Kushanduka Kwebasa Rokuzvipinza Muhondo: Kubva Kunzvimbo Dzehondo Kuenda Kumabhokisi

Kuvhota kwebhodhiya kwazova chinhu chikuru chokutora rutivi kwehurumende yehurumende yeruzhinji yazvino uno, kuchibvumira vagari vemo vasingagoni kupinda mumuviri nzvimbo dzokuvhotera kuti vakande mavhoti avo uye kuti vanzwike manzwi avo. Uyu mutoo wokuvhota kure kure (hwunowanzoitwa nepositi) wakakura zvikuru mumazana maviri amakore apfuura, kubva munzvimbo yakaganhurirwa nokuda kwevarwi kupinda mumutoo wokuvhotera unoshandiswa zvikuru nemamiriyoni eAmerica munhengedzero imwe neimwe. Mune 202020 vhotaro, somuenzaniso, anoda kuva 46% yamavhoti ose akanga ari posi kana kuti mavhotera aisai, mukuwirirana neU.S. Dare reCM. Avhoteration Comme.

Kunzwisisa Basa Rokurega Basa

Panzvimbo pokuvhota, kusipo kunoreva muitiro uyo muvhoti anogona kuisa nawo vhoti kure, zvikurukuru nepositi, panzvimbo pokuoneka mumunhu panzvimbo yakatarwa paZuva rorusarudzo. Nepo shoko racho pane dzimwe nguva rinoshandiswa nenzira imwe chete neposi yokuvhota, kuvhota kwaisipo pakutanga kwaida muvhoti kupa chikonzero chakanaka(wn) “axcee". Nemhaka yekuti haavhoti munhu. Nokufamba kwenguva, nyika dzakawanda hadzina kugamuchira kuvhota pasina kana kuti kusavhota namatsamba epasi pose, zvichiisa mitsetse pakati pezviviri.

Nhoroondo Yacho: Muitiro Wakatanga Nehondo

Mavambo okusaenda kuvhota muUnited States anovambira shure kumavambo ezana ramakore rechi 19. Mitemo yokutanga yokuvhota yapamutemo yakatangwa mukati meHondo yavagari vemo kubvumira varwi vakamira kure neruwa rwomusha wavo kutora rutivi musarudzo. Wisconsin naVremont vakanga vari vatengi vapakuvamba, vachipa mitemo muna 1862 na18644 vachibvumira kubhadharwa kwechiuto. PaPaPanguva yeHondo yeNyika I, nyika zhinji dzakanga dzatanga chimiro chakati chokuvhotera varwi varwi vai. Hurumende yehurumende yakabatanidza idzi dziviriro kupfurikidza neFriedated naOverseasease Civitives Act Act (UCOCVAVA) ya 1986, iyo inovimbisa mitezo yehondo, mhuri dzavo, uye vagari vemo vemo yedzimwe nyika dzokunze kuti vanyorese pamutemo uye vasarutsive.

Mukati mezana ramakore rechi 20, kuvhota kwapamberi pebasa kwakakura kuvanhuwo zvavo. Pakasvika 1970, inenge hafu yenyika yakabvumira muvhoti upi noupi akanyoresa kukumbira chivhoti chaaisipo pasina pembedzo. California yakava nyika yokutanga kutora pasina kuvhota muna 1978. Nhasi, nyika 35 neRestrict yeColumbia hadzipi kuvhota, nepo nyika sere dzinoda pembedzo ine chiremera, uye masangano mashanu anoita sarudzo zvikurukuru nepositi (Colado, Hawaii, Oregon, Utah, neWashington), zvichiita nenzira inobudirira chiverengero chiri chose chebhorati inosishairira mubhedha.

Chikonzero Nei Kurega Kupa Zvinhu

Kuvhota kusingabvumirwi kunopfuura kuva nyore; chishandiso chakakomba chokuwedzera kuwanikwa, kusimudzira kuenzana, uye kusimbisa kutora rutivi kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. ukoshi hwakwo hunogona kuonwa mumativi anoverengeka.

Kuwedzera Kuwanika Kwevanhu Vane Mhosva

Nokuda kwamamirioni eAmerica, kuenda kunzvimbo yokuvhota pazuva rakati hakubviri. Kuvhota kwokubvuma kunozarura suo nokuda kwavanhu vakwegura avo vangava nedenho dzokufamba, vanhu vane urema, avo vane zvirwere zvisingaperi, uye vatarisiri vasingagoni kusiya vanotsamira pavari. Maererano neU.S. Censues Bureaution, anenge mumwe muvashanu vane urema hwakashumwa hwakashumwa kuti kuvhota mumunhu muna 2020. Kuvhota kwechibvumirano kunoderedza zvikuru mhinganidzo idzi. Uyezve, vavhotera vanopinzwa muchipatara kana kuti vachakapinzwa mutorongo vanogona kutora rutivi kazhinji kupfurikidza navapunzi vanoshairwa.

Kupfava uye Kuva Nyore

Kuvhota kunobvumira vanhu kupedza mavhota avo panhambo yavo vamene uye norudungwe rwavo vamene. Vasina dzvinyiriro yemitsetse mirefu, maawa ebasa asingadeyi kuonwa, kana kuti nhau dzezvokufambisa. Nzvero dzinobva kuBipartisan Policy Center dzinoratidza kuti kupa kusatora kusingadzoreki kunogona kuderedza nguva pakumirira nzvimbo dzokuvhota uye kuderedza kukwirira paZuva reEconstation. Mumasangano ane vvukidzo yapasi pose pafoni, vakuru vakuru vakuru vama vanosarudza vanoparadzira basa rokugadzira mabhisitiki mumavhiki anoverengeka, uko kunoderedza dzvinyiriro yokushanda uye zvikanganiso.

Kuwedzera Mudyandigere

Nzvero inoratidzira nguva dzose kuti kuita kuvhota kusingasviki zvikuru nevhoti yakakwirira. Fundo ya2020 neBrennan Center for Justice yakawana kuti nyika dzisina kushandwa dzakawana mwero yezvikamu 2 kusvikira ku4 muzana yakakwirira kupfuura mativi ayo aida pembedzo. Ikoku kunoziviswa zvikurukuru pakati pavavhoti vaduku zvikuru navavhoti venguva yokutanga, avo vangawana muitiro uri kure usingatyisi zvikuru. Mukati mekuvhotera kweCHOVAD-19, wedzero mukuvhotasirwa kwapasipo yakarumbidzwa nokutora vhinga kusingaenzaniswi kunyange zvazvo zvinetso zvoutano hwavanhu zvisina kumboitika.

Marudzi Okupiwa Mugove

Kuvhota kwapachivande hakuzati kuri muitiro mumwe wokusagona kupedza.

Matsamba-anogara

Nzira inozivikanwa zvikurusa inobatanidza muvhoti anenge achipa chikumbiro chebhurukwa (kazhinji kazhinji, neposi, kana kuti nomunhu), achigamuchira chivhoti chepepa nepositi, achichinyora, uye achidzorera netsamba kana kuti kubhokisi rokudonhedza pamutemo. Hurumende zhinji dzinoda kuti chivhoti chidzorerwe papositi neZuva reKuvhota uye chigamuchirwa mukati mewindo rakati kuti. Mazuva mashomanene kusvikira kuvhiki rimwe chete. Dzimwe nyika dzinobvumira vavhoti kudzosera mumunhu zvirongwa zvokuvhota kana kuti kudonhedza nzvimbo inosirwa paZuva rokusarudzwa rimene.

Michina Yemagetsi (Yemichina Yemauto Neyapamhene Yejecha)

MuUOCAVA, vavhoti vakapfeka yunifomu uye vokumhiri kwamakungwa vangashandisa mitoo yemagetsi yokugamuchira nokudzorera mapepa. Ikoku kunogona kubatanidza email, fax yakachengeteka, kana kuti mahotera akavakirwa paweb. Nepo kuvhota kwemagetsi kuchipa kumhanya nebetsero nokuda kweavo vari kure nomusha, kunosimudzira itiro hanya dzokuwedzera nokuvandika, uye kushandiswa kwako kazhinji kazhinji kunoganhurirwa kuhondo navavhoti vemhiri kwamakunze, kwete muvhoti wokumba asipo.

Kutumirwa Kweshoko Kwechigarire

Nyika dzinoverengeka zvino dzinopa mugariro wechigarire usiri muvhoti. Kana muvhoti angonyoresa nokuda kweichi chisarudzo, ivo vanogamuchira vhoti nokuda kwesarudzo iri yose pasina kuda kukohwa. Ikoku kunoderedza mutoro wokudzora uye kunovimbisa kuti vavhoti vanokwaniriswa havatongorovha sarudzano nemhaka yamapepa. Somuna 2024, inenge nyika 20 dzinobvumira kuvhota kwechigarire, kubatanidza California, Arizona, uye Florida.

Mashandiro Anoita Basa Rokutumira Matura

Kunzwisisa vavhoti vanosipo kunokosha kuti vavhoti vashande nenzira inobudirira.

Danho 1: Kunyoresa uye Kukumbira Kurwa

Vavhoti vanofanira kutanga vanyoreswa kuvhota. Mumashoko anoda pembedzo, muvhoti anofanira kuratidzira chikonzero chavo (mureve, kufamba, chirwere, urema) pakukumbira muvhoti. Mitengo yakawanda zvino inobvumira vavhoti kukumbira muvhoti anenge abviswa paIndaneti kupfurikidza nenzvimbo yakachengeteka. Vamwe vanoda chikumbiro chakanyorwa chisainwa nomuvhoti. Nguva yokukumbira brockot inowanzova mazuva 7 kusvikira ku30 pamberi peEcomment Day.

Danho 2: Kuwana Nokupedza Bhodhoro

Kana chikumbiro changotenderwa, muvhoti anogamuchira mavhoti avo netsamba, pamwe chete nehamvuropu yokudzosera (kazhinji kazhinji ine korona yapashure uye inobhadharwa). Muvhoti anoratidzira zvisarudzo zvavo pachivande, ipapo anoisa roti mu “mvurope yesekete” kana kuti“ recrectacy” asati aisa iyoyo muhamvuropu yokunze sechapupu chaicho. Muvhoti ipapo anoisa chiratidzo chokunze sechapupuri. Vamwe vanotaura kuti anoda chapupu kana kuti sigi yorutsoro sedziviriro yokuwedzera.

Danho 3: Kudzorera Mutambo

Mabharoti anogona kudzorerwa kupfurikidza neU.S. Postal Service, bhokisi redonhedza rakarongwa, kana kuti nokutumira maoko kuhofisi yesarudzo kana kuti nzvimbo yokuvhota yapakuvamba. Nyika zhinji dzinogovera gadziriro dzokurovha dzinobvumira vavhoti kuona apo bharobhuroti yavo yakaposwa, yakagamuchirwa, uye yakaverengwa. Uku kujeka kwakaratidzwa kuwedzera chivimbo chomuvhoti ndokuderedza itiro hanya pamusoro pevarovhara.

Zvikamu zveHurumende zvinochinja-kamuka

Rumwe rwamativi anokosha zvikurusa okuvhota kusipo muUnited States kusachinja - chinja kwakwo kubva kunyika kuenda kunyika.

  • Tsvaka-kushumwa kunzi: Pari zvino, Connecticut, Delaware, Indiana, Kentucky, Louisiana, Missississippi, Missouri, New Hampshire, New York, South Carolina, Tennessee, uye Texas vanoda vavhoti kuti vape pembedzo inoshanda (zvakadai sokuva kunze kwenyika paZuva reNguva, chirwere, kurema, kana kuti kuchengeta kworudzidziso) kuti vavhotera vasare. Dzimwe nyika idzi dzakawedzera pembedzo mukati medzo mukati memigariro yakakomba asi dzinochengeta chinodikanwa.
  • Hapana kushaikwa kwezvisakiso kunodudza: inopfuura hafu nyika dzinobvumira muvhoti upi noupi akanyoresa kukumbira muvhoti asipo nokuda kwechikonzero chipi nechipi, kana kuti pasina chikonzero chose chose. Boka iri rinobatanidza nzvimbo huru dzinogarwa navanhu dzakadai seCalifornia, Florida, Ohio, uye Pennsylvania.
  • Kuvhota kwose kweposi kunodudza:[[FLT: 1] Colorado, Hawaii, Oregon, Utah, uye Washington kungokodzera kutumira muvhoti ari wose akanyoreswa nokuda kwesarudzo iri yose. Vavhoti vangasarudza kuidzorera neposi, kudonhedza bhokisi, kana kuti kuvhota mumunhu pachiverengero chakaganhurirwa chenzvimbo. Idzi nyika dzinoramba dzichishuma kukwirira nokugutswa zvikuru negadziriro.

Mukuwedzera, dzimwe nyika dzine miitiro youchokwadi yakakomba iyo inogona kuramba siginicha dzisina kuwirirana, nepo dzimwe dzichigovera “nhambo yokurapwa” inobvumira vavhoti kugadzirisa zvinetso nevhoti yavo pashure pokunge yagamuchirwa. National Conference of State Legislatures inochengeta shopu yazvino uno yemitemo yokuvhota isingaenderani.

Matambudziko Nemakakatanwa

Kukurukurirana kwevanhu vose kunowanzonyanya kutaura nezvezvinhu zvinoda kuchengeteka, zvipingamupinyi zvinovhiringidza, uye kugona kurasika.

Kubiridzira Nemajeta: Ngano Nechokwadi

Kutaurwa kwokuvhota kwakapararira kupfurikidza namavhoti aibudiswa kwave kuri rutivi runodzokororwazve rwehurukuro yezvamatongerwe enyika yeAmerica, zvikurukuru pashure pekuvhota 2020. Zvisinei, fundo dzakawanda nenzvero dzakawana kuti kubiridzira kwapabotseka zvikuru. Nzvero yakaitwa neBrennan Center yakafungidzira mwero wetsotsi dzevondi vasipo pakati pa 0.00004% na 0,099% yevhoti dzose dzakaiswa. shopu yeLiferame’s project yenhau dzetsoro dzakanyorwa, nepotezo raidzokororwa kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji naavo vanoitira hanya pamusoro pezvisarudzo zvinoshayikwa mumamirioni. Kunyange zvakadaro, itiro dzinopfuurira, uye vakuru vakuru vezvirongwa vakagamuchira chengeteko dzakawedzerwa nokuchengeteka, kunyora zvinyorwa zvemite yenhau yetsika, uye miitiro yedare rezvibvumirano.

Chengeteko Yebharuti Nekotsekano Yokuchengetwa Kwekodzero Yomunhu Yomunhu Wose

Kurangarira kuti mavhoti akachengeteka kubva panguva yaanoendeswa kumuvhoti kusvikira averengwa idenho yakaoma. Kuisa mabhokisi kwazova nzvimbo inotanhamara mune dzimwe nyika, nekurukurirano pamusoro pokuiswa kwadzo, chengeteko, uye tarisiro. Vakuru vakuru vedare reIvo vanoshandisa zvisimbiso zvinooneka, kuongorora mavhidhiyo, uye matanda okuongorora kudzivirira kuvimbika. Cybersecurity na Infrapublicure Security Agency (CISA) inogovera nhungamiro yokubata kwebhorati isingabhangi, uye kunzvera kunzvera nhevedzano kwepashure kuti vasarutsike.

Nheyo Dzakafa Nenhau Dzokuramba

Kuramba kunorambwa kunoramba kuri nhau inokosha, zvikurukuru pakati pomuvhoti wokutanga asipo. Zvikonzero zvinowanzoshaikwa zvinobatanidza kusaina, kusaina kusaina, kushayikwa kwouchapupu kana kuti kusaina kworusando. Mukuwirirana neEcostation Implution Commission, muna 2020, inenge 1% yemabhoratats eposi akarambwa munyika yose, asi mwero yakasiana zvikuru nehurumende (kubva pa 0.1% kusvikira kuurefume sa3,5%.. Voters of revolution nevotionss dzakatapukererwa zvisingadzorwi zvakanaka. Kutaura izvi, mashoko mazhinji zvino anopa kunyora mapepa epakombiyuta nokurapa masangano anozivisa zvinetso uye kurapa zvinopa mukana wokuvazivisa zvinetso munyika yose.

Kugadzirisa Zvinetso: Miitiro Yakanakisisa

Vakuru vakuru vechisarudzo navaiti vemiitiro vakatanga matanho akawanda okuvandudza ruzivo rwokuvhota rusipo ndokusimbisa chivimbo mugadziriro yacho.

  • Saint reshoo rekurovedza: United States dzakashandisa mukurovedza vashandi vesarudzo kuenzanisa kusaina nenzira inowirirana uye nenzira inowirirana, nenhungamiro kudzivisa miuyo yokusaina. Dzimwe nyika dzinoshandisa kusaina kunoiswa mumunhu sechipfupiso chokutanga, kuchiteverwa nehwirudzuro yavanhu.
  • Gadziriro dzokutsvaka: nyika dzinoda kusvika 40 zvino dzinopa vavhoti paIndaneti kuronga marobhoti, kubvumira vavhoti kunzvera mugariro werobhoti yavo kubva papositi kusvika pakuverenga. Uku kuona kunobetsera vavhoti kuziva kana bharati yavo yakagamuchirwa uye ichigovera nyevero yapakuvamba yenhau.
  • chengeteko yebhokisi reDrop: Masangano mazhinji akaisa mabhokisi akakotsekana epasi akachengetwa nekamera, anounganidzwa nguva dzose nezvikwata zvebipartis, uye akasimbiswa pamusoro pokushambadzira. Muna 2020, hapana zvinoitika zvakakomba zvechengeteko zvine chokuita nokudonhedza mabhokisi zvakashumwa.
  • [ Nhimbe dzedzidzo: Kukurukurirana kwakajeka, kwemitauro yakawanda pamusoro penzira yokuzadza nayo nokudzorera mapepa anoderedza nenzira yakarurama mwero yokuramba. Dzimwe nyika dzinotumira mabhora echinoteshi nemirayiridzo, uye shamwari namasangano enzanga kupa betsero.

Kubudiswa kweMari yaMari

Kuvhota kwokukurumidza kunovhiringidzwa pane dzimwe nguva nokuvhota kwapakuvamba murusarudzo, asi uko kuviri inzira dzakasiana. Kuvhota kwokukurumidza kunobvumira vavhoti kukanda zvivhoti zvavo mumunhu panzvimbo dzakatarwa pamberi poMusi woKuvhota, kazhinji kazhinji nemidziyo mimwe cheteyo inoshandiswa paZuva roKuvhota. Kuvhota kwokukurumidza hakudi pembedzo uye kunopa chengetedzo yedare rakananga navakuru vakuru vesarudzo. Abvhotae, nokupesana, kunoitwa kurevesa uye kutsamira pagadziriro yeposi kana kuti kudonhedza. Kunzvera kubva kuPew Chaughty Tries kunokarakadza kuti nokuvhota nokuvhota kwapakuvamba kunooneka vose vari vaviri vanoona kukwidzwa kwakakwirira, asi kuti mutoo mumwe nomumwe unosunda kuzvikamu zvakasiana zvakasiana. Kuvhota kubvumira kukumbira kuvhota, apo kunenge kuduku kufarira kutora kubuda.

Ruzivo Rwokugadzira Zvinhu Nenguva Yemberi Yokungoshanda

Kuchinja kunopfuurira kubudazve muvhoti, noruzivo rutsva rwokugadzira zvinhu runovimbisa kuvadziko huru, kuwanikwa, uye chengeteko.

Zvishandiso Zvokushandisa Kunyora Mabhii paIndaneti

Zvikamu zvakawanda zvinopa mapepa okunyorera paIndaneti anobvumira vavhoti kuzadza mapepa avo pakombiyuta kana kuti pafoni, kudhinda kapepa kanenge kapera kunyorwa, uye kudzorera nepositi. Izvi zvinobatsira kudzivisa zvikanganiso zvakadai semaatovote kana kuti mapepa anorasika.

Kuedza Kushandisa Bhangizimu Nekubudisa Mashoko PaIndaneti

Miedzo miduku inoverengeka yakanzvera kushandisa brickchain kana kuti mimwe gadziriro yokuvhota yakavanzika yeInternet nokuda kwavaparadzi vasipo, zvikurukuru nokuda kwavavhoti vehondo navapamhiri kwamakungwa. West Virginia, somuenzaniso, yakagadzira app yokuvhotera yakavakirwa pamichina yakarongwa yavashandi vehondo muna 2018. Nepo gadziriro dzakadaro dzichiwedzera kuvadziko, ivowo vanotanga kuvhota mitsva, kubatanidza kudenha kwemarara, tyisidziro dzechipfuvuri, uye kurambwa kwechikwata chetsoro. Nyanzvi zhinjisaro, kubatanidza National Accademies of Sciences, Engingrinetic, uye Medicine, vanorumbidza pamusoro pokuvhotera nokuda kwokushandisa kwakapararira zvikuru kusvikira chengeteko yechengeteko inogona kugoverwa.

Uchenjeri Hunogadzirwa Nesaini Zvinosimbiswa

Maarufabheti okudzidza emichina ari kutangwa kuti abetsere vanzveri vavanhu mukusaina, kuderedza kusawirirana kungabvira apo vaidzidza kubva muzvisarudzo zvakapfuura. Kushandiswa nokungwarira, A kunogona kuderedza fungidziro dzomunhu ndokukurumidzisa muitiro wokusimbisa. Zvisinei, aya masangano anofanira kuongororwa nokuda kwokururama nekururama kudzivisa kushora vavhoti vane siginicha inosiana inosiana nemhaka yezera, mugariro wekurapa, kana kuti zvishandiso zvokunyora.

Mirangariro Yamarudzi Ose Pabasa Risingabvumirwi

United States haisati iri yoga mukugovera kuvhota kusiiwa, kunyange zvazvo gadziriro yayo yakakamukana zvikuru. Gadziriro dzamademokramende dzakawanda dzehurumende dzakamira kwenguva refu mupasi rose namaposi. Somuenzaniso, Switzerland yakaita zvinenge zvisarudzo zvose neposi kwamakumi amakore, nemitati inotora inopfuura 80% mumichina mizhinji. Canada inobvumira kuvhota tsamba nokuda kwomuvhoti upi noupi, uye mukusarudza kwe 2021 kwehurumende, inodokusvika 10% yamavhota yakapotorwa neposi. Australia inobvumira kuvhotera nokuda kwaavo vasingagoni kupinda nzvimbo dzokuvhotera dzapakuvamba, asi haisati ichikupa sapa yakafara. Kupfuuresa aya masangano anobvumira kuti kuvhotera kupi nokuvhota kupi nokubudirira, kunoshanda, uye kugamuchirwa zvikuru apo inotsigirwa nemitemo inogamuchirwa, yakajeka, uye kutendeka pachena.

Mugumisiro: Kusimbisa Utongi Hworuzhinji Kupfurikidza Nokupiwa Chibvumirano

Kuvhota kwebhora haisati iri imwe nzirawo zvayo yokugadzira muchina; iko rutivi runokosha rwechinjo yehurumende inotonga, inotsiva. Kupfurikidza nokubvisa mhinganidzo dzokutora rutivi, kunopa simba vagari vemo avo vanganyaradzwa nedaro, hurema, kana kuti rwisano dzinorongwa. Nepo denho dzakadai senhau dzechengeteko, kusaina uchokwadi, uye kurambwa kwavakarambwa kwasara, vari kukurukurwa kupfurikidza nokuchinja kunenge kuripo, kuvandudza ruzivo rwezvigadzirwa negadziriro zvesayenzi, uye bipartarian. Sezvo United States inopfuurira kuvandudza miitiro yayo inosarudzwa, kuvhotera kusingasviki kucharamba kucharamba kuri chinhu chokutanga. Voters avo vanonzwisisa tsika yokuzvishandisa vanoramba zvichiripo, kuti nhau iri yose ive yapazwa kure kure nemusha.