Chii Chiri Chepfu uye Dzikamo?

Gadziriro yechekedzo nedzikamo yakavakirwa kuudzori hwebumbiro-mitemo. Inoparadzira chiremera chehurumende pakati pamapazu akaparadzana(akaenzana) neapamutemo, uye anotonga kuti bazu rimwe nerimwe rigone kuganhurira masimba avamwe. Uku kuparadzana hakusati kuri kuvawo zvako kuva kuri nani mugadziriro yezvivako; kwakagadzirirwa kudzivisa chinhu chimwe nechimwe kuti chisadzorwa. Nheyo inotsamira pachitendero chokuti simba, apo rinonangidzirwa, rinova rine ngozi. Kupfurikidza nokuda batira pamwe chete nokutarisirana, kunzvera nokudzikamisa munhu mumwe nomumwe anodzivirira rusununguko uye anosimudzira kudzora kunozvidavirira.

MuUnited States, iyi gadziriro yakasimbiswa muBumbiro reMitemo. Vagadziri vemitemo, vanopesvedzerwa nomuzivi wezvamatongerwe enyika Montesquieu nemuenzaniso weBritain wehurumende yakavhengana, vakaita gadziriro apo bazu remitemo rinoisa mitemo, bazu rinotonga rinoimanikidzira, uye bazu rinotonga rinozvidudzira. Bazu rimwe nerimwe rine masimba nemabasa zvakasiyana, bva ivo vanobatana munzira dzinobvumira utariri. Somuenzaniso, purezidhendi anogona kuisa mutemo unopiwa neCongress, nepo Congress inogona kupfuudza mutemo usati wapfurwa nevoruzhinji vaviri. Dare rapamusorosoro rinogona kuzivisa mitemo isati iri yegaro, asi purezidhendi anotonga, uye Dare rinovadzingisa.

Kukosha Kwekero Nedzikamo

Macheki uye kudzikama haisi pfungwawo zvayo; ine migumisiro chaiyo kuvagari vemo zuva nezuva.

  • Kushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwesimba: Kupfurikidza nokuparadzira chiremera, tsika inoita kuti kuve kwakaoma kuti bazu ripi neripi riite chimwe chinhu pasina muganhu. Purezidhendi haagoni kuita mitemo oga; mutemi wemitemo haagoni kuiuraya. Ikoku kunoparira nzvimbo dzakawanda dzokudzivisa mukunyengera.
  • Kudzivirirwa kwekodzero Dzemunhu mumwe nomumwe: Vagari vemo vanobetserwa negadziriro inovabvumira kudenha zviito zvehurumende. Vatongi vanogona kuputsa mitemo inoputsa rusununguko rwebumbiro remitemo, uye mutezo wemitemo unogona kunzvera kusazvibata kwevakuru vakuru. Ikoku kunopa nhoo yapamutemo nokuda kwezvishomanene namanzwi anopesana.
  • [[FT:0] Kudzorwa kweIrevo: Nemhaka yokuti mapazi akasiana - siana anofanira kukurukurirana nokubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira, miitiro inowanzova inosanonyorwa. Zvikarakadzo zvenharo zvinonzvera chiso nezvidimbu zvakasiyana, kuchideredza ngozi yokukurumidza kana kuti zviito zvinotambudza.
  • Kubhadharwa nokuratidzira: Bazu rimwe nerimwe rine zvishandiso zvokufumura nokururamisa zvikanganiso zvevamwe. Kunzwa kweCongression, mishumo yenhau, uye matare anotonga zvinounza mibato yehurumende mukuona kwavanhu, zvichimanikidzira vakuru vakuru kururamisa zvisarudzo zvavo.

Kuongorora Nokudzikamisa Basa

Bazu Romutemo

Congress, sebazu romutemo, ine simba rokuita mitemo. Inonzvera bazu guru kupfurikidza nemiitiro inoverengeka: rinogona kukurira mavhiri apurezidhendi, kusimbisa kana kuti kuramba kugadza kwavakuru vakuru nezvibvumirano, uye kushandisa simba raro rokusaraira kubvisa vakuru vakuru vehurumende. House of Declaimers inovamba kutemwa, uye Dare rinotongawo kutonga. Dare rinodzora bhajeti renyika, richiipa nzvimbo yokutanga yenzvimbo yechiremera. Mukuwedzera, matare anogona kupupurira vakuru vakuru vakuru uye mapepa, achitungamirira kunzvera muzviito zvehurumende.

Bazu Rine Vatungamiriri

Purezidhendi, somukuru webazu guru, anogona kuisa mutemo unopfuudzwa neDare, kunyange zvazvo iyi dare richigona kuva risina kujeka. Purezidhendi anewo simba rokupa mirairo yavakuru vakuru inoraira kuti mitemo inodzorwa sei, asi iyi mirairo inogona kudenhwa mudare kana kuti yakaganhurirwa neDare kupfurikidza nemitemo. Bazu guru rinogadza vatongi vehurumende, kubatanidza vatongi veDare guru, nesimbi yeDare. Simba iri rinoumba mutongi wejudicariary kwamakumi amakore. Purezidhendiwo anoshanda saMutungamiriri wedare rehondo, asi Congresssporce Carence anogona kuzivisa hondo, achiparira nzverongedzero pachiito chehondo.

Bazu Rokutonga

Madison (1803) uye anoramba achinzvera zvakakomba pamapazu ose ari maviri emitemo neanotungamirira. Matare anodudzira mitemo kana kuti zviito zvehurumende zvisiri zvehurumende. Chiremera ichi chakatangwa mu Marbury v. Madison (103) (183) uye anoramba achinzvera zvakakomba pazvose zviri zviviri matare emitemo neanotungamirira. Matare anodudzira mitemo uye anogona kurova zviito zvehurumende zvinoputsa Bumbiro remitemo. Vatongi vanogadzwa kuti vazvidzivirire paupenyu, asi miraudzo yavo inogona kudzorwa nemitemo yemitemo kana kuti, mumhakano yakaganhurirwa, kupfurikidza nokushandura matare.

Uku kufambidzana kunoparira gadziriro inoshamisa. Somuenzaniso, kana Congress ikapfuudza mutemo unoganhurira kutaura kwakasununguka, bazu guru ringasarudza kusakumanikidzira nesimba, kana kuti matare angagona kuutonga pasina murairo. Kana purezidhendi akashandisa mirairo yavakuru vakuru kumisa Congress, vaiti vemitemo vanogona kubvisa mapurogiramu akati kana kuti kuisa mitemo mitsva inoganhurira mirayiro iyoyo. Nhano dzejajiridzo dzinopinda mukupedza rwisano pakati pamapazu, kuvimbisa dzikamo yemitemo inochengetwa.

Zvakaitika Kare Nezvekuongorora Uye Kudzikamiswa Kwazvo

Pfungwa yemasimba okuparadzanisa ndeyakare, inooneka muhurumende dzakavhengana dzeRoma namanyoro aAristotle. Zvisinei, kuumbwa kwazvino uno kunoparirwa zvakananga naMontesquieu, ane basa ra1748 Mudzimu weMitemo [ yakataura kuti rusununguko runodzivirirwa zvakanakisisa apo chibvumirano, dare, uye mabasa okutonga zvinovanzwa zvinoiswa mumitumbi yakasiana. VaAmerica, vaikwikwikwidzani vakatsunga kudzivisa udzvinyiriri mu 1780, vakanga vakatsunga kudzivisa kutonga kwamasimba makuru muBritain. Vakagadzira Bumbiro remitemo iro rinorwisana nesimba noune simba. James Madison, mu [FLT:] Firelist.[FFF:3]

Mienzaniso Yenhau Yakatanhamara

  • [FLT] Marbury v. Madison (1803):[[FLT] Iyi mhaka yeDare rapamusoro zvikurusa yakatanga kuhwirudzurwa. Apo Purezidhendi Thomas Jefferson akaramba kupa basa raWilliam Marbury sedare reruramisiro yorugare, Mutongi Mukuru John Marshall akazivisa kuti mutemo unoda kupiwa kwakadaro wakanga usingashandisiwi. Chisarudzo chakataura chiremera cheDare kutsanangura Bumbiro remitemo, kugadzira chenhau yechigarire pamamwe mapazu.
  • Watergate Scampal (1972194): Purezidhendi Richard Nixon anoshandisa zvisina kufanira simba (kubatanidza kuputsika padzimbahwe reDemocratic National Committee nebutiro rakatevera kupfurikidza nokutongwa kwedare. Dare Rapamusoro rakaraira Nixon kusunungura tepimeyi dzeHouse, uye kutarisana neinodokuva kurambwa, iye akarega. Chino chakaratidzira kuti mutemo namapazu edare zvinogona sei kunzvera kunyange mukuru mukuru mukuru ane simba.
  • Kurondwa kwaMapurezidhendi: Imba yakanyoresa mapurezidhendi matatu: Andrew Johnson (1868), Bill Clinton (1998), naDonald Trump (209 na 2021). Dare rakasunungura vose vari vatatu, asi muitiro wacho umene unomanikidzira kunzvera nokuzvidavirira kwapachena. Kusabvumirana kwaJohnson naConstantian paProces pamiitiro yomubatanidzwa weReconstanton; Clinton kubatanidzwa kwarojury neject; Trump’s headry yesimba nenyanduro kupandukira. Mhaka imwe neimwe yakaedza miganhuro yechiremera nero.
  • New Deact Era Judicial Conflict: Muma1930, Purezidhendi Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal programs yakatarisana nezvisarudzo zvakadzokororwa zvakadzokororwa zveDare Gurusa reSangano guru zvakaputsa mutemo mukuru. Roosevelt yakakarakadza “dare reSangano reSangano reSangano reSangano, chiito chinoonekwa zvikuru senhamburiko yokunetesa kuzvimirira. Kunyange zvazvo chirongwa chacho chakakundikana, chakasunda Dare kuva rinova rekudzosa zvikuru kumirao yezve yemari, kuratidzira simba guru pakati pamapazu.

Zvishandiso Zvazvino uno Zvecheki Nedzikamo

Makumi emakore achangopfuura akaona mienzaniso inokosha inoratidza kuti mapazi anoshanda sei munguva ino chaiyo:

  • Mitemo Directive Orders and Judicial Review: Mapurezidhendi anowanzoshandisa mirairo yavakuru vakuru kufambisira mberi muitiro pasina Congress. Somuenzaniso, muna 2017, Purezidhendi Trump akabudisa Dare reProfesitical Order 13769 (“chirambidzo chetravel”), iyo yakaganhurira kupinda munyika zhinjisa. matare eFreferale akabudisa nokukurumidza mirairo, uye Dare rapamusoro pakupedzisira rakatsigira shanduro yakahwirudzudzwa. Iyi yakaratidzira mano edare redare rokuhwirusa nokuda kwokudzokororwa kwemitezo yebumbiro remitemo nero.
  • Bazu rewiro rewirirano rakawedzera kushandiswa kwaro kwemapazi ehurumende uye kunzwa kuti rinzvere mabasa ebazu avakuru vakuru. House inonzvera basa raPurezidhendi Trump muna 2019 yakavimba zvikuru nouchapupu uye zvikumbiro. Nguva pfupi yapfuura, Dare Rinosarudza Imba rinzvenga nzeve dzaJanua 6, 201 Capitol rakava nokuzviwanira kwapachena uko kwakafumura ufakazi hwechakaipa chinobvira. Izvozvi zvisarudzo zvinoratidza kuti Kokorodzo dzinogona sei kunzvera dare rePunichasi kunyange apo boka rimwe chetero rinodzora Imba yeWhite.
  • Veteos naMadzorosa: Pakati paMapurezidhendi George W. Bush naJoe Biden, vhaties dzakashandiswa kumisa mutemo, asi Congress haasati atongounganidza nhevedzano huru inodikanwa kukunda. Kunyange zvakadaro, tyisidziro yeveto inopesvedzera zvikwereti kusvika kudhekisi rapurezidhendi. Iyi nhaundi inovimbisa kuti chinjo huru dzemiitiro dzinoda bvumirano huru.
  • Kusimbisa Battles: Muitiro wokusimbisa wavatongi vehurumende wazova wegakava rinowedzera. Simba reDare rokupa zano nokubvuma pakutonga rinoita secherekedzo pamano omukuru mukuru okuumba judiary. Somuenzaniso, kuramba kweDare kurangarira Mutungamiriri wehurumende Obama Merrick Garland muna 2016, uye kusimbiswa kwokukurumidza kwaPurezidhendia waTrump Amy Coney Barrett muna 2020, kunoratidzira kuti simba reSangano rinogona sei kutapura muganhu weSimba.

Kutsoropodza uye Kuganhurira

Pasinei zvapo nesimba rayo, gadziriro yokunzvera nedzikamo haisi isina zvikanganiso.

  • Gridlock: Apo mapazu akasiana - siana anodzorwa namativi anopesana, kugadzira mitemo kunogona kumira. Muitiro wemitemo unoda kubvumirana, asi kudzorwa kwenzvimbo dzinodzorwa kunoderedza kudisa kukurukura. Iyi girafu inogona kusiya zvinetso zvinokosha. Kwakadai sokuchinja vanhu kana kuti tsinga yechikwereti inowedzera --nobviswa panzvimbo yemireza kwemakore.
  • Kunyanyova kwechiuto: Vamwe vanotaura kuti matare akava ane simba zvikuru, achiita zvisarudzo zvemiitiro zvinofanira kusiiwa kuvamiriri vanosarudzwa. Kutonga kwepanyika pakubvisa mimba, roorano imwe cheteyo yevatano, uye tarisiro dzoutano zvakatsoropodzwa sechiito chokutonga. Nepo hwirudzuro yedare inodzivirira maruramiro, inogonawo kuonwa somugumo mumiitiro yedemocracy.
  • Kushanda Kurevesa: Mapurezidhendi pane dzimwe nguva anoshandisa mirairo yavakuru vakuru nezviito zvisina donzo kuti vatambanudze chiremera chavo kupfuura izvo Bumbiro remitemo rinoronga. Kukura kwehurumende kwapa bazu guru rapa chiremera chikurusa kupa simba gurusa rehurumende, iro Congress yakarwisa kudzora. Mutsetse pakati pokudzikamisa kwapamutemo nechiito chewirirano unogona kudzikamisa.
  • Kushandisa zvisina kufanira kwezvamatongerwe enyika: Mapati ezvamatongerwe enyika akadzidza kushandisa zvombo maturusi ebumbiro remitemo nokuda kwebetsero inopesana. Muitiro wokudzora, wakambochengeterwa kusabatwa zvakanaka kwakakomba, wakashandiswa nokuda kwemigumisiro yedanho. Nenzira yakafanana, muitiro wesimbiso yava vatongi wazova hondo, nokunonozetsa nokudzongonyedza zvinoshandiswa kudzivisa mibatanidzwa nemhaka bedzi yemisiyano yendangariro.

Iyi miganhu inogarwa mugadziriro yakagadzirirwa kuva isingashandi. Vavambi vanoisa rusununguko runopfuura nokukurumidza. Denho nokuda kwavagari vemo vazvino uno ndeyokudzikamisa kudikanwa kwehurumende inobudirira nedziviriro dzinogoverwa nedzinoyera. Kuchinja kunoenderera mberi (kwakadai sokujekesa ganhuriro dzemirayiro yehurumende, kubvisa kugadzwa kwedare, uye kuvandudza mitemo yokutarisira dare) inokakavadzana senzira dzokugadzirisa nadzo utera uku pasina kusiya pfungwa huru.

Basa Ravagari Vomunyika Mukuchengeta Cheki Dzakanaka Nedzikamo

Gadziriro yebumbiro remitemo inoshanda bedzi apo vagari vemo vakabatanidzwa. Nzvero nedzikamo hazvishandi nenzira inozvieresa; zvinotsamira pavhota rine ruzivo iro rinozvidavirira kubazu rimwe nerimwe. Vagari vanogona kutora rutivi munzira dzinoverengeka:

Kurumbidza Rusarudzo Rwose

Kudzosera ndiyo nzira yakananga zvikurusa yokupesvedzera nayo dzikamo yesimba. Purezidhendi, communion, Hurumende, uye sarudzo yomunzvimbomo zvinosarudza kuti ndiani ari panzvimbo. Nokuvhota, vagari vemo vanogona kutusa kana kuti kuranga vakuru vakasarudzwa nokuda kwokuita kwavo mukutsigira nheyo dzebumbiro remitemo. Muvhoti akaderera, zvikurukuru mukusarudza kwapakati penhambo, anopa sundo duku yokuremekedza kunzvera nedzikamo. Apo vagari vemo vanovhota nguva dzose, vanoratidzira nhau idzodzo.

Kupinda Muunyengeri Nokubhejera

Vagari vanogona kukumbanira mapoka ezvokushanda kwehurumende anotarisira zviito nokuedza. Masangano akafanana neAmerican Civil Liberties Union ([[FLT: 0]] ACLU) uye Brennan Center for Justice ([ Brennan Center [[FLT]])) anoshanda kudzivirira rusununguko rwavagari vemo nokusimudzira hurumende inozvidavirira. Kunyora kuvamiririri, kupinda horo dzetaundi, uye kutora rutivi mukusabvumirana norugare zvimiro zvose zvechibvumirano izvo zvinomanikidza vakuru vakuru kunamatira kumiganhuro yemitemo.

Kuramba Uchiziva Nemanyuko Akavimbika

Kunzwisisa kuti nzvero nedzikamo zvinoshanda sei mukushanda kunoda kusvika kumashoko akarurama. Vagari vanofanira kutsvaka zviwanikwa zvisiri zvedzidzo. National Constitution Center (] Constitution Center yeNational ) inopa zvishandiso zvokushandisa zvinobatanidza uye nyaya dzinotsanangura chirongwa cheBumbiro remitemo. Raibhurari yeCongress ( LIBRABRATE of Congress [[]) inogovera mapepa makuru nenzvero renhau. Pashure penhau dzinozivikanwa dzinofukidza Dare reKonquisition, Pekiety, uye matare anobetsera vagari vasaro pazvinoitika apo mapazu anonzvera rimwe nerimwe.

Kushanda Muhurumende Yomunzvimbomo

Nzvero nedzinodzikama zviripo panzvimbo yehurumende neyomunzvimbomowo. Madare eguta, mabhodhi eruwa, uye masangano ehurumende ane mapoka akafanana esimba. Kupinda misangano yehurumende yomunzvimbomo, kubatira pamabhodhi ehurumende, kana kuti kungorava bedzi bhajeti yemanisiparati kunopa vagari murangariro wapamusoro wemashandire etarisiro. Kuvimbisana kwomunzvimbomo kunovakawo miitiro yokutora rutivi kwedemokrati iyo inoshandura kuva kuziva rudzi.

Kutsigira Dzidzo Yemibatanidzwa

Vanhu vakadzidza icherekedzo yokupedzisira pamusoro poudzvinyiriri. Vagari vanogona kutsigira masangano anodzidzisa vanhu muzvikoro nenzanga.Vanozvidira kupa hurukuro pamusoro peBumbiro remitemo, kupa kupurogiramu dzedzidzo, kana kuti kungokurukura zvinoitika zvazvino kupfurikidza neresches uye dzikamo dzechekedzo nemhuri neshamwari. Vanhu vazhinji pavanonzwisisa tsika, kuoma zvikuru kwadziri nokuda kwebazu ripi neripi kuti riparadze.

mhedziso

Mipimo nedzikamo hazvisi rondedzero yebumbiro remitemo; idi chairo rinoshanda rezuva nezuva rinodzivirira vagari vemo pasimba risingafungidziri. Kupfurikidza nokukamuranisa chiremera pakati pechigaro, zviremera, uye mapazu edare, uye kupfurikidza nokupa simba rimwe nerimwe kuganhurira mamwe, tsika inoparira gadziriro yakasimba yokutonga. Mienzaniso yenhau kubvira panguva yakagadzwa kusvikira kunguva dzazvino uno inoratidza kuti iyi miitiro yakadzivisa sei kushandiswa zvisina kufanira, yakatsigira maruramiro, uye yakamanikidzirwa. Zvisinei, tsika haina kukwana. Gridwe, dendertrop, delete, uye inoramba iri denho dzinopfuurira.

Vagari ndivo vose vari vaviri vanobetserwa zvikurusa navanochengeta zvikurusa vetsika ino. Kupfurikidza nokuvhota, kunyengera, dzidzo, uye kutora rutivi kwomunzvimbomo, vanhu vamwe navamwe vanogona kuva nechokwadi chokuti kunzvera nokudzikamiswa kunoramba kuchishanda. Simba rebumbiro remitemo rinotsamira kwete pamashoko bedzi paganda, asi pabvumirano inoshingaira yavanhu. Kunzwisisa nokudzivirira iyi zvivako mutoro unowira pachizvarwa chiri chose. Munyika umo mipimo yedemocracy inogona kuderera, muitiro wechekero nechiyero zvinotsamira pa [[FLT:]] DING kupfuura nakare]. Kugara uchiziviswa uye vagari vemo vanobatanidzwa, vanosimbisa nheyo yavo yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu uye rusununguko rwavo vamene.