Chitanga: Chigadzirwa Chisingaoneki cheSosaiti

Gadziriro yavose inoumba anodokuva rutivi rwuri rwose rwokuvapo kwazvino uno, kubva pamipimo yekotsekano yemotokari yaunotyaira kusvikira kumwero yemubereko pamari inokwereteswa nomudzidzi wako. I yoruvako rusingaoneki[ rwenzanga, kuyera mikana yedu, misengwa, uye njodzi. Panzvimbo yayo, muitiro wavose unomirira zvisarudzo zvetsika nezviito zvemuitiro izvo hurumende inoita / kana kuti inodzivisa namaune kutora zvinetso zvavose. Iyi inogovera hwaro hwakakwana hwokunzwisisa muitiro wavose, masimba anouumba, uye basa rinokosha ravagari vemo vanouita mukati mayo.

Tsananguro Yapakuvamba Inorevei?

Kuratidza muitiro wavose iri danho rokutanga kukunzwisisa kusvika kwaro. Musayendisiti wezvamatongerwe enyika Thomas Dyer akapa rondedzero yakakurumbira, inobatanidza: mitemo yePublic iri chinhu chipi nechipi chinosarudza kuita kana kuti kusaita.. Iyi fomu ine simba nemhaka yokuti inobvuma kuti kusaita chiito chisarudzo chemiitiro. Apo hurumende inosarudza kusadzora indasitiri chaiyo kana kuti kusapindira munjodzi yedzimba, chisarudzo ichocho chine miuyo mikuru nokuda kwenzanga.

Gadziriro yavanhu inosimudzirwa nezvisarudzo zvavanhu vamene kupfurikidza nokudzora kwavo noukuru. Inotsigirwa nesimba rehurumende uye inoshanda kuvagari vemo vakarondedzerwa. Inowanzobatanidzwa mumitemo, mirairo yavakuru vakuru, mirau, uye mirau yokutonga. Inobetserawo kunzwisisa dare rezvishandiso izvi: miromo yemitemo yakanyorwa namasangano akarongwa kumitemo iyoyo, mitemo inopfuudzwa nemitemo yemitemo inopiwa nemitemo; uye [FLT:] mitemo] mitemo yakanyorwa nemitemo inoitwa nemitemo inoshandiswa.

  • [[[ITS. 0] donzo remitemo kana kuti rezvokudzora.
  • [ Content: Urongwa hwakananga negadziriro dzegadziriro.
  • [ Kubatanidza: Kuitwa kwemuitiro kunoitwa namasangano.
  • Miuyo inooneka netapuro pachiverengero chavagari vemo chinenge chichidiwa.

Samanyuko ane chiremera panhau yacho, kupinza kwewachipa pamuitiro wavose kunogovera nzvimbo yedzidzo yakasimba yokutangira nokuda kwokunzwisisa rondedzero dzakasiana - siana noukuru.

Chikonzero Nei Muitiro Wavose Uchikosha

Kunzwisisa muitiro wavose hakusi kurovedza munhu mudzidzo, kunotapura zvakananga zvinhu zvakanaka uye kunaka kwoupenyu hwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu.

Kugara Munzvimbo Dzinogadzirwa Zvinhu Neupenyu Hwezuva Nezuva

Hurumende imwe neimwe yakabhajeta inhau yemitemo. Chisarudzo chokugovera mari kudziviriro yehondo neyavanhu vezvoutano chinoratidza kuti mamiriro ezvemari ari pakati enzvimbo yokutanga. Kutsvaka mitemo yemari yemari yemari yemari yemari yemari yemari yemari yemari yeseinjiniya yemabhangi. inoumbwa nezvinopesvedzera kukwira kwemitengo nemabasa, inotapura simba rokutenga remari yose. Kupfurikidza nemitemo yemari (kudzosa mari) uye muitiro wemari (kudzosa mari), hurumende inodzora nokushingaira, ichiita kutarisirwa kwemari kwapazasiti yenzvimbo dzavose zvikurusa dzegadziriro yavose. Muitiro wehurumende ndiwo mubato mukuru unoparadzirwa, kupfurikidza nenzvimbo yezvipfumbadzo yezvamatongerwe enyika pamusoro pezvirongwa zvezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kuchinja Mubatanidzwa Wenzanga

Mitemo yavose inorondedzera ukama pakati pomunhu nehurumende. Sacurity ne Mitedhia [ inomirira chipikirwa chakabatana chokutsigira vagari vomunyika mukweguru nechirwere. mirau yekodzero inosungisa kuenzana nokusawirirana. miraudzo yendangariro yetsika [[FLT]] inopa mutoro unogoverwa nokuda kwemhepo yakachena nemvura. Kupfurikidza nokugadza kodzero, mabasa, uye mambure, muitiro unopa chibvumirano chibvumirano chavose.

Kusimudzira Ruramisiro Yenzanga Nokururamisira

Mitemo inogona kuva injini ine simba yokururamisa kusaruramisira kwenhau. Mitemo yokusimbisa zviito zvechiito, zviito zvokuvhota, uye mitemo yokupinda nokuremara zvose zvakagadzirirwa kuderedza nzvimbo dzokutamba. Nenzira yakapesana, mirau isina kurongwa kana kuti yakashata inogona kuisa kusaenzana kwakagadzirwa zvakanaka, sezvinoonekwa mumiitiro inodzosera kana kuti zvivako zvenhau zvokudzosera mitero. Kunzwisisa muitiro ndiko kunzwisisa maturusi anowanika kuvaka nzanga yakarurama zvikuru.

Marudzi Omutemo Wavose: Roori’s Taximato

Musayendisiti wezvamatongerwe enyika Theodore Lowi akagovera gadziriro inoshandiswa zvikuru yokuronga mitemo yakavakirwa pasimba rayo uye masimba ezvematongerwe enyika ayo anoparira.

Tsika Dzinoparadzira

Mitemo inoparadzirwa inogovera betsero kumapoka akati kana kuti vanhu pasina mutengo wakajeka unoiswa pane rimwe boka. Iyoyi inowanzonongedzerwa kwairi se "pork-barrel" zvivako kana kuti purojekita. Mienzaniso inobatanidza farm farmation[, [[FLT]] , [[FLT]] NHIH inopa ruwaro rwemiitiro yokuwedzera, apo kutengeserana kwemimwe , kunotungamirira kumibatanidzwa yakafara.

Tsika Dzinodzora

Mitemo inodzorwa inoita kuti mufambiro womunhu mumwe nomumwe kana kuti weboka ushande zvakanaka. Irori rinoratidzira chinogona uye chisingagoni kuitwa. Iri boka rinogona kuputswazve kuva murairo wezvemari (g., mitemo inopesana nomutemo, mwero yemitengo yetsika) uye miraudzo yenzanga [mge, mipimo yemhoteredzo yebasa, dziviriro yebasa]. Mitemo inobatanidza Clean Air Act ne OSHCA. Iyi miraudzo inowanzoparira rwisano yakakomba pakati pezvirongwa zvebhizimisi namapoka avanhu, seizvo zvinoparira mari yakananga kugovera betsero kubetsera.

Tsika Dzinoparadzira

Mitemo inoparadzira zvakajeka mibato inopfuudza zvakajeka kubva kuboka rimwe kuenda kune rimwe. Iyi inowanzova inopomerwa zvikuru. Mienzaniso inobatanidza mutero wemari inofambiswa mberi [, purogiramu (TENF)[FLT], uye Sacial Security [[. Matongerwe enyika echipotiso anoratidzirwa nerwisano yeboka nenharo huru pamusoro pekusariranwa, regwenga, uye basa rakafanira rehurumende mukusaenzana kwemarika kwezve mune zvemari.

Tsika Dzinowirirana

Mitemo inosimbiswa inosimbisa mitemo yomutambo nokuda kwehurumende imene. Inoita masangano matsva ehurumende, kurondedzera masimba, uye kugadza mitemo yetsika. Mienzaniso inobatanidza Procedification Act , iyo inodzora nzira iyo masangano anoita nayo mirau, uye shambidziko yeBato reHomeland Security. Iyi miitiro inoumba nzvimbo yemimwe miitiro yose uye inowanzofuratirwa pasinei zvapo noukoshi hwavo hwenheyo.

Gadziriro Yemitemo Yavose: Basa Rakarongeka Nokuda Kwokunzvera

Muitiro wakaoma uye wakashata, asi fomu rezviteshi [ rinogovera mepu inobetsera yokunzwisisa kuti zvinetso zvinova sei miitiro uye kuti miitiro inochinja sei nokufamba kwenguva.

Chinotangira 1: Chivako cheAgenda

Chinetso chinowana sei ngwariro yehurumende? [ Agenda igadziriro ine simba. Inokarakadza kuti hova nhatu dzakazvimirira(PRON), Mitemo, uye matongerwe enyika zvinoda kutevedzerwa kuti zvisvike pamusoro pemagariro. Chinoitika chakanangidzirwa (senjodzi yomusikirwo kana kuti kupfurwa) chinogona kuzarura "windo." panewo kupesana pakati pe [FOLT:] programmes [FFFD], Polic]

Chikamu 2: Kudzorwa Kwemiitiro

Kana nhau yangova padanho, zvigadzikiso zvinotangwa. Iyi nhano inobatanidza matangi okufunga , matare esangano, mapoka ezviwanwa, uye masangano ebazu anotungamirira anoshandisa zvikarakadzo zvemitemo zvakati. Ideas anokurukurwa, kunzvera kwendyiko dzemari kunoitiswa, uye mutemo wegadziriro wakanyorwa. Vatengesi vemitemo vanoshanda nesimba kuti vatsigire zvigadzikiso zvavo zvinoda, kazhinji kazhinji vanoisa zvirongwa zvemitemo.

Chinoyera 3: Kugamuchirwa Kwomuitiro

Iyi idanho rapamutemo rokuita zvisarudzo. Inobatanidza kuchengetera tsigiro yakakwana kupfuudza mutemo. Mugadziriro yeU.S., ikoku kunoreva kufambisa mubato wemitemo wakaoma wematare, vhoti dzapauriri mudzimba dzose dziri mbiri dzeCongress, uye siginicha yapurezidhendi kana kuti dare. Bargaining, control, uye kuvaka kwakabatana ndekwepakati. Kuvapo kwemifungo mizhinji ye "veto" mugadziriro (um., Filiverbu muDare) kunoita kuti kugamuchirwa kuve nzvimbo inodenha zvikurusa nokuda kwechinjo huru.

Chikamu 4: Kushandiswa Kwemitemo

Kugamuchira mutemo hakusi kupera kwebasa. Kushandiswa kunowanzonzi "ruber kunosangana pamugwagwa". Masangano ehurumende anofanira kutsanangura mutemo, kunyora mirau chaiyo, uye kuigombedzera. Ikoku kazhinji kazhinji kunobatanidza ungwaru hukuru. Murangariro waMichael Lipsky we "" dare renzvimbo yehurumende renhare" [ unosimbisa kuti vashandi vomumberi (vadzidzisi, vakuru vakuru vemapurisa, vashandi vemagariro avanhu) vanoshandisa ungwaru hukuru mubatano dzavo dzezuva nezuva navagari vemo. Zvisarudzo zvavo zvinoumba nenzira inobudirira gadziriro chaiyoiyo yemitemo yapakuvamba. Iyi imhaka yakabva [[FLT:] LYK]

Chikamu 5: Kuongorora Mitemo

Mitemo iri kuongororwa nguva dzose, zvose zviri zviviri nenzira yetsika neyakasarongwa. Masangano ehurumende akafanana ne Hofisi yeMatare (GAO) anoongorora nokuongorora. Mapoka anoshumwa, zvikoro, uye mapepanhau anotaura migumisiro. Iyi purogiramu inodzosa kurongwa kwepurogiramu, kuumba chirevo chapamutemo [[ chinogona kutungamirira kukugadziridza, kugadziridza, kana kuti kugumisa. Muitiro unorangarirwa kuva kundikano ungabviswa kubva mumapurogiramu, negadziriro akakurumbira.

Masimba Makuru Anoshatisa Mutemo Wavose

Muitiro wacho hauiti pasina chinhu, unopesvedzerwa nemhoteredzo ine simba yezvinhu zvinooneka zvevatambi namasimba.

Mafungiro Evanhu, Zvinobudisa Nhau, uye Mapoka Anofarira

Vakuru vakuru vanoziviswa vanogamuchira nenzira yendangariro zvisakafanira zvisarudzo zvakagoverwa. Zvisinei, mutoo wacho hauna kukwana. Nzira iyo nhau iri nayo yakaiswa muzvinobudisa nhau uye navakuru vezvamatongerwe enyika vanopesvedzera zvikuru kunzwisisa kwavanhu. Mapoka anogona kunyorwa se "yamuro inodzorwa" kana kuti "matemo," inoumba tsigiro yavose. Mapoka makurusa[ anogovera zviwanikwa, mashoko, uye tsigiro inosarudzwa mukutsinhanhanhana nokuda kwokuwana nepesvedzero. Murangariro wa" "Ion triat" unorondedzera ukama hunotsiginyikirirwa, hwapangirirwa pakati pedare rekopote, brecratic, procestion, uye processsssssss] yazvinonyanya kusimbisa kuti: [Foctive:[5][5]

Maonero Ematongerwe Enyika Nemamiriro Ezvemari

Chitendero chikuru chezvamatongerwe enyika chenhambo ino---* kana kuti chiKeynesia, chinogovera, kana kuti chiziviso chezvemari, chinobudisa gadziriro youchenjeri nokuda kwezvigadzikiso zvemiitiro. Migariro yezvoupfumi [[ yakadai sederero, kukwira kwemitengo, uye urovha hunoshandisa dzvinyiriro ine simba kuvagadziri vemitemo. Dambudziko guru remari rinogona kuzarura puro yegadziriro yetsika yokuchinja (g.g., New Facial muma 1930, mabhangirokofurosa muna 2008-2009).

Zvirongwa Zvokutanga

Intangiriro dzinoumba muitiro wemitemo. FEDALY inoparadzira simba munyika, nyika, uye hurumende dzomunzvimbomo, kugadzira nzvimbo dzakawanda nokuda kwechiito chemitemo nerwisano (g., hurumende inomanikidzirwa nokuda kwokunyoreswa kwapamutemo). Kuparadza masimba [ uye kunzvera nedzinodzikamisa zvinoparira mifungo yakawanda, zvichiita kuti zvive zvakaoma zvikuru kutoti kana pane kubvumiraniswa kwakafara kana kuti kudzorwa kwebato rehurumende. Iyi jambwa yekuita chiito chinhu chinokosha cheU.S.

Fundo Dzemhosva Dzinoenzanisira Mumutemo Wavose

Zvirongwa zvouzivi zvinova zvine revo apo zvinoshandiswa kumienzaniso chaiyoiyo yenyika.

Kudzivirira Kwomurwere uye Kurapa Kusingadhuri (ACA)

ACA ifundo yenhau inosimudzirwa mugadziriro yokuwedzera uye yokudzora. Yakaiswa padanho nechinetso chendyiko dzinokwira dzezvoutano uye mamirioni 47 eAmerica asina kudzivirirwa, yakaumbwa ndokugamuchirwa mumitsetse yakadzika mirefu. Dare "chigadziko chetatu chakaiswa pakakwirira"(*kuyera, chibvumirano, uye mari inodzorwa (panhengedzo), yakaitwa nhamburiko yetsika yokupedza chinetso chikuru mukutengesa mari. [[FLT: 0]] yakaitwa kuti ive mhosholo yemitesi yemitengo pakutanga yakanga yakakudziridzwa kudarika mamirioni 20 aAmerica. AKARATIKA anoratidzira jinga yoga yoga yoga yoga yogaro neyokuchinja [FLD].[FT], seyakaiumba mutemo mutsva wezvamatongerwe enyika.[F]

Kugadziridzwa Kwemhoteredzo: Mutemo Wakachena Wemhepo

Clean Air Act (1970, yagadziridzwa 1977, 1990) muitiro wenheyo wokudzora mhoteredzo. Yakatanga mipimo yesimba renyika remhepo ndokupa EPA simba rokuisimbisa. Mitemo ya 1990 inotangira kupayona mamerket-past-system [ kurwisa mvura inonaya nesur dioxide. Iyi mitoo yetepi yakabvumikisa kuva inobudirira zvikuru, kuderedza kuderera kwemitengo yemurairo nemutemo wetsika yegamuchidzanwa. Chinongedzero chemiitiro yemiitiro inogona sei kudzora zviteshinangi yemisikanyo uye sei kuvandudza kugadzirwa kwechagadzirwa kwechamuchina. [[FLT] PAP]

Kushandira Pamwe Nokunyoreswa Pamutemo kweMarjuana

Kurwisana kuri kuwedzera pakati pekunyoreswa kwapamutemo kwembanje nemuitiro wayo unopfuuridzirwa seStejil I mumutemo wehurumende ifundo ine simba mu muitiro unowirirana [ noudzori]. Kunosimbisa kuti kuedza kwetsika yehurumende kunogona sei kudenha uye kudzosera mutemo wenyika, kumanikidza masangano ehurumende kushandisa chisarudzo chomuchuchisi. Iyi purogiramu inomutsa mibvunzo mikuru pamusoro pekodzero dzehurumende, mitengidziro, uye mitwaro yemiitiro inochinja mugadziriro yomubatanidzwa.

Zvinetso Zvikuru Mukuita Zvemitemo Mazuva Ano

Kutenderera kwemitemo kwakakodzera kunowanzopesana nezvinhu chaizvoizvo zvinorwadza.

Kuchinja Kwezvamatongerwe Enyika Nesangano

Kuparadzana kukuru kwakaita kuti kurera vana kuve kwakaoma zvikuru. Kukwira kwokusarudza pfungwa nokutapura kwaparira kurongeka kwemitemo. Ikoku kwakaguma nokuchinja kwesimba rokuita mitemo kubazu ravakuru vakuru (kupfurikidza nezvirevo zvavakuru vakuru uye kuiswa kwemitemo) uye judicary (zvinokumbirwa kupedza makakatanwa makuru ezvamatongerwe enyika). Kuwedzera uku kunogona kuderedza kuzvidavirira kwehurumende nedzikamo yenhambo refu yenguva.

Zvinetso Zvakaipa Nemigumisiro Yaisatarisirwa

Zvinetso zvedu zvikuru zvinomanikidzira zvikuru (*.cliter transmitte, etvolve, uye ugandanga) ndezviya zvinonzi naHorst Rittel naMelvin Webber zvinetso zvakaipa"".] Zvakafanana ne "zvinetso (sekuvaka bhiriji), zvinetso zvakaipa hazvina chimiro chakarurama. Mashoko anodikanwa kunzwisisa chinetso chacho anotsamira papfungwa yomunhu yokuchipedza, kuparira chinetso chakaoma. Kuedza kuri kwose kunoparira, kazhinji kazhinji kacho miuyo isingatengwi. Ikoku kuparira zvinetso zvakashata kunofanira kuongororwa, kuchigadziriswa, kugadziriswa, uye kunangidzirwa pakudzidza kunopfuurira panzvimbo yezvigadziro zvokupedzisira.

Unyanzvi Hwokutarisira uye Kubudirira

Zvisinei, masangano ehurumende anowanzotarisana neganhuriro dzezvishandiso, kuperevedza kwevashandi, uye denho dzezvamatongerwe enyika idzo dzinoparadza simba rawo. Kurasikirwa nezivo yesangano nounyanzvi hwemiitiro zvinogona kudzivisa zvakakomba mano okushandisa miitiro yakaoma nenzira inobudirira.

Vagari Sevaiti Vemitemo: Basa Rako Mugadziriro Yezvinhu

Muhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, muitiro wemitemo pakupedzisira unozvidavirira kuvanhu. Kuva mugari wemo anoshingaira kunobatanidza zvinopfuura kungovhota muvhoti yapurezidhendi.

  • Tsinhiro dzavose pamirau inokarakadzwa yehurumende pa mirau.gov, nzira yakananga yokupesvedzera nayo kuisa mitemo.
  • Kuvhota musarudzo dzose, zvikurukuru makwikwi omunzvimbomo nehurumende umo miitiro yakawanda inotapura zvakananga upenyu hwezuva nezuva (mabhodhi echikoro, masangano okuronga) anosarudzwa.
  • Mapoka okuburitsa kana kuti kutora rutivi munhimbe dzemidzi yakananga panharaunda chaidzo dzemiitiro.
  • [ Kudzorwa nokuda kwehofisi kana kuti kubatira pamapuranga nemabasa zvomunzvimbomo.
  • Kugara wakaziviswa [ kupfurikidza nokusanonzvera mashoko kubva mumotokari dzokufunga, zviteshi zvenhau, uye manyuko ehurumende, achiziva kunyorwa nefariro dzeimwe neimwe.

Kupfurikidza nokunzwisisa nhau dzinotevedzerwa nemisoro mikuru, vagari vemo vanogona kuita kuti vatungamiriri vavo vazvidavirire uye vagovane nguva yemberi yenzanga dzavo.

Kupedzisa: Kubatanidzwa Kwemitemo

Gadziriro yavose inzira yatinoita nayo zvisarudzo zvakabatana pamusoro penzira yatinorarama nayo pamwe chete. Haisi nzvimbo iri kure, isinganzwisisiki yakachengeterwa nyanzvi nevezvamatongerwe enyika. Muuyo unovapo wekurukurirano yedemokrase uye kuparapatika. Kunzwisisa mifungo mikuru (rondedzero yemiitiro), marudzi emitemo, zvikamu zvenjiri, uye mabasa evatambi vakasiana------shaiwokuna , zvinova namatururo anodikanwa kupinda mune revomhone. Kupfurikidza nokuita kuti muitiro ujeke nokuziva mapango anobatanidzwa, vagari vemo vapfumi vanogona kubva pakuva vatori vemibato vanoshingaira mukusikwa kwayo nemhindumupinduko. Utano hwehurumende hunotsamira pakubatanidzwa nomutemo wevagari vemo.