Mavambo Enhau Echiremera Chinodzora

Hurukuro yeUnited States yakawana chinjo inoshamisa chifo chapapo George Washington akatanga kutora mhiko yebasa. Vagadziri veBumbiro reMitemo, vanongwarira kuenzanisa simba rehurumende ravakarwa kuti vatize, Chikamu II chakagadzirwa noune nomutauro wakafara asi usina kujeka. James Madison akapikisana muFederalist No. 51 kuti mukuru mukuru aizova “asina simba gurusa pamasangano matatu” nemhaka yokuti akanga asina simba redare rehurumende rechikwama uye kuzvimirira kwechidhikoni. Asi mukati chizvarwa, vapurezidhendi vakatanga kusimbisa chiremera kupfuura zvikuru zvaikarirwa navatangiri. Chikuru chinotendero. Chikuru chinonongedzera kuKurwa kweChivi, New Deal, uye Prever / 11 statection yakanyorwa nokusvika kwedare.

Kunzwisisa iyi mhindumupindu kunokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anofunda hurumende yeAmerica. Hurukuro hahusi sangano risingachinji; hunochinjira kunjodzi, kuchinjana mumurangariro wavose, uye zvishuvo zvavamiriri vamwe navamwe. Bumbiro reMitemo rapakuvamba rakapa purezidhendi simba rokutonga, kugadza vakuru vakuru vakuru vehurumende (nemvumo yedare), uye hunobatira somutungamiriri wamauto ane zvombo. Asi aya masimba anodudzwa nokukurumidza akabvumikisa kuva asingasviki zvinodikanwa zvorudzi runokura.

Gadziriro yeBumbiro reMitemo

Chikamu II, Chikamu 1 zvipfeko “Simba guru” mupurezidhendi mumwe. Uku kunyora kwapaburi retsono kwakava hwaro hwamasimba makuru anorehwa. Alexander Hamilton, muFederalist No. 70, akatsigira mukuru mukuru we“ akasimba” sezvinodikanwa nokuda kwehurumende yakanaka. Mhiko yapurezidhendi yoku “dzivirira, kudzivirira nokudzivirira Bumbiro remitemo” yakataurwa kuti ipembedze zviito zvokurega kurwa hondo kusvikira pakumisa habeas corpus. Bva Bumbiro remitemo rinoisawo miganhuro yakajeka: purezidhendi haagoni kuzivisa hondo (Chona simba iroro), haagoni kuzivisa mari yakafanira, uye anofanira kutsvaka tendero yezvibvumirano nezvirongwa zvikuru.

Zvakatanga Kuitika Uye Kukura

George Washington akatanga mienzaniso yakakomba, kubatanidza kushandiswa kweropafadzo yechiremera negadziriro yekabhineji. Thomas Jefferson’s Louisiana Purchase (1803) akaedza miganhu yebumbiro remitemo − akawana ndima huru isina chiremera chapamutemo chakajeka, achigadza mutoo wokutanga napurezidhendi. Kushandisa kwaAndrew Jackson sechishandiso chemitemo, panzvimbo pokungonzvera bedzi mutemo usiri wehurumende, wakawedzerazve simba ravakuru vakuru. Jackson akawana zvikwereti zvine gumi nezviviri, kupfuura vose vaakatanga kubatanidzwa, achitaura kuti purezidhendi ibazu rinowirirana nechisarudzo.

Kukura kunoshamisa zvikurusa kwakaitika mukati moupurezidhendi hwaAbraham Lincoln. Atarisana neSacessation nehondo yavagari vemo, Lincoln akarembedza habeas corpus, akavhara zviteshi zvokumaodzanyemba, uye matare ehondo akatenderwa (apose pasina mvumo yapamberi pedare. Dare rapamusoro rakaruramisa izvi kupfurikidza nokududza basa rake rokuchengetedza Union. Emancpation Proclation (1853) inomira senzira yetsika yechiremera chehurumende, yakarongwa semwero yehondo pasi pomutungamiriri wemasimba makuru. Dare Gurusaru gare gare gare gare rakatsigira mabasa akawanda aya, asi muenzaniso wenjodzi hurusa akaramba.

Marudzi Esimba Routungamiriri Hwenyika Anotsanangurwa

Nyanzvi dzinoronga masimba apurezidhendi mumarudzi makuru matatu: anotaurwa, anorehwa, uye anogarwa nhaka.

Masimba Akaratidzwa

Izvozvi zvinorongwa zvakajeka muChikamu II. Zvinobatanidza simba rokuraira chiuto, kupa ganhuriro nekanganwiro (kunze munhau dzisingabvumirwi), kuita zvibvumirano (netendero yedare yezvitatu zviviri), kugadza nhume, vatongi veDare Gurusa, uye vamwe vakuru vakuru (nesimbiso yedare), uye kugamuchira nhume dzokumwe. Masimba anoratidzirwa anoumba shongwe yechiremera chavakuru vakuru, asi kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji haajeki. Somuenzaniso, purezidhendi ndiye “Mutongi mukuru weHondo yeHondo yemauto neNjongwe regungwa” asi Bumbiro reMitemo haasati achirondedzera icho chinoreva mukushanda mukati mechiito cherugare kana kuti rwisano dzakaganhurirwa.

Masimba Akashandiswa

Yakatorwa kubva kuInict and Theological Claus (Flut Claus I, Chikamu 8) yakabatanidzwa neViseting Claus of Article II, masimba anorehwa anobvumira purezidhendi kuita zviito zvisina kurongwa zvakajeka asi zvinokosha kuita masimba anotaurwa. Dare Rapamusorosoro rakaziva iyi nheyo muna mure Neagle [1890]), achitonga kuti purezidhendi ane chiremera chinopfuura mutemo wemitemo apo anodzivirira vakuru vakuru vakuru vehurumende. Mienzaniso yazvino inobatanidza kuumbwa kweHofisi yeBasa reBasa reBasa rePresitive (EOP) muna 1939, uko kwakakudza basa rokutarisira kupfuura zvikuru dare rapakuvamba.

Simba Romuzvarirwo

Aya masimba anobatanidza nzvimbo nechimiro chayo somukuru mukuru wenyika inotonga. Masimba enhaka anopfuura ose ari maviri anotaurwa naanorehwa. Anowanzokumbirwa mukati menjodzi dzorudzi. Purezidhendi Franklin D. Roosevelt anobvumira kubatana kweJapan (Mutezo 906) yaitsamira pamasimba ehondo okugara nhaka, gare gare akatsigirwa mu Karematsu v. United States [194]).

Michina Yechiito Chisiri Chokushanda: Mirairo Yakananga uye Meyranda

Mirairo yavakuru vakuru iri pakati pamaturusi anooneka zvikurusa esimba roupurezidhendi. Idzo inhungamiro dzinobatanidza pamutemo dzinopiwa kumasangano ehurumende pasina tendero yakananga. Nepo Bumbiro reMitemo risingadudzi mirairo yavakuru vakuru, ivo vanowana muChikamu II cheChikamu chapurezidhendi kuti “tavirire kuti Mitemo ipedzwe nokutendeka.” Munhau, mirairo yavakuru yakashandiswa nokuda kwokutarisirwa kwomuitiro. Asi muzana ramakore rechi20, vakava motokari nokuda kwechinjo huru dzemiitiro.

Purezidhendi Harry Truman akashandisa Mirairo yeUniversity 9981 kubvisa mauto ane zvombo. Purezidhendi Barack Obama’s Defered Action for Childing Appers (DACA) akadzivirira mamirioni avatami vasina kunyorwa kuti vaendeswe. Mutsivi Donald Trump akabudisa mirairo yevakuru vakuru pakupinda munyika, kutengeserana, uye kudzorwa. Mirairo yechiremera inoganhurirwa haigoni kupesana nemirau iripo, uye Congress inogona kuvadzora nomutemo. Matare anogona kuvarovanya. Uyezve, mutsivi anogona kuvadzosa nekachipfuudzo yepeni.

Purezidhendi wePurezial Dogranda nezviziviso zvinobatira madonzo akafanana asi kazhinji kazhinji zvakashata zvikuru. Metranda anowanzonanga zviito zvesangano uye haabudiswi muFederal Register. Zviziviso zvinowanzova zvetsika (sekuzivisa Satinamariti yeDog) asi zvinogona kutakura simba rapamutemo (zvakadai seEmancipation Proclation). Pamwe chete, izvi zviri zvoga zvinobvumira mapurezidhendi kuvhara matende akaiswa pamutemo, asi zvinokokawo kupesana kwezvamatongerwe enyika nemitemo.

Makepi Nedzikamo Zvinoshandiswa

Gadziriro yechekedzo nedzikamo yakagadzirirwa kudzivisa kunyengera vakuru vakuru. Congress ine mibato mizhinji: inogona kuderedza mari, kudzora, kutonga kwoutariri, uye kuzivisa purezidhendi. dare rinogona kuzivisa zviito zvavakuru vakuru zvisina kubatana. Zvisinei, iyi nzvero inoshanda zvisina kufanira. Hurumende kazhinji kazhinji dzinoregeredza purezidhendi pamuitiro wokumwe, uye matare anozengurira kupindira mu “mibvunzo yezvamatongerwe enyika” kana kuti nhau dzechengeteko dzorudzi.

Masuo Emisangano: Simba Rokutenga Nokutarisira

Constitution inopa simba paCongress rekudzora kuranga. Kana purezidhendi akavamba nhimbe yehondo isina mvumo, Congress anogona kuramba kuitsigira. Ikoku kwakaitika mukati meHondo yeVietnam, apo Congress Powers yapachibvumirano cheWar Powers Revolution (1973) paPrezidhenti Nixon, kuedza kuganhurira mano apurezidhendi okuita mauto pasina mvumo yedare. Kunyange zvakadaro purezidhendi ari wose chifo aita nharo chisarudzo chinoputsa chiremera chechiremera chomukuru mukuru wehurumende. Musoro wehurumende, uye kunzvera zvinoramba zvichinzi nzvero yeropafadzo pakati pedare republication neConvention ikordential sy, sezvinoonekazve muhondo, sezvinooneka mukati medzero yeRweagate nedzo yeTrup.

Kuongorora Kutonga Nemiganhu Yako

Dare rapamusoro rine simba rokuhwirudzura zviito zvapurezidhendi. Mhaka dzeWandmark dzinobatanidza vaduku vakadai seStown Sheep & Tube Co. Sayer (1852), iyo yakavhara kubatwa kwezvigadziko zvesimbi zvapurezidhendi Truman mukati meHondo yeKorea. Chibvumirano chaMutongi Robert Jackson chinosimbisa chiva negadziriro yakakurumbira yerwendo yejeriti: Simba rapurezidhendi riri paukuru pakushanda kwayo nechibvumikiso charo chePresparation, pachakaderera pakurwisa chibvumirano cheCongress Congress, uye “partmentant panenge pakanyarara. Chirongwa ichi chinoramba chiri pakati pokuongorora simba rokutonga.

Asi hwirudzuro yedare ndeyenhando uye inoita chiito. Mapurezidhendi anogona kuita chiito pakutanga; matare kazhinji kazhinji anotora makore kutonga. Uyezve, Dare Rapamusorosoro rapa kazhinji kazhinji rusununguko rwakafara kuna purezidhendi muzvinhu zvokunze, somu United States v. Curtiss-Wright Export Corp.[FL:1] [1936], iyo yakadana purezidhendi kuti “mutezo wehurumende yehurumende yehurumende mumibatanidzwa yenyika yose." Iyi dzidziso yakashandiswa kururamisa masimba makuru omuzvarirwo.

Kubvuma: Chinetso Chacho Chokupedzisira Chezvamatongerwe Enyika

Kuvhota inhano mbiri: mavhoti eImba panyaya dzokusatenderwa (navoruzhinjiwo zvavo), uye Dare rinotonga kunoda vhoti mbiri nhatu kuti vatonge nokubviswa. Mapurezidhendi matatu bedzi akapinzwa (Andrew Johnson, Bill Clinton, Donald Trump kaviri), uye hapana akawanirwa mhaka neDare. Simba remitemo nokudaro chishandiso chakareruka, hachiwanzoshandiswa uye chinodzorwa zvikuru.

Simba raPurezidhendi muCris: Kubva kuLincoln kusvika kuCOVID - 19

Ngwavaira dzenyika dzakawedzera munhau nhau. Kudzima kwaAbraham Lincoln kwaaiita vamiriri vehondo nokushandiswa kwadzo kwakatanga muenzaniso. Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal neHondo Yenyika II yakaona kukura kukuru kwehurumende yehurumende nesimba rehurumende. Akabudisa mirayiro inodzora inopfuura 3 700 uye akagadzira masangano akadai seHofisi yeWar Information neWar Production Board pasina chiremera chakananga.

Nguva pfupi yapfuura, kudenha 9/11 kwakatungamirira kuChibvumirano cheUSA USA USERY of Military Around (AMF) muna 2001, apo Congress yakapfuudza zvakafara. Mapurezidhendi anobva kumativi ose ari maviri akashandisa iyi AMF kururamisa chiito chehondo pamapoka amagandanga munyika dzakawanda, uye kubvumira zvirongwa zvokuongorora pasi peUSA PATRIOTTT Act. Murakaha weCHOID akaona purezidhendi achishandisa Defense Production Act, kurambidza kufamba, uye masangano ehurumende kubvisa kukuramuranisa majekiseni. Njodzi imwe neimwe inosimbisa nzira: Congressss anogovera chiremera chechinguvana, uye purezidhendi kazhinji vanoiramba kuirega kana njodzi yapera.

Hondo Dzomunguva Ino Pamusoro Pesimba Rinodzora

Mishumo inoverengeka inorondedzera nharo dzanhasi pamusoro pechiremera chapurezidhendi.

Ropafadzo Yakananga Nokudzora Mashoko

Mapurezidhendi anotaura maruramiro okunyima mashoko kuCongress nematare kudzivirira zano rakavanzika. Dare Rapamusoro-soro rakabvuma iyi ropafadzo muUnited States v. Nixon (1774) asi akaramba kutaura kwakakwana. Mumuitiro wazvino uno, Congress inowanzodenha ropafadzo yavakuru vakuru, inotungamirira kukudzivisa kwapachivande kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Vatarisiri veBiden, somuenzaniso, vanoshandisa ropafadzo yevakuru vakuru yokudzivisa kubudiswa kwamapepa akati ane chokuita neAfghanistan Reaffand.

Kushandiswa Kweuto Pasina Kubvumirwa Nechechi

War Powers Resolution inoda kuti purezidhendi azivise Congress mukati mamaawa 48 okuita mauto uye kuabvisa pashure pamazuva 60 kunze kwokunge abvumirwa. Mumaumbirwe, purezidhendi vanowanzopfuura iyi ganhuriro. 2011 Libya pasi paPrezidhendi Obama haina kuwana mvumo yesangano, uye vadzori vakataura kuti basa racho harina kuumba “kudzorwa.” Kuuraya kwa202020 kwaGeneral weIran Qassem Soleim kwakaitwa naPurezinal Trump kwakamutsa mibvunzo yakafanana nemitemo. Panguva nenguva nenguva Dare raiedza kudzorera kana kuvandudza AUMF, asi pasina kubudirira.

Kutama Nokukunda

Mapurezidhendi akashandisa chiito chavakuru vakuru kuumba muitiro wokubuda zvikuru. Kuda kwaVarwi vedare reChinetso cheVagari veMelika (DAPA) kwakavharwa nematare mu United States v. Texas (20). Kurambidza kweFLT:1] kunofamba kwakaranga nyika dzinoverengeka dzechiMuslim-majeri uye kwakapukunyuka hwirudzuro mu Trump v. Hawaii (2017). Biden yakashandura miraudzo zhinji dzemitemo asi yakatarisanawo nedare kuti ipedzise murairo wake “pamberi yeMexico". Izvi zvinoratidzira miganhuro yedare rimwe nerimwe: matare makuru anogona kumisa zviratiro, uye purezidhendi anotevera.

Kuchinja Kwezvamatongerwe Enyika Nokukura Kwesimba Rinodzora

Gridlock in Congress yakasundira zvikuru purezidhendi kuita chimwe chinhu pasina donzo. Apo mutemo unova usingabviri. Apo vapurezidhendi vanoshandisa zvirango zvavatungamiriri, mabasa echitsotsi, uye kuronga kuti vasvike zvinangwa zvemitemo. Iyi kombamiro ibhiparishani uye kuzvipa. Purezidhendi mumwe nomumwe anowedzera kuzvivako, uye purezidhendi anotevera anoushandisa nokuda kwemiganhu yakasiana. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinopikisa uku kuzvidavirira kwehurumende yedemocracy nemhaka yokuti chinjo huru dzinoitika pasina kurukurirano yemitemo. Vamwe vanoipikisa kuva kudikanirwa kuri madikanwa kumuitiro wemitemo yakapunziro.

Muuyo wacho ndewoupurezidhendi uyo ari zvose zviri zviviri une simba uye unova usina kusimba. Mapurezidhendi anogona kuita zvakawanda kupfurikidza nechiito chavakuru vakuru, asi zviito izvozvo nguva dzose zvinotapurwa nokuchinja, kudzorwa, kana kuti kutungamirira. dzikamo yesimba inoramba ichipokanidzwa, yakaumbwa nenhau dzakananga, kuumbwa kweCongress, uye kushivirira kwavanhu nokuda kwokutanga kuva purezidhendi.

Dzidziso Youtungamiriri Hwesangano

Sangano rinokura remitemo nerezvamatongerwe enyika rinokakavadzana nokuda kwe “mukuru mukuru wehurumende”.Ndokufunga kuti purezidhendi ane udzori hwakakwana pabazu guru uye anogona kubvisa mukuru mukuru upi noupi pasina chisakiso. Iyi rondedzero yakadudzwa naPrezidenti Trump mukati mokusatenderwa kwake kwokutanga uye naPrezidhendi Biden mukusimbisa udzori pasangano. Vatsoropodzi vanoipikisa kuzvimirira kwamasangano seFBI neFederal Reserve. Dare Rapamusoro harina kutsigira zvizere rondedzero, asi zvisarudzo zvemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi zvakafanana ne Mutemo LLLC v.Consumercional Provice Arection Office Bureaureaunt [[FLD:20]] 2020) inokarakadza pfungwa yokudzora purezidhendi.

Mugumisiro: Nharo Dzisingaperi

Simba roupurezidhendi harina kubatana kana kuti kusiana. Sezvo denho itsva dzinobuda mapeji ebumbiro remitemo, muenzaniso wenhau, uye kubatanidzwa kwamasangano ezvamatongerwe enyika. Vadzidzi vehurumende yeAmerica vanofanira kuziva kuti simba ravakuru vakuru isimba guru (jere rinokwikwidza munjodzi), kukwikwidza munguva yorugare, uye kukwikwikwidzwa nguva dzose neCongress nematare. Sezvo tyisidziro itsva dzinobuda paIndaneti dzinobva kutrutsirano yemamiriro okunze azvokunze (jeka) miganhuro yechiremera chapurezidhendi ichapfuurira kuedzwa. Kunzwisisa iyi haisiwo muitiro wedzidzo yedzidzo; kunokosha nokuda kwokuva mugarikano wounzi wehurumende inotonga panzvimbo inova nebasa guru.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, ona [[FLT: 0] Chibvumirano [ nokuda kwokunzvera kwakakwana kweChikamu II. American Bar Association’s Division for Public Education[[FLT: 3]] chinogovera zviwiso pamusoro pokuparadzana kwamasimba. Mienzaniso yenhau inonyorwa zvikuru mu [[FLT: 4.] National Archives commoration yeHhes