Pfungwa yebvumirano yenzanga inokosha mukunzwisisa ukama hwevanhu nenzanga. Inobatira segadziriro inofungidzirwa iyo inotsanangura kuti vanhu vanoungana sei kuti vaumbe nzanga, kuti vatange kutonga, uye kurondedzera misengwa pakati pavatongi nevanotongwa. Asi chii chinorehwa chaizvoizvo nokuva nebvumirano yenzanga? Kubva parugwaro rwakanyorwa, ibvumirano yakajeka, ibvumirano yakarongeka yezvinodiwa nemabasa zvinobatanidza vagari vemo nehurumende yavo. Nyaya ino inoongorora mavambo enhau, tsananguro huru dzouzivi, zvishandiso zvazvino uno, uye zvinetso zvechibvumirano chenzanga, zvichiratidza kuti nei chinoramba chiri chinhu chinokosha chenhau yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kurondedzera Tsitsi Dzenzanga

Chibvumirano chenzanga chibvumirano chakakwana pakati pemitezo yenzanga kuti ibatirane nokuda kwebetsero dzenzanga. Ikoku kunogona kubatanidza dziviriro yamaruramiro omunhu oga, kutangwa kwenhevedzano yenzanga, uye kusimudzirwa kwegarikano yavanhu vose. Pfungwa inofungidzira kuti kurangarira vanhu, kurarama mumugariro wechisiko pasina hurumende yapamutemo, kungabvumira kuumba nzanga yezvamatongerwe enyika mukutsinhana nokuda kwechengeteko nedzikamo. Chibvumirano hachisi chinyorwa chaichoicho asi ruramiso yetsika nezvamatongerwe enyika nokuda kwechiremera chehurumende.

Chibvumirano chenzanga chinopindura mubvunzo mukuru: nei vanhu vachifanira kuteerera mitemo yehurumende? Mhinduro iri muukama hwechikwata chinopa rusununguko nokugamuchira misengwa, nepo hurumende ichigovera dziviriro, ruramisiro, uye zvinhu zvavose. Uku kubatanidzwa ndicho chikonzero chikuru chepamutemo zvamatongerwe enyika. Pasina chibvumirano chenzanga, kudzora kungamira pakumanikidzwa; nakwo, chiremera chinoruramiswa nebvumirano.

Mavambo Edzidziso

Rondedzero yebvumirano yenzanga ine mavambo ayo muuzivi hweKujekeswa, navazivi vatatu vachipa tsananguro dzakajeka dzinopfuurira kuumba hurukuro yezvamatongerwe enyika yazvino uno.

Thomas Hobbes: Kuchengeteka Kunopfuura Zvose

Thomas Hobbes, achinyora mumashoko akapoteredza eHondo yeChirungu yeChivil, akarondedzera mufananidzo usingafadzi wemamiriro ezvinhu echisiko. Mubasa rake ra1651 Leviathan, akarangarira kuti pasina chiremera chikuru, upenyu hungava “husina simba, husina kunaka, husingafadzi, hupfupi, hupfupi.” Hudzo inodzorwa nerokuti munhu azvifadzei, vanhu vaizorarama vachitya rufu rwamasimba masimba nguva dzose. Kupukunyuka mamiriro ezvinhu aya, vanobvuma pamwe chete kubvumira kodzero dzavo dzomusikirwo kuzviisa kunzvimbo yechigaro, . Hobdan inodzivirira maruramiro echipoka.

John Locke: Kodzero Dzechisiko Nebvumirano

John Locke akapa murangariro wakasununguka zvikuru mu Spected of Government [1689]. Kusafanana naHobbes, Locke akadavira mugariro wechisiko, Locke akanga asiri hondo yavose asi mugariro worusununguko rwakakwana unodzorwa nomutemo wake womusikirwo, unoraira kuti hakuna munhu anofanira kukuvadza mumwe mu “upenyu, utano, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu. ” Zvisinei, uyu mugariro unoshaikwa nemhaka yokuti vanhu vamwe navamwe havana mutongi wokutonga. Naizvozvo, vanhu vanobvumirana kuumba hurumende nokuda kwedziviriro yekodzero dzavo dzomusikirwo, rusununguko, shaidzo, uye pfuma. Nemhaka inokosha, Coocleast fation inoreva kuti chibvumirano chenzanga chinowirirana nekodzero dzehurumende kana kuti hachibvumiridzoro chavanhu, chinodzorwa zvikuru. Chibvumirano ichi chinodzorwa zvikuru nemutemo chapamutemo chapamutemo chapamutemo.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau: Mutungamiriri wehondo Anoda

Jean-Jacques Rousseau Contract yenzanga [1762] yakatora nhambo huru zvikuru. Akarevedzera kuti mumugariro wechisiko, vanhu vakanga vane utsinye hwakaisvonaka, vakashatiswa neshambidziko nenzvimbo yomunhu oga. Nokuda kwaRousseau, chibvumirano chenzanga hachifaniri kungova bedzi pamusoro pokudzivirira kodzero dzomunhu mumwe nomumwe asi pamusoro pokuita chiratidzo chavose kupfurikidza ne “chido.. [Idziro] Mutungamiriri wehondo haasati achizongova zvake chitsamando chavanhu asi chakanaka chokuti mugari wemo mumwe nomumwe, apo anenge achidzidziswa zvakanaka, anotsigira zvakanaka. Vagari vemo vanofanira kuzviisa pasi pomukurumbira, izvo Roussterusson akarondedzera sorudzi rworusununguko kumutemo mumwe. Iyi pfungwa inonyandurwawose, inonyandurwa kururamisa, uye kururamisa vatungamiriri vehurumende vehurumende.

Ava vafungi vatatu vane nheyo — Hobbes, Locke, naRousseau — imwe neimwe yakagovera chiono chakasiana chohunhu nedonzo rehurumende. Pamwe chete, vakavamba chibvumirano chenzanga sedimikira guru nokuda kwapamutemo wezvamatongerwe enyika muMadokero.

Dzidziso Yokushanduka - shanduka Yenzanga

Muzana remakore rechi20, vazivi vakatangazve kuvandudza pfungwa yacho, kunyanya John Rawls naRobert Nozick, avo vaitsanangura pfungwa dzavo vachikwikwidzana.

Johane Haana Kuberekwa Naro: Kururamisira Sokururama

Mu Chitendero cheMutongi[[FLT: 1] (1971], John Rawls akakarakadza chibvumirano chenzanga chinofungidzirwa seri kwe “kusaziva.” Akataura kuti vanhu vane mufungo vanosarudza nheyo dzeruramisiro havafaniri kuziva mugariro wavo vamene, matare, kana kuti kuva nemifungo yezvakanaka. Paiyi jira, vaizobvumirana pamipimo miviri: (1) rusununguko rwakaenzana nokuda kwavose, uye (2) kusaenzana kwenzanga nezvemari kunogamuchirika bedzi kana vachibetsera betsero duku (musiyano wenheyo). Chibvumirano chaJari risati riri chenhau asi chikafungwa kuwana nheyo dzakarurama. Basa rake rinonyandura rondedzero yenzanga yazvino unova hwamagariro. [Frford]

Robert Nozick: Nyika duku Nenyaya

Mumhinduro kuRawls, Robert Nozick’s Anarchy, State, uye Utopia [7974]) akadzivirira chibvumirano chemigariro yenzanga. Nozick akatsigira kuti nyika duku bedzi, yakaganhurirwa kudzivirira kusimba, kunyengera, uye kuba, ingaruramiswa. Chimwe hurumende chakakura chingaputsa kodzero dzevanhu dzomusikirwo. Akashandisa kuedza kwe “magariro echisiko” umo masangano edziviriro emunhu oga anova musonganiro inodzivirira, pakupedzisira achiva mugariro wedeo kupfurikidza no“ ruoko rusingaonekwi.” Norick yakavakirwa pakodzero dzenhau dzenhau uye kana zvinhu zvakatamisirwa zvakarurama uye kubviswa, nyika yacho haisati yaibatanidzwa. Basa rake rinongova rinopesvedzera pamutemo, uye muganhu wehurumende inodzorwa mumitero.

Zvinhu Zvinokosha Zvinoumba Kupindirana Kwenzanga

Pasinei zvapo nedudziro dzakasiyana - siyana, rondedzero dzakawanda dzechibvumirano chenzanga dzinogoverana zvinhu zvinoverengeka zvinozivikanwa:

  • Mutuni Consact: Chibvumirano chakavakirwa pabvumirano ine mufungo yavanhu, kana iri yakajeka (somubumbiro remitemo) kana kuti yakajeka (kupfurikidza nokupfuurira kurarama mumitemo yehurumende). Kubvumira kunobvumira chiremera chezvamatongerwe enyika kubvumikiswa uye kuchisiyanisa nesimba roupengo.
  • Tsika neMisengwa: Chibvumirano chinorondedzera kodzero idzo vagari vemo vanadzo serusununguko rwokutaura, kutongwa kwakarurama, uye matare (pane chikwereti), zvakadai sokuteerera mitemo, kubhadhara mitero, uye kubatira pamadare ematare.
  • Changamire neKuzvidavirira: Changamire (hurumende) anogamuchira chiremera chake kuvanhu uye anozvidavirira kwavari. Kana ichikundikana kudzivirira maruramiro kana kuti kuva anodzvinyirira, chibvumirano chingapera.
  • Common Good: Donzo rokupedzisira rebvumirano yenzanga harisati riri betsero yomunhu oga asi kusimudzirwa kwezvakanaka zvakafanana(_ruramisiro, rugare, uye garikano yeboka.

Mubatanidzwa Wenzanga Muutongi Hwazvino Uno

Chibvumirano chenzanga hachisi chingoriwo chiziviso chemagariro ezvouzivi; chakasimbiswa mumasangano ezvamatongerwe enyika azvino uno. Mabumbiro emitemo akafanana neayo eUnited States, India, uye madhimoniroma akawanda eEurope zvibvumirano zvenzanga chaizvoizvo (mapepa anonyorwa anorondedzera chimiro chehurumende nekodzero dzevagari vemo. Democratic sarudzo inobatira semutsidziro wenhambo nenhambo yebvumirano. Purogiramu yenzanga yenzanga yenzanga (jeresase sedzidzo yavose, dzidzo youtano, uye urovharo yebasa) zvinoratidzira musengwano rehurumende yokugovera zvakanaka. Kubhadhakisa kunoonekwa semutengo unobhadharwa vagari vemo yenzanga nokuda kwemiuyo yenzanga yakarongwa.

Zvisinei, chibvumirano chenzanga hachisi chamagariro. Chinochinja sezvo tsika dzechimurenga dzinochinja. Kubviswa kwouranda, kukura kwekodzero dzevanhu, kuzivikanwa kwekodzero dzevanhu, uye kutangwa kwekodzero dzevanhu vemarudzi ose zvose zvinoitika zvokunyorwazve kwechibvumirano chenzanga. Somuenzaniso, Chibvumirano cheUniversal of Human Rights [ [1948]) chinogona kurangarirwa sechibvumirano chenyika yose, chinoratidzira kodzero idzo marudzi ose anofanira kuvimbisa.

Matambudziko Kuvanhu Vane Magariro

Kusaenzana kuri kuwedzera, kusabatana kwezvamatongerwe enyika, kuderera kwokuvimbana nemasangano, uye kuwedzera kwezvikwata zvechipukanana zvose zvinokanganisa ukama hwevagari vemo nehurumende.

Kusaenzana Nokusawirirana

Apo chikamu chiduku chechiverengero chavagari vemo chinounganidza pfuma huru apo vazhinji vanoparapatika kusvitsa zvinodikanwa zvikuru, murangariro wokuti tsika inoiswa pasi unosekesa chibvumirano chenzanga. Kusaenzana kwezvemari kunowanzova kupesana kwezvamatongerwe enyika, sezvo vapfumi vane pesvedzero yakasiyana- siyana pamusoro pomutemo. Vagari vanonzwa kuti vasiyiwa shure vangarega kuvimbisana kana kuti kutsigira masangano anorwisana nehurumende. Chibvumirano chinorasikirwa nekodzero kana kuchiratidzika kuva chinobetsera bedzi vakakwirira.

Kuderera Kwochivimbo Nemashoko Asina Kunaka

Kuvimba nehurumende, zvinobudisa nhau, uye mamwe masangano kwaderera muhurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzakawanda. Mishformation uye kusanzwisisana zvinobvisa hwaro hwechokwadi hunodikanwa nokuda kwebvumirano yenzanga inoshanda. Apo vagari vemo havagoni kubvumirana pamaidi makuru. Kwakadai somuuyo wesarudzo kana kuti kushanda kwemishonga yenhomba (chikonzero chinozivikanwa nokuda kwebvumirano inobatira pamwe. Chibvumirano chenzanga chinotsamira pamwero wokuvimbana nokunzwisisana chinhu chaichoicho.

Kudyidzana Kwenyika Dzepasi Pose Nemiganhu Yezvinetso Zvorudzi

Zvinetso zvakawanda zvenguva ino zvinoda kuchinjwa, zvirwere, ugandanga, kusabhadhara mitero kunoitwa nemasangano enyika dzakawanda. Nhau dzenzanga dzakaitwa mumiganhu yenyika inotonga. Asi zvinetso zvanhasi zvinoda kubatana kwenyika yose. Izvi zvinoparira kusawirirana: vagari vemo vanochengeta hurumende dzavo vamene vane mutoro wezvisakiso zvinosarudzwa nemasimba asingadzorwi nenyika. Vamwe vatsigiri venzanga, saThomas Puge, vanotaura kuti chibvumirano chenzanga chenyika yose chaizowedzera kodzero nemisengwaro munyika yose.

Nhau Dzazvino Uno Nenyika Itsva

Pfungwa yokuti vanhu vaita zvechibvumirano iri kushandiswa pazvinhu zvitsva, kubva paruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu kusvika kuzvinhu zvakatipoteredza.

Kushandiswa Kwemakombiyuta Nemagariro Evanhu

Sezvo upenyu hwedu hunochinja paIndaneti, mibvunzo mitsva inomuka: Kodzeroi dzine vagari vemo panzvimbo pezvavo? Misengwai ine makambani eruzivo rwokugadzira kuti adzivirire kuvandika nokudzivisa kuvadziko? Nyanzvi dzakawanda nevanorwira kukumbira “chibvumirano chenzanga” icho chingavandudza ukama pakati pavanhu, masangano, uye hurumende muzera remitezo. Nheyo dzeChimbiso cheSayenzi inobatanidza kuva naMadata, kujekesera kwamazauko, uye kodzero yokukanganwika. The European Union’s General Data Protection Regtection Regtem (GDPR) kuedza kukurumidza kuvandudza chibvumirano chakadaro. Nokuda kwokuverengazve, ona [[FLT:] World Econom] pakurukurirano itsva yemicrome.

Mubatanidzwa Wenzanga

Kuchinja kwemamiriro okunze kunoita kuti vanhu vafunge nezvechibvumirano chemagariro evanhu kumativi maviri: ruramisiro yechizvarwa nebatira pamwe yenyika yose. Zvizvarwa zvomunguva yemberi hazvina zvazvinoreva muzvisarudzo zvanhasi, asi zvichava nemigumisiro yokubudisa tsvina yedu. Vamwe vazivi vanotaura kuti chibvumirano chenzanga chinofanira kubatanidza vanhu vomunguva yemberi sevanhu vanobatanidzwa pabvumirano yacho.

Kutangazve Kuva Mugari Womunyika Nokutora Rutivi

Mukupindura kurambwa, chinjo zhinji dzehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu dzinovavarira kusimbisa chibvumirano chenzanga kupfurikidza nokuwedzera kutora rutivi muvagari vemo. Nemhaka yezvisarudzo zviduku .-danga yakasarudzwa vagari vemo avo vari vamaune panhau dzemitemo() vari kushandiswa munyika dzakadai seIreland, France, uye Belgium kupedza nhau. Kuronga mari kunopa vagari vemo udzori hwakananga pamari yavose. Uku kuvandudza kunovandudza pfungwa yokuti chibvumirano chenzanga hachisi kutanga nguva imwe chete asi muitiro unopfuurira wezvishandiso zvose.

Kuchinja Mubatanidzwa Wenzanga Wezana Ramakore Ra 21

Kuti zvisimbise chibvumirano chenzanga pasinei nematambudziko emazuva ano, zvakakodzera kufunga nezvezvirongwa zvakati kuti:

  • [ Kudzorwa uye Kuzarura Hurumende: Vagari vanoda kusvikwa kumashoko pamusoro penzira yokuita nayo zvisarudzo uye kuti mari yavose inoshandiswa sei. Kuvhura zvirongwa zvemashoko norusununguko rwemitemo yemashoko zvinobetsera kuvakazve chivimbo.
  • [ Foundation and Chinement: Chibvumirano chakanaka chenzanga chinoda vagari vemo vanonzwisisa kodzero dzavo nemitoro. dzidzo, mapurogiramu ebasa renzanga, uye kurangarira kwavose kungasimudzira pfungwa yokuva voga.
  • Institutions: Tsvaka renzanga rinofanira kugadziridzwa nguva dzose kubatanidza mapoka ane chiremera chakaderera(makwara mashoma), vakadzi, vanhu vomunzvimbomo, vanhu vakaremara. Kurangarira kuti manzwi ose anonzwiwa uye anomiririrwa kunokosha nokuda kwoune pamutemo.
  • Michina ine ukombo:[[FLT: 1] judiciaris Independent, matunhu anodzivisa uori, uye zvinobudisa nhau zvakasununguka zvinokosha kuisa hurumende kumipimo yebvumirano.

mhedziso

Chibvumirano chenzanga ipfungwa inokosha inoumba kunzwisisa kwedu kudzora uye mutoro wehurumende. Kubva pakusanzwisisa zvinhu chaizvoizvo kweHobbes kusvika kutariro yedemocracy yaRouss uye kuchinja kwazvino uno kwemaSawls neNozick, pfungwa inoramba iri chiso chine simba zvikuru chatinonzvera nacho misengwa pakati pavanhu nehurumende. Nokunzvera nheyo dzayo dzenhau uye denho dzapanguva ino. "Magariro avanhu, mamiriro ezvinhu akasiana neapo, njodzi dzemhoteredzo, (h] iwe unogona kushanda kunzvimbo inova inovakwanete nenzanga inova yakaenzana neyakarurama; ibvumirano mhenyu inoda kugadziriswa kwenguva dzose. Sevagari vemo, tinoshandisa kunyora.