Kuzvidavirira ikokukosha rerivhi ipi neipi inoshanda. Inovimbisa kuti avo vari musimba vanopiwa mutoro nokuda kwezviito zvavo, zvisarudzo, uye mitemo. Muhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, uko hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, kuzvidavirira kunova kunokosha nokuda kwokuchengeta chivimbo neperero mukati megadziriro yezvamatongerwe enyika. Uyu murangariro wenheyo hausati uchingova bedzi pamusoro pokusimudzira tsika yomutoro nemutezo unosimudzira mipimo yedemokrati. Munhau yose, simba rerivhi rave rinoyerwa kazhinji kazhinji namano ayo okuita kuti ritsive mutoro mumabazu ose ehurumende nemwero yenzanga.

Mavambo Okuzvidavirira

Kuzvidavirira muhurumende inotonga kunobva munheyo dzinokosha dzinoverengeka idzo pamwe chete dzinovimbisa hurumende ine unyengeri uye inogamuchira.Idzi nheyo hadzisi dzepfungwa chete asi dzinoshandiswa kupfurikidza nemitemo, miitiro, uye tsika dzinorondedzera ukama pakati pehurumende nevagari vemo vayo.

Kuona bhaisikopo

Kuona chitarisiko kunoda kuti mabasa ehurumende ashandiswe nevoruzhinji. Izvi zvinosanganisira kusvika mashoko pamusoro pezvisarudzo zvemiitiro, zvirongwa zvemari, uye miitiro yemitemo. Somuenzaniso, Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) muUnited States inobvumira vagari vemo kukumbira marekodhi kubva kumasangano ehurumende, vachisimudzira kuzvidavirira nokufumura mufambiro unenge unenge unenge usiri iwo. Mumarepabhuriki akawanda, mitemo yokujeka inokosha kuti igone kugonesa vagari vemo kuti vatarisire zviito zvehurumende. Pasina uori, uori uye kusakwanisa kushandira pasi pevhuro kungabudirira.

Kutsigira

Vakuru vakuru vanoziviswa vanofanira kuva vanongwarira zvinodikanwa neitiro hanya dzavamiririri vavo. Kurerekera kunogona kuwanwa kupfurikidza nemisangano yenguva dzose yehoro yetaundi, mabasa esangano, uye mikoto yekurukurirano yakananga. Apo vakuru vakuru vanofuratira zvinoiswa navose, kuzvidavirira kunoderera. Kuramba 2020 munyika zhinji kwakasimbisa kudikanwa kwokugamuchira kwehurumende kururamisiro yenzanga, kuchiratidza kuti vagari vemo vanotarisira vamiririri vavo kuita chiito nokuda kwavo. Sarudzo dzenguva dzose dzinobatira senzvero pakugamuchira, asi kuvimbisa kunopfuurira kuri madikanwa pakati pezvivhoti.

Kutonga kwoMutemo

Mutemo womutemo unovimbisa kuti vanhu vose, kubatanidza vakuru vakuru vehurumende, vanozviisa pasi pomutemo. Iyi nheyo inodzivisa simba rinonyengera uye inodzivirira vagari vemo pakubatwa zvisina kufanira. Simba redare razvimirira rinokosha kutsigira mutemo, sezvarinogona kuhwirudzura zviito zvevakuru vakuru uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti zvinowirirana nemipimo yebumbiro remitemo. Mabumbiro emitemo ehurumende kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji anodzivisa nheyo iyi kuti idzivise udzvinyiriri. Somuenzaniso, U.S. simba reDare gurusa redare rokuongorora rinoibvumira kuputsa mitemo inoputsa mutemo, seyakagadzwa mu marbury v.[FLT]

Kuzvidavirira Soukoshi Hwetsika

Kupfuura zvivako zvakarongwa, kuzvidavirira kunofanira kusimbiswa mutsika dzezvamatongerwe enyika. Ikoku kunoreva kuti vakuru vakuru vehurumende vanoisa pfungwa yebasa rokupindura nokuda kwezviito zvavo. Munzanga umo kuzvidavirira kuri ukoshi hunogoveranwa, varidzi veridzo vanodzivirirwa, mipimo yetsika yakakwirira, uye vagari vemo vanonzwa vapiwa simba rokubvunza chiremera. Kuvaka iyi tsika inoda nhamburiko dzenhambo refu mudzidzo yehurumende noutungamiriri kupfurikidza nomuenzaniso.

Basa Revagari Vemo Mukuzvidavirira

Kubatanidzwa kwavo mugadziriro yehurumende yehurumende yegutsaruzhinji kunokosha kuti vatsigire mhoteredzo yokuzvidavirira.Hedzi nzira dzinokudzwa vagari vemo vanogona kupinda nadzo, dzichibatanidza zvose zviri zviviri mitoo yegamuchidzanwa neyemazuva ano:

Kubatsira uye Kuita Basa

Kudzosera mashoko ndiwo mutoo wakananga zvikurusa kuti vagari vemo vatsive nawo. Kupfurikidza nokukanda mabhorati. Vagari vemo vanogona kutusa kana kuti kubvisa vakuru vakuru vakavakirwa pabasa ravo. Zvisinei, muvhoti mukuru kazhinji kazhinji anobatira pamwe nokuzvidavirira kukuru, sezvo vakuru vakuru vane bviro huru yokupindura kuvhota kwakabatanidzwa. Sarudzo dzeMidters muUnited States dzinobatira senzvero dzenhambo dzenhambo nenhambo dzebasa rehurumende, nepo sarudzo huru dzichibvumira kudenha mumibato. Zvisinei, kusakendenga kugona kuderedza muitiro uyu, kuchiita kuti kuve kunokosha zvikuru kuti vagari vemo vatsiki vatsigiriki vatsiki vatsiki vatsiki vatsiki vatsigirirwe mukuwanda yose yezvisarudzo.

Kunyengera Nenzanga Yavagari Vemo

Vagari vanogona kutsigira mitemo inosimudzira kuzvidavirira, yakadai sokuchinja mari, mitemo inorwisana nokuomesa uori, uye nhano dzokuona. Masangano enzanga avagari vemo, kufanana , anonzvera zviito zvehurumende nedaviswo rechinjo. Kukumbira kwavose kunobatanidzawo kunyora, kuronga misangano, uye kushandisa zvinobudisa nhau kusimbisa kundikano. Somuenzaniso, sangano # MeToo rakaratidzira kuti kuumba vanhu vane simba kugona sei kuzvidavirira nokuda kwetsika dzakaipa, zvose zviri zviviri mumativi avose.

Kubatanidzwa Nokutarisira

Kupinda misangano yehoro yeguta, kutora rutivi munzvimbo dzinoitirwa zvinhu zvavose, uye kushanda pamadare omunharaunda kunobvumira vagari vemo kutaura zvinovanetsa zvakananga. Mukuwedzera, vagari vemo vanogona kupinda mumidzi youswa kupfurikidza nokushuma uori kana kuti kusakwanisa kubudisa mitumbi yakakodzera. Nokukwidza kwematurusi emagetsi, masitevhiiji eIndaneti anoita kuti vanhu vakwanise kupindura zvinhu chaizvo uye kuongorora mabasa avose. Mapepa akaita seFix MyStreet muUK abvumire vagari vemo kushuma nhau dzomunzvimbomo, kugadzira mutsetse wakananga wokuzvidavirira pakati pevagari vemo nezviremera zvomunzvimbomo.

Kuongorora Kugadzirwa Kwemiti Nemadhigirii

Mapepanhau evagari vemo uye zvinobudisa nhau zvenzanga zvakakudza mano evanhuwo zvavo okuzvidavirira. Mavhidhiyo outsinye hwemapurisa, mishumo yetsvina yehurumende, uye ufakazi hwekubiridzira kwevhota zvinogona kupararira nokukurumidza, zvichimanikidza kunzvera kwapamutemo. Zvisinei, izvi zvinodawo kurava mashoko akanyorwa kuti arwise mashoko asina kururama. Zviteshi zvenhau zvinozvimirira zvinoramba zvichikosha, sezvo zvinogona kupa pfuma mukunzvera kukuru uko kunokudza funganyo dzevagari vemo.

Michina Yokuzvidavirira MuRepublic

Mashandiro akasiyana - siyana aripo kuti pave nechokwadi chokuti munhu achazvidavirira muhurumende inotonga, yakagadzirirwa kudzivisa kushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwesimba uye kuvimbisa kuti inoshanda zvinobudirira.

Makeja Nedzikamo

Kuparadzaniswa kwamasimba pakati pevatungamiriri, vomutemo, uye vatongi vapazu kunodzivisa bazu ripi neripi kuva rine simba zvikuru. Somuenzaniso, imba yomutemo inogona kuisa mukuru mukuru, mukuru mukuru anogona kuisa mutemo, uye mutongi anogona kuzivisa mitemo isiri inowirirana. Iyi tsika inovakirwa kumarebhurari akawanda, kubatanidza United States, sezvinorondedzerwa mu mipimo nedzinoyera [.

Matare Anotarisira

Matare emitemo anonzvera zviito zvehurumende, anobata dare, uye anodana zvapupu kuti zvive nechokwadi chokuzvidavirira.Mienzaniso inobatanidza Dare reMari reDare reSamende reUnited States kana kuti Dare reNzvimbo reNzvimbo. aya matare anogona kuisa magwaro ePhopena ndokumanikidza chipupuriro, achiaita maturusi ane simba okufukura mufambiro usina kururama. Matare akafanana aripo mumiitiro eparamende, akadai samatare anosarudza muUK, ayo ave achibetsera mukunzvera zvisarudzo zvechiremera.

Kuhwirudzura Kutonga

Matare ane chiremera chokuhwirudzura mitemo nezviito zvehurumende kuti zvive nechokwadi chokuti zvinowirirana nebumbiro remitemo. Kuhwirudzura kwedare kunopa vanhu simba rokudenha zvisarudzo zvehurumende, sezvinoonekwa munhau dzinooneka se Marybury v. Madison. Iyi nzira inodzivirira kodzero dzomunhu mumwe nomumwe uye inochengeta ukuru hwemutemo webumbiro remitemo. Mumarepublic relic, matare emitemo inobatira savachengeti venheyo dzehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yegutsaruzhinji.

Mitumbi Inodzivisa Kushanda

Nyika dzinotanga marepabhuriki akawanda akazvimirira kuti dzirwise uori, dzakadai seFederal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) muU.S. kana kuti Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) muIndia. Iyi mitumbi inoshanda yakaparadzana nepesvedzero yezvamatongerwe enyika kuti iongorore nokutonga nhau dzouori. Kubudirira kwayo kunotsamira pazviwanikwa, kuzvimirira, uye kuvimba navanhu vose. Maererano ne World Bank , masangano anodzivisa uori anobudirira zvikuru apo ane maruramiro akajeka nokudzivirira padzongonyedzo yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kunzvera Kwezvinobudisa Nhau Nekwavose

Mapepanhau akasununguka anobatira sechiteshi chekuzvidavirira. Ruzivo rwenhau runofumura chakaipa, chakadai sechinonyadzisa chaWatergate chinoshumwa navanyori venhau. Munguva dzazvino uno, zvinobudisa mashoko zvinopa ngwariro kunzvero, asi zvinotarisanawo nedenho dzakadai senhema nedenho parusununguko rwokubudisa. Kuedza kuzvimirira kwezvinobudisa nhau kunoshorwa nokuda kwokuzvidavirira muRepublic. Masangano anonzvera donzo renhau negadziriro dzeredhiyo zvinobetserawo kuutarisiri hwavagari vemo vanoziva.

Mitemo Yemari Nokuzvidavirira

Masangano anozvimirira okuongorora masangano ehurumende, akadai seHurumende Accounting Office (GAO) muU.S., anohwirudzura ndyiko dzehurumende kuti aone tsvina nemhosho.

Migumisiro Yokusava Nokuzvidavirira

Kuparara kwokuzvidavirira kunowanzotungamirira kukukundikana kwegadziriro dzetsika dzinokanganisa nzanga dzose.

Uori

Pasina kuzvidavirira, vakuru vakuru vangapinda mumiitiro yakaipa nokuda kwemhindu yomunhu oga. Uori hunotsausa zviwanikwa zvavanhu vose, hunoshatisa muitiro, uye hunoparira kusaenzana. Mukuwirirana ne nzvero dzeWorld Bank , uori hukuru hunobatanidza kuderera kwemari nokuderera kwechivimbo chavanhu. Mienzaniso inobatanidza kupfumbanisa, chiokomuhomwe, uye kudzora, zvinogona kuva zvakadzika kana kunzvera kusina kusimba. Musiano wa2014 Petrobras muBrazil wakaenzanisira sei kushaiwa utarisiri hwamapfumbadza makuru kuvatendi vezvamatongerwe enyika navatungamiriri vehurumende.

Kurasikirwa Nokuvimbwa Kwavose

Vagari vangaodzwa mwoyo negadziriro yezvamatongerwe enyika, kuchitungamirira kukusakendenga nokuparadza. Kuvimba namasangano kunogona kuparira kusagadzikana kwezvamatongerwe enyika uye kusagadzikana. Somuenzaniso, kuvimba kwakaderera muhurumende munyika dzakawanda kwakabatanidzwa nokuvhota kwakaderera uye tsigiro yamasangano epublist. Mushumo weChinyorwa chaPew 2020 wakawana kuti chivimbo muhurumende chakaderera zvikuru muhurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu, murutivi nemhaka yokusarangarirwa kuva nomugariro wokuzvidavirira.

Kukundikana Kwemitemo

Kutadza kuita zvisarudzo zvakanaka kunogona kuitika pasina utariri, zvichiguma nemitemo isingashandi kana kuti inokuvadza. Somuenzaniso, kutadza kuzvidavirira muzvirongwa zvemarongerwo enzvimbo kunogona kuparira kupamba nokusachengeteka. Njodzi yenyukireya muna 2011 yakanzi yakakonzerwa nokushaya basa rokutarisira, umo nyevero dzakafuratirwa. Njodzi yemari ya2008 yakafumurawo kukundikana kuzvidavirira kune zvayakakonzera nyika yose.

Kuparadzwa Kwemadhimoni

Apo kuzvidavirira kunenge kusipo, mipimo yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yakadai sokutonga mutemo uye kusarudza kwapachena inogona kuderera. Ikoku kunogona kuparira nzira yokutonga kwechisimba. Somuenzaniso, kudzokera muutongi munyika dzakadai seHungary neVenezuela kwave kuchiratidzirwa nokuderera kwerusununguko rwedare ramajeri nerezvokubudisa nhau. Kubatwa kwesangano namasangano anotonga kunogona kuparadza miitiro yokuzvidavirira, kuchikuita kuti kuomere vagari vemo kudzorera ubati ushe hwehurumende yehurumende yehurumende.

Kuongorora Kuzvidavirira Kunoitwa

Kuongorora zvakaitika kare uye zvemazuva ano kunoratidza kuti munhu anofanira kuzvidavirira pane zvaanoita uye kuti simba rake rinobva pai.

Chinokwezva Chinoiswa Mumvura

Iyi mhosho yezvamatongerwe enyika muma 1970 yakasimbisa ukoshi hwokuzvidavirira. Kuputsika padzimbahwe reDemocratic Committee yakatungamirira kunhevedzano yezaruro pamusoro pokushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwesimba kunoitwa neNixon . Investigative anoshuma navanyori venhau Bob Wooward naCarl Bernstein, pamwe chete nokunzwika kwedare redare, kwakamanikidzira Purezidhendi Nixon kurega. Chishamiso chakasimbisa basa renhau, judicary, uye chigaro mukuchengeta kuzvidavirira. Udzangaratisitisiro hunogona kuwanwa paWPitProit.

Kurayira kwaBill Clinton

Gadziriro yokusazvidavirira yakasimbisa kushanda kwokuzvidavirira mukati mehurumende yeU.S. Clinton akapikiswa neImba yaVamiririri muna 1998 nokuda kwejeri neganhuriro yeruramisiro zvine chokuita nenhau yaMonica Lewinsky. Kutonga kweDare hakuna kumuisa mhaka, asi muitiro wakaratidzira kuti kunyange nzvimbo yakakwirira zvikurusa inozvidavirira mupamutemo uye mune zvamatongerwe enyika. Iyi nhauwo yakatanga gakava pamusoro perondedzero dzetsananguro dzemhosva dzisingachinjiki uye dzikatidzikami, inosimbisa kuti kuzvidavirira kunogona sei kuchengetwa bva pamutemo.

Kukumbira kwaDonald Trump

Kunyorwa kwaPurezidhendi Donald Trump muna 2019 na2021 kwakasimbisa miitiro yokuzvidavirira muchiito. Kurondwa kwokutanga kune chokuita nokushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwesimba nokudzongonyedzwa kweCongress pamusoro peUkraine, nepo kwechipiri kwakabatana nokunyandura kumukira pashure pedenho yeGaastal. Kunyange zvazvo iye asina kupiwa mhaka naMongameli, muitiro wakaratidzira kuti mapurezidhendi anogona kunzi anozvidavirira nokuda kwemiitiro yakaipa kupfurikidza nemiitiro yebumbiro remitemo. Idzi dzinobatanidza gakava idzva pamusoro pokushanda kwokusazvidavirira sechishandiso chokuzvidavirira, zvikurukuru mumhoteredzo yakakamukana yezvamatongerwe enyika. Sarudzo yakatevera yaPurezidhenti Biden muna 2020 yakaratidzirawo kuraira kuzvidavirira kwenhau dzakafanana nemhinduro yezviito zvemhindu yemiitiro yemitemo yemitemo.

Mienzaniso Yamarudzi Ose

Mupasi rose, miitiro yokuzvidavirira inosiana asi inokosha zvakaenzana. MuSouth Africa, mutemo wemitemo wapashure peapartheid wakatanga masangano akasimba anotarisira saMudziviriri wehurumende, uyo akanzvera ushati hwehurumende. Nhambo ye "Zuma" yakaona kushandiswa kukuru kwamasangano aya kuita kuti utungamiriri huzvitsive. MuIndia, Kodzero kuInformation Act (2005) yakasimbaradza vagari vemo kuraira kujeka mumasangano ehurumende, kuchitungamirira kukuratidzirwa kwouori nenonotsa mumabasa avose. Mienzaniso iyi inoratidza kuti kuzvidavirira inheyo yenyika yose nokuda kwehurumende inovakirwa zvakanaka, kunyange zvazvo kushandura masangano anosiana.

Kusimudzira Kuzvidavirira Mukutonga Kwazvino Uno

Kusimbisa kuzvidavirira mukudzora kwapanguva imwe cheteyo, gadziriro dzinoverengeka dzinogona kushandiswa, dzichishandisa zvose zviri zviviri maturusi egamuchidzanwa nezvinotangwa zvazvino uno.

Dzidzo Nokudzidza

Kudzidzisa vagari vemo pamusoro pekodzero dzavo, mutoo wezvamatongerwe enyika, uye ukoshi hwokuzvidavirira zvinovapa simba rokuraira mutoro kuvakuru vakuru. Zvikoro zvechikoro zvinofanira kubatanidza zvidzidzo pamusoro poubati ushe hwedemokrati, udzori, uye utarisiri hwavagari vemo. Masangano akafanana ne nokuda kweCUPF Education zvinogovera zviwiro zvokusimudzira kubatanidzwa kwehurumende. Zvirongwa zvedzidzo zvavakuru uye kungwararira vanhu vose zvinogonawo kuwedzera kunzwisisa mipimo yemiitiro yokuzvidavirira.

Ruzivo Rwokugadzira Nokuona Zvinhu Zvakareruka

Ruzivo rwokuvhota rungawedzera kuoneka uye kuzvidavirira. Mienzaniso inosanganisira mabutiro epaIndaneti okutsvaka mari inoshandiswa nehurumende, zvirongwa zvokuvhura mashoko, uye zviteshi zvinobvumira vagari vemo kupinda mumashandiro azvo vozopa mhinduro. Kushandiswa kwezvinovhaira mavhota uye mapepa avose kuri kuongororwa kuti zvideredze kubiridzira nokuwedzera kuvimba. Somuenzaniso, vhozheni dzehurumende dzinokurudzira hurumende kuti dziite maererano nokuoneka, kuzvidavirira, uye kutora rutivi. Zvinobudisa nhau zvenzanga zvinogonawo kuiswa mumitengo yezvo yokuongorora nguva chaiyo, asi zvinoda kudzivirira pakubvisa mashoko.

Kubatanidzwa Kwechibvumirano Nekubatanidzwa Kwenzanga

Kusimudzira kubatanidzwa kwenzanga mukudzora kwomunzvimbomo kunogona kusimudzira tsika yokuzvidavirira. Kubatanidzwa kwemari yokushandisa. Kubatanidzwa, uko vagari vemo vanosarudza zvakananga paganhuriro dzemari, kwave kuchibudirira mumaguta akadai sePorto Alegre, Brazil, kuchitungamirira kukushandiswa kwakanakisisa kwezviwanikwa uye gutsikano yakakwirira zvikuru yevagari vemo. Nenzira yakafanana, madare omunharaunda nematare evagari vemo anobvumira kubatanidzwa chaiko muzvisarudzo zvemitemo. Miitiro iyi inoumba chivimbo uye inovimbisa kuti vakuru vakuru vomunzvimbomo vabvume kuzvinodikanwa zvenzanga.

Kusimbisa Zvirongwa

Kusimbisa masangano anozvimirira akadai savanofeyafeya, vamagariro, uye masangano ekodzero dzevanhu zvinokosha. Masangano aya anofanira kuva nezvinhu zvakakwana, kuzvitonga, uye kurayira kuti aongorore kusazvibata. Kufurira kwemarudzi ose uye kuongorora kwevezera kunogonawo kusimudzira mipimo yokuzvidavirira mumarudzi ose. Somuenzaniso, United Nations Convention on Uoristrugment inopa nyika chirongwa chokuti nyika dzishandise matanho okudzivisa uori. Masangano ekodzero dzevanhu anogonawo kuita kuti hurumende dzizvidavirire nokuda kwokuputswa kwekodzero dzevanhu.

Kuchinja Kwepamutemo Nedziviriro Dzevarwi

Zvirongwa zvapamutemo zvinodzivirira vanoridza mhete zvinokosha nokuda kwokufukura chakaipa pasina kutya kutsiva. Mitemo yakafanana neWhistleer Protection Act muWistler Act yeUnited States inodzivirira vanhu vanoshuma mibato isiri yapamutemo. Nenzira yakafanana, kusimbisa mitemo yemari yenhimbe, kuisa chitarisiko pachena, uye mitemo yetsika nokuda kwavakuru vakuru inogona kuderedza rwisano dzefariro. Kuwana zvinyorwa zvehurumende kupfurikidza norusununguko rwemitemo yemashoko kunoramba kuri chishandiso chikuru nokuda kwokuzvidavirira.

mhedziso

Kuzvidavirira kunokosha nokuda kwoutano hweRepublic. Inovimbisa kuti vakuru vakuru vehurumende vane mutoro wezviito zvavo, vachisimudzira kuvimba uye kuvimbika mukati megadziriro yezvamatongerwe enyika. Nokupinda mugadziriro yedemocracy nokurevererwa nokuda kwokuzvidavirira, vagari vemo vanogona kubetsera kuumba hurumende inogamuchira zvikuru neinozvidavirira. Nemhaka yenhau dzinokurukurwa, kuzvidavirira hakusati kuri mugariro wakananga asi muitiro unopfuurira uyo unoda kungwarira, kutora rutivi, uye tsigiro yesangano. Pasina iwo, republic rinozviisa muuori, muuori, uye ubati ushe hwehurumende hunodzvinyirira. Naizvozvo, kusimudzira kuzvidavirira nokuda kwevatamisi vose muhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, kubva kumasangano enyika ose. Muteveridzi womunguva yemberi woutongi wenyika yose unotsamira pakutsigira mutemo uyu mukuru.