa kupfurikidza nezvichada zvokushandira, pfuma yakakwana, uye kuvimbisana kwavose. Sezvo hurumende dzinova dzinova dzakaoma zvikuru, kudikanwa kwesimba, kutarisirwa kwapavhurira kunofanira kuwedzera. Vagari vanofanira kuraira kuti vamiriri vavo vakasarudzwa vashandise simba iri nokushingaira, nemhaka yokuti basa rokutarisira rakaneta kana kuti rakavasiya suo risingaverengerwi.